Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal
The Toshiba–Kongsberg scandal was a Cold War controversy that arose when some member nations of the Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls (CoCom) illegally exported to the Soviet Union machine tools that could be used in combination with the Kongsberg numerical control (NC) devices made in Norway, in violation of the CoCom agreement.[1] The equipment was notable for being used to mill quieter propellers for Soviet submarines.[2]
Details
The machine tool that combined with the Norwegian numerical control (NC) device and was exported to the Soviet Union (based on the Norwegian Police Service report).
| Year | Kongsberg company model number for NC device | Machine tool manufacturers | Country | The number of axes in simultaneous control | Number | At the carrying destination | Usage |
| 1974 | CNC300 | Sajo | Sweden | 3 | 1 | Stankoimport(1) | ? |
| 1975–1976 | CNC300 | GSP | France | 5 | 23 | Stankoimport(23) | ? |
| 1975–1976 | CNC300 | Forest | France | 4–5 | 9 | Leningrad(4) | Feather for turbines, model propeller |
| Baltic Shipyard(3) | Screw | ||||||
| Kiev(2) | Screw, propeller feather | ||||||
| 1977–1985 | NC2000 | Sheath | West Germany | 2 | 7 | Leningrad(7) | Atomic energy machinery |
| 2 | 10 | Sumy(4) | Atomic energy machinery | ||||
| ?(1) | ? | ||||||
| Volgodonsk(5) | Atomic energy machinery | ||||||
| 3 | 24 | Volgodonsk(21) | Atomic energy machinery | ||||
| Sumy(2) | ? | ||||||
| Leningrad(1) | ? | ||||||
| 5 | 5 | Leningrad(3) | Feather for turbines, other unknown | ||||
| Volgodonsk(1) | Atomic energy machinery | ||||||
| Kazan(1) | ? | ||||||
| 1979–1981 | NC2000 | Delice | West Germany | 2 | 12 | Volgodonsk(8) | Atomic energy machinery |
| Aleksin(4) | ? | ||||||
| 1981 | NC2000 | Donauwerk | West Germany | 3 | 2 | ?(2) | ? |
| 4 | 2 | ?(2) | ? | ||||
| 1976–1985 | NC2000 | Innocenti | Italy | 3 | 25 | Volgodonsk(25) | Atomic energy machinery |
| 1983–1984 | NC2000 | Forest | France | 5 | 10 | Leningrad(9) | Feather for turbines, other unknown |
| Sverdlovsk(1) | Feather for turbines | ||||||
| ? | 3 | Volgodonsk(3) | Atomic energy machinery | ||||
| 1979–1984 | NC2000 | Toshiba Machine | Japan | 3 | 1 | Volgodonsk(1) | Atomic energy machinery |
| 5 | 4 | Baltic Shipyard(4) | Screw | ||||
| 9 | 4 | Baltic Shipyard(4) | Screw | ||||
| 1980 | NC2000 | KTM | United Kingdom | 3 | 2 | China(2) | ? |
References
- Wrubel, Wende A. (January 1989). "The Toshiba-Kongsberg Incident: Shortcomings of Cocom, and Recommendations for Increased Effectiveness of Export Controls to the East Bloc" (PDF). American University Journal of International Law and Policy. 4 (1): 241–273. S2CID 155366596. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 25, 2015.
- "The Toshiba-Kongsberg case". King's College London. September 22, 2014. Retrieved April 12, 2021.
Further reading
- Sontag, Sherry; Drew, Christopher; Drew, Annette Lawrence (2000). Blind Man's Bluff: The Untold Story of American Submarine Espionage. William Morrow Paperbacks. ISBN 978-0-06-097771-9.
- Haruna, Mikio (1993). スクリュー音が消えた: 東芝事件と米情報工作の真相 (in Japanese). Shinchosha. ISBN 978-4-10-394501-7.
- Kumagai, Hitori (1988). モスクワよ、さらば: ココム違反事件の背景 (in Japanese). Bungeishunjū. ISBN 978-4-16-342060-8.
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