Revolution of the 44

The Revolution of the 44 (Spanish: Revolución de los 44) was a military rebellion against the government of President General Carlos Ezeta. The rebellion was led a group of generals known as the "44" who were led by Doroteo Caballero, Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez, and Tomás Regalado. The rebellion began in late-April 1894, and by mid-June 1894, the rebels ousted Ezeta and installed Gutiérrez as acting president.

Revolution of the 44
Date
  • 29 April 1894 – 10 June 1894
  • (42 days)
Location
El Salvador
Result Rebel victory
Belligerents
Salvadoran government
Commanders and leaders

Background

On 22 June 1890, General Carlos Ezeta led a coup d'état against incumbent President General Francisco Menéndez, who died during the coup.[1] He later legitimized his rule during the rigged 1891 presidential election, in which he was the only candidate.[2] His brother, Antonio Ezeta, became his vice president.[3]

Revolution
Carlos Ezeta

With his brother, Antonio, he directed a government from the quarter of the Second Brigade of Infantry. In the year 1894, the rejection to his government increased and numerous conspirators who were known to desire to uproot the government were persecuted. While many fled to Guatemala, on April 29 of that year, 44 rebels led by Doroteo Caballero came across the border from that country to Santa Ana. There they took the quarter and they demanded the surrender of the troops. The government was reorganized to put down the rebellion. Antonio Ezeta retreated to Coatepeque, where he requested reinforcements to be sent into Santa Ana. Although there was disagreement and disorganization over the control of the city, many guards were known to be sympathetic to the attacks. However, in spite of a new siege of the official troops and bloody attacks, the rebel forces managed to stay firm until May without Ezeta's men defeating them. However on May 16, official troops eventually overcame the rebels, largely helped by General Escobar who restored order to the situation.

General Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez, who would become President following the Revolution.

Flight of Ezeta
General Tomás Regalado became President of El Salvador following Gutiérrez.

On day 21, the event debilitated the governors elsewhere. The Ezeta brothers travelled to Chalatenango. New victories in the Malakoff hill and “Las Marias” on day 24 saw a rebel counter-attack. Antonio Ezeta later left for Coatepeque, and the rebels moved into Opico, near the capital, under the orders of the generals Tomás Regalado and Salvador Avila and the colonel Emilio Calderón. As this new force proved too powerful, the Ezeta brothers were forced to flee the country in exile by water. Provisional president Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez (assumed power 10 June 1894) entered the capital on 29 July 1894.

Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez would be President of El Salvador from 1894 to 1898. General Tomás Regalado, who was instrumental in the downfall of Ezeta's regime, overthrew Gutiérrez in 1898 and became President of El Salvador. He would be President from 1898 to 1903.

The 44

The following men were the 44 leaders of the revolution:

  1. Rafael Antonio Gutiérrez
  2. Tomás Regalado
  3. Doroteo Caballero
  4. Gral. Francisco Hurtado Menéndez
  5. Prudencio Alfaro
  6. Mariano Morán
  7. Joaquín Pérez
  8. Lizandro Arévalo
  9. Abelardo Bracamonte
  10. Juan Castro
  11. Aquilino Duarte
  12. Luis Gómez
  13. Macedonio Marroquín
  14. Francisco Gómez
  15. Vicente Retana
  16. Ramón Flores
  17. Luis Pineda
  18. Rosendo Guevara
  19. Marcelino Monterrosa
  20. Juan Escobar
  21. Luciano Monterrosa
  22. Tranquilino Sánchez
  23. José Miguel Alfaro
  24. Agustín Linares
  25. Luis Mathies
  26. Juan Ortiz
  27. Adolfo Alvarenga
  28. Heriberto Alvarenga
  29. Máximo González
  30. Faustino Acevedo
  31. Nicolás Alvarenga
  32. Eduardo Morales
  33. Alfonso García
  34. Isabel Carranza Monterrosa
  35. Santiago Calidonio
  36. Alejandro Cabrera
  37. Reyes Rivera
  38. Mariano Ramos
  39. Domingo Campos
  40. Manuel Quintanilla
  41. Carmen González
  42. Dolores Cámbara
  43. Bernarda Calderón
  44. Pedro Salguero

References

Citations
  1. "Presidentes de El Salvador – General Carlos Ezeta" [Presidents of El Salvador – General Carlos Ezeta] (in Spanish). Government of El Salvador. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 9 April 2022. {{cite web}}: Text "website-casapres.gob.sv" ignored (help)
  2. "Elections and Events 1850–1899". UC San Diego. The Library – UC San Diego. Archived from the original on 23 March 2021. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  3. Lamperti, John. "A Difference of Opinion". dartmouth.edu. Dartmouth College. Retrieved 9 April 2022.

Bibliography
  • Vidal, Manuel (1961). Nociones de historia de Centro América. San Salvador: Editorial Universitaria.
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