Opinion polling for the 2022 Philippine presidential election
This article covers opinion polling for the 2022 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections. Opinion polling in Philippines is conducted by Social Weather Stations (SWS), Pulse Asia, OCTA Research, and other pollsters. Poll results are listed in the table below in reverse chronological order. The front-runner is in bold. Those that are within the margin of error are in italics.
Calendar
- Filing of candidacies: October 1 to 8, 2021
- Deadline in substituting a candidate for it to appear on the ballot: November 15, 2021
- Campaign period for nationally elected positions: February 8 to May 7, 2022
- Campaign period for locally elected positions: March 25 to May 7, 2022
- Election day: May 9, 2022
Polling for president
Graphical summary
From the start of the campaign period to Election Day
Fieldwork date(s) |
Pollster | Sample size |
MoE | Abella Ind. |
De Guzman PLM |
Gonzales PDSP |
Lacson Ind.[lower-alpha 1] |
Mangondato Katipunan |
Marcos PFP |
Montemayor DPP |
Moreno Aksyon |
Pacquiao PROMDI |
Robredo Ind. |
Others | Und./ Ref. |
None |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apr 19–21 | Publicus Asia[1] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | 2 | 0 | 4 | — | 57 | — | 6 | 2 | 21 | 0 | 6 / — | 0 |
Apr 16–21 | Pulse Asia[2] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 2 | 1 | 56 | 0.1 | 4 | 7 | 23 | — | 5 / — | 1 |
Apr 14–20 | Laylo[3][4] | 3,000 | ±2.0% | — | — | — | 2 | — | 64 | — | 5 | 5 | 21 | 0.4 | 3 / — | |
Apr 18–19 | MBC–DZRH[5] | 7,560 | ±1.13% | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 52.9 | 0.3 | 8.2 | 5.8 | 24.3 | — | 3.9 / — | |
April 4–15 | I&AC[6] | 2,440 | ±3.0% | 0.375 | 1 | 0.125 | 5 | 0.375 | 55 | 0.125 | 11.75 | 6.5 | 18.5 | — | 1.25 / — | |
Apr 2–6 | OCTA[7] | 1,200 | ±3% | 1 | 0.1 | 0.001 | 4 | 0.1 | 57 | — | 9 | 7 | 22 | — | 0.5 / — | 0.008 |
Mar 30–Apr 6 | Publicus Asia[8] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | — | — | 4 | — | 56 | — | 9 | 2 | 23 | — | 5 | 1 |
Apr 1–4 | RMN–APCORE[9] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | — | — | 1.8 | — | 59 | — | 8.3 | 4.2 | 20.7 | <1 | 5.5 / — | — |
April 3 | Second COMELEC presidential debate | |||||||||||||||
March 24 | Lacson resigns from Partido Reporma; Reporma switches endorsement from Lacson to Robredo | |||||||||||||||
Mar 15–22 | Laylo[10] | 3,000 | ±2.0% | — | — | — | 2 | — | 61 | — | 9 | 6 | 19 | — | 3 | |
Mar 15–22 | RP-MDF[11] | 10,000 | ±1.0% | — | — | — | 7 | — | 53 | — | 9 | 2 | 28 | — | 1 | — |
March 21 | The Cusi faction of PDP–Laban endorses Marcos | |||||||||||||||
Mar 17–21 | Pulse Asia[12] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0.1 | 0.02 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 56 | 0.05 | 8 | 6 | 24 | — | 1 / 0.5 | 1 |
March 19 | First COMELEC presidential debate | |||||||||||||||
Mar 9–14 | Publicus Asia[13] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 4.2 | — | 55.1 | — | 8.2 | 1.8 | 21 | 0.1 | 7.9 / — | 0.3 |
Mar 7–13 | I&AC[14] | 1,800 | ±3.0% | 0.5 | 1 | 0.25 | 7.75 | 0.25 | 51.25 | 0.25 | 10.25 | 4.5 | 20.75 | — | 3.25 / — | |
Mar 12 | MBC–DZRH[15] | 7,566 | ±1.13% | 0.2 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 4.7 | 1.2 | 49.8 | 0.3 | 9.8 | 8.0 | 21.4 | — | 3.9 / — | |
Mar 2–5 | RMN–APCORE[16] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | — | — | 3 | — | 55 | — | 12 | 5 | 18 | 2 | 6 / — | — |
February 27 | CNN Philippines presidential debate | |||||||||||||||
Feb 22–28 | RP-MDF[17] | 10,000 | ±1.0% | — | — | — | 4 | — | 53 | — | 11 | 5 | 25 | — | 2 | — |
Feb 18–23 | Pulse Asia[18] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0 | 0.1 | 0 | 2 | 0.4 | 60 | 0.01 | 10 | 8 | 15 | — | 3 / 0.4 | 1 |
Feb 14–21 | Laylo[19] | 3,000 | ±2.0% | — | — | — | 3 | — | 63 | — | 7 | 7 | 17 | — | 3 | |
Feb 12–17 | OCTA[20] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | — | — | — | 3 | — | 55 | — | 11 | 10 | 15 | — | 5 / 1 | 0.3 |
Feb 11–16 | Publicus Asia[21] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | 0.5 | 0.7 | — | 3.3 | — | 52.3 | — | 8.9 | 2.7 | 22.3 | 0.1 | 8.9 / — | 0.5 |
February 15 | SMNI presidential debate | |||||||||||||||
Feb 9–15 | I&AC[22] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 0.25 | 1.13 | — | 8.25 | 0.13 | 53 | 0.25 | 11.25 | 8.75 | 16.75 | — | 2.5 | |
From the end of candidacy filing to the start of the campaign period
Fieldwork date(s) |
Pollster | Sample size |
MoE | Abella Ind. |
De Guzman PLM |
Gonzales PDSP |
Lacson PDR |
Mangondato Katipunan |
Marcos PFP |
Montemayor DPP |
Moreno Aksyon |
Pacquiao PROMDI |
Robredo Ind. |
Others | Und./ Ref. |
None |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022 | ||||||||||||||||
Jan 28–31 | SWS[23][24] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 0.04 | 0.3 | 0 | 6 | 0.04 | 50 | 0.1 | 11 | 11 | 19 | — | 3 | — |
Jan 26–30 | RMN–APCORE[25] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3 | — | 57 | — | 12 | 4 | 17 | 0.0 | 6 / — | — |
Jan 22–30 | RP-MDF[26] | 10,000 | ±1.0% | 0.34 | — | — | 8 | — | 45.02 | — | 16.25 | 9.71 | 20.06 | — | — | — |
Jan 10–26 | Laylo[27] | 15,450 | ±0.8% | — | — | — | 3 | — | 64 | — | 6 | 6 | 16 | 1 | 4 | — |
Jan 19–24 | Pulse Asia[28] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0.05 | 0.02 | 0 | 4 | 0.3 | 60 | 0 | 8 | 8 | 16 | — | 2 / 1 | 1 |
Jan 10–16 | I&AC[29][30] | 2,400 | ±2.5% | 0.25 | 1 | 0.25 | 8 | — | 51 | — | 14 | 10 | 11 | — | 3.5 | — |
2021 | ||||||||||||||||
Dec 11–12 | MBC–DZRH[31] | 7,614 | ±1.13% | — | 0.3 | — | 4.9 | — | 49.2 | — | 10.4 | 8.2 | 16.2 | 6.3 | 4.5 / — | — |
Dec 7–12 | OCTA[32] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 0.02 | 0.001 | — | 5 | — | 54 | — | 12 | 10 | 14 | — | 5 / — | 4 |
Dec 6–12 | I&AC[33] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 0.25 | 2 | — | 13 | — | 43 | — | 11 | 16 | 12 | 1.25 | 1.5 | — |
Dec 6–10 | Publicus Asia[34] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | 0.5 | — | — | 3.4 | — | 51.9 | — | 7.9 | 2.3 | 20.2 | 4.8 | 8.3 / — | 0.9 |
Dec 1–6 | Pulse Asia[35] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | 0.004 | — | 6 | — | 53 | — | 8 | 8 | 20 | 0.01 | 3 / 1 | 1 |
November 30 | Bong Go announces his withdrawal from the presidential election. | |||||||||||||||
Nov 23–29 | RMN–APCORE[36] | 2,400 | ±3.0% | 0.17 | 0.17 | — | 3 | — | 55 | — | 13 | 4 | 13 | 8.08 | 4 / — | — |
Nov 16–24 | RP-MDF | 10,000 | ±2.0% | 0.1 | — | — | 6.35 | — | 23.94 | — | 21.78 | 15.94 | 15.1 | 14.28 | 2.56 | |
Nov 16–20 | I&AC[37] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 0.25 | 0.875 | — | 12 | — | 36.5 | — | 10.75 | 16.75 | 13 | 8.25 | 1.5 | — |
November 9–15 | Ronald dela Rosa withdraws; Bong Go substitutes for Grepor Belgica for president. | |||||||||||||||
Nov 16–18 | Publicus Asia[38] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | 0.4 | 0.3 | — | 2.9 | — | 56.7 | — | 6.9 | 3.0 | 15.4 | 4.3 | 8.8 | 1.5 |
Oct 17–26 | RP-MDF[39][40][41] | 10,000 | ±2.0% | 0.81 | — | — | 7.08 | — | 23.10 | — | 25.39 | 17.88 | 18.31 | — | 4.02 | |
Oct 20–23 | SWS[42] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | — | — | — | 5 | — | 47 | — | 13 | 9 | 18 | — | 3 | — |
Oct 11–18 | Publicus Asia[43] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | 0.6 | — | — | 2.9 | — | 49.3 | — | 8.8 | 2.8 | 21.3 | 2.1 | 8.6 | 1.7 |
Sep 27–Oct 8 | I&AC[44] | 2,400 | ±2.5% | — | 3.3 | — | 12.5 | — | 23.5 | — | 18 | 19.75 | 14 | 1.3 | — | — |
Until candidacy filing ended in October 2021
Fieldwork date(s) |
Pollster | Sample size |
MoE | Others | Und./ Ref. | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | |||||||||||||||||||||
October 1–8 | Filing of certificates of candidacies
| ||||||||||||||||||||
Sep 6–11 | Pulse Asia[45][46][47] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | 0.1 | — | — | 4 | 20 | 3 | — | 6 | 15 | 13 | 12 | 9 | 8 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.3 | 7 |
Jul 24–31 | MBC–DZRH[48] | 7,500 | ±1.13% | — | — | 2.8 | — | 2.1 | 25.4 | 3.5 | 1 | 3.3 | 17.7 | 11.2 | 10 | 10 | 8.3 | — | 1.6 | — | 2.8 |
Jul 13–19 | Publicus Asia[49] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | — | — | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.8 | 20.8 | 3.3 | 0.8 | 2.9 | 17.8 | 11.3 | 3.6 | 5.1 | 13.2 | 1 | — | 4.3 | 11.8 |
Jul 12–18 | OCTA[50][51] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | — | — | 2 | 0 | 5 | 28 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 11 | 10 | 10 | 5 | — | 1 | 3 | 6 |
Jun 7–16 | Pulse Asia[52][53] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0.1 | — | 2 | 0.3 | 2 | 28 | 3 | 0.3 | 4 | 13 | 14 | 8 | 10 | 6 | 0.1 | 2 | 0.1 | 8 |
Feb 22 – Mar 3 | Pulse Asia[54][55][56] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | — | 3 | 0.2 | 2 | 27 | 5 | 1 | 2 | 13 | 12 | 11 | 12 | 7 | 0.3 | — | 0.1 | 4 |
Jan 26 – Feb 1 | OCTA[57] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | — | — | — | — | — | 22 | — | — | — | 12 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 5 | — | — | — | — |
2020 | |||||||||||||||||||||
Nov 23 – Dec 2 | Pulse Asia[58][59] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | — | — | 0.1 | 3 | 26 | 4 | 0.2 | 4 | 14 | 12 | 10 | 14 | 8 | — | — | 1 | 4 |
Polling for vice president
Graphical summary
From the start of the campaign period to Election Day
Fieldwork date(s) |
Pollster | Sample size |
MoE | Atienza PROMDI |
Bello PLM |
David DPP |
Duterte Lakas |
Lopez WPP |
Ong Aksyon |
Pangilinan LP |
Serapio Katipunan |
Sotto NPC |
Others | Und./ Ref. |
None |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Apr 19–21 | Publicus Asia[1] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | 1 | — | 59 | — | 8 | 15 | 0 | 9 | — | 6 / — | 1 |
Apr 16–21 | Pulse Asia[2] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 55 | 1 | 3 | 16 | 0.3 | 18 | — | 5 / — | 1 |
Apr 14–20 | Laylo[60] | 3,000 | ±2.0% | 1 | — | — | 62 | — | 4 | 12 | — | 18 | 0.4 | 3 / — | — |
Apr 18–19 | MBC–DZRH[61] | 7,560 | ±1.13% | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 54.2 | 0.4 | 6.6 | 15.1 | 0 | 16.9 | — | 4.8 / — | — |
April 4–15 | I&AC[6] | 2,440 | ±3.0% | 2 | 0.375 | 0.5 | 50.5 | 0 | 9 | 8 | 0.125 | 27.5 | — | 2 / — | |
Apr 2–6 | OCTA[62] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 0.7 | 0.1 | 0.02 | 57 | 0.1 | 7 | 12 | 0 | 23 | — | 0.4 / — | 0.001 |
Mar 30–Apr 6 | Publicus Asia[8] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 1 | 1 | — | 58 | — | 9 | 15 | — | 11 | — | 6 | 1 |
Apr 1–4 | RMN–APCORE[9] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | — | — | 57.3 | — | 4.8 | 12.8 | — | 17.4 | — | 6 / — | — |
Mar 15–22 | Laylo[63] | 3,000 | ±2.0% | 2 | — | — | 60 | — | 7 | 12 | — | 17 | 2 / — | — | |
Mar 15-22 | RP-MDF[64] | 10,000 | ±1.0% | 1 | — | — | 54 | — | 2 | 7 | — | 35 | — | — | — |
Mar 17–21 | Pulse Asia[12] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | 0.1 | 0.01 | 56 | 0.3 | 5 | 15 | 0.01 | 20 | — | 2 / 0.4 | 1 |
March 20 | COMELEC vice presidential debate | ||||||||||||||
Mar 9–14 | Publicus Asia[13] | 1,500 | ±3.0% | 0.7 | 0.9 | — | 56.5 | — | 10.6 | 12.8 | — | 9.9 | 0.3 | 7.7 / — | 0.5 |
Mar 7–13 | I&AC[65] | 1,800 | ±3.0% | 2.5 | 0.5 | 1 | 48.75 | 0.25 | 10.75 | 8 | 0.25 | 25.25 | — | 2.75 / — | |
Mar 12 | MBC–DZRH[66] | 7,566 | ±1.13% | 1.2 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 51.8 | 0.5 | 7.7 | 14.2 | 0.7 | 17.9 | — | 5.1 / — | |
Mar 2–5 | RMN–APCORE[67] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | — | — | 53 | — | 6 | 12 | — | 19 | 2 | 7 / — | |
February 26 | CNN Philippines vice presidential debate | ||||||||||||||
Feb 22–28 | RP-MDF[17] | 10,000 | ±1.0% | 1 | — | — | 58 | — | 4 | 7 | — | 29 | — | 1 | — |
Feb 18–23 | Pulse Asia[18] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 53 | 0.1 | 6 | 11 | 0.01 | 24 | — | 3 / 0.1 | 1 |
Feb 14–21 | Laylo[68] | 3,000 | ±2.0% | 3 | — | — | 60 | — | 4 | 11 | — | 19 | — | 3 / — | — |
Feb 12–17 | OCTA[20] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 1 | 0 | 0 | 43 | 0 | 7 | 10 | 0.1 | 33 | — | 4 / — | 1 |
Feb 11–16 | Publicus Asia[21] | 1,500 | — | 1.3 | 0.2 | — | 53.5 | — | 12.6 | 13.7 | — | 9.2 | 0.1 | 8.6 / — | 0.8 |
Feb 9–15 | I&AC[29][30] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 2 | 0.5 | — | 54 | — | 11 | 4 | — | 25 | — | 3.5 | — |
From the end of candidacy filing to the start of the campaign period
Fieldwork date(s) |
Pollster | Sample size |
MoE | Atienza PROMDI |
Bello PLM |
David DPP |
Duterte Lakas |
Lopez WPP |
Ong Aksyon |
Pangilinan LP |
Serapio Katipunan |
Sotto NPC |
Others | Und./ Ref. |
None |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022 | |||||||||||||||
Jan 28–31 | SWS[24][69] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 44 | 1 | 7 | 10 | 0.2 | 33 | — | 3 | |
Jan 26–30 | RMN–APCORE[70] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1.9 | 0.1 | — | 45.3 | — | 7 | 9.9 | — | 26 | — | 5 | — |
Jan 22–30 | RP-MDF[26] | 10,000 | ±1.0% | 1.62 | — | — | 52.05 | — | 3.60 | 6.22 | — | 35.95 | — | — | — |
Jan 10–26 | Laylo[71] | 15,450 | ±0.8% | 1 | — | — | 60 | — | 5 | 9 | — | 19 | — | 5 | — |
Jan 19–24 | Pulse Asia[28] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 50 | 0.1 | 5 | 11 | 0.1 | 29 | — | 3 | — |
January 21 | The Cusi faction of PDP–Laban endorses Duterte | ||||||||||||||
Jan 10–16 | I&AC[29][30] | 2,400 | — | 3 | 1.5 | — | 54 | — | 6 | 9 | — | 25 | — | 2.5 | — |
2021 | |||||||||||||||
Dec 11–12 | MBC–DZRH[72] | 7,614 | ±1.13% | 2.2 | 0.9 | — | 50.5 | — | 8.4 | 10.2 | — | 20.7 | — | 7.2 | — |
Dec 7–12 | OCTA[32] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 1 | 0.07 | — | 50 | — | 4 | 9 | — | 33 | — | 2 | 1 |
Dec 6–12 | I&AC[33] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 5 | 1 | — | 36 | — | 4 | 8 | — | 44 | — | 2 | — |
Dec 6–10 | Publicus Asia[34] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | 1.5 | 0.7 | — | 54.8 | — | 11.2 | 9.7 | — | 11.0 | 0.1 | 9.5 | 1.5 |
Dec 1–6 | Pulse Asia[35] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 1 | 0.01 | — | 45 | — | 6 | 12 | — | 31 | — | 4 | 2 |
Nov 23–29 | RMN–APCORE[73] | 2,400 | ±3.0% | 2 | 0.08 | — | 48 | — | 9 | 11 | — | 25 | — | 5 | — |
Nov 16–24 | RP-MDF | 10,000 | ±2.0% | 2.11 | — | — | 44.88 | — | 6.96 | 11.34 | — | 33.2 | — | 1.5 | |
Nov 16–20 | I&AC[37] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 3 | 1 | — | 30 | — | 10 | 11 | — | 43 | — | 2 | — |
Nov 16–18 | Publicus Asia[38] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | 1.3 | 0.4 | — | 54.4 | — | 8.9 | 9 | — | 10.1 | 0.3 | 13.7 | 1.9 |
November 9–13 | Sara Duterte resigns from HNP; swears in as chairperson of Lakas, substitutes Lyle Fernando Uy to run for vice president. | ||||||||||||||
Oct 17–26 | RP-MDF[39][40][41] | 10,000 | ±2.0% | 2.15 | — | — | 33.11 | — | 8.9 | 11.13 | — | 26.87 | — | 2.88 | |
Oct 20–23 | SWS[42] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | 3 | — | — | 25 | — | 13 | 13 | — | 44 | — | 2 | — |
Oct 11–18 | Publicus Asia[43] | 1,500 | ±2.6% | 2.6 | — | — | — | — | 19 | 12.3 | — | 17.3 | Go (PDP-LBN): 23.6 Others: 2 |
16.9 | 6.3 |
Sep 27 – Oct 8 | I&AC[44] | 2,400 | ±2.5% | 8.5 | — | — | — | — | 8 | 18 | — | 44 | — | — | — |
Until candidacy filing ended in October 2021
Fieldwork date(s) |
Pollster | Sample size |
Margin of error |
Others | Und./ Ref. | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2021 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Sep 6–11 | Pulse Asia[46][45][74] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | 2 | 6 | 1 | 14 | — | — | 7 | 12 | 12 | 7 | — | 4 | 25 | 0.5 | 2 | 2 | 0.1 | 5 |
Jul 24–31 | MBC–DZRH[48] | 7,500 | ±1.13% | — | 1.5 | 5 | — | 15.6 | 10.5 | 5.3 | 4.9 | 10.8 | 10.5 | 6.5 | 10.8 | — | 9.3 | 0.6 | — | 2.5 | 4.1 | — |
Jul 12–18 | OCTA[50][51] | 1,200 | ±3.0% | — | — | 10 | 1 | 18 | — | 5 | 4 | 9 | 11 | 6 | 10 | — | 7 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 9 | 7 |
Jun 7–16 | Pulse Asia[52][53] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | 0.3 | 3 | 8 | 0.2 | 18 | 0.03 | 7 | 5 | 10 | 14 | 9 | — | 4 | 10 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 0.1 | 6 |
Feb 22 – Mar 3 | Pulse Asia[54][55][56] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | 3 | 7 | 1 | — | 15 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 16 | 15 | — | — | 11 | 0.5 | — | 3 | 0.1 | 4 |
Jan 26 – Feb 1 | OCTA[57] | 1,200 | — | — | — | — | — | — | 14 | — | — | — | 11 | 11 | 10 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
2020 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Nov 23 – Dec 2 | Pulse Asia[58][59] | 2,400 | ±2.0% | — | 2 | 5 | 2 | — | 16 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 17 | 11 | — | — | 14 | — | — | 2 | 1 | 4 |
Footnotes
- Originally ran under Partido para sa Demokratikong Reporma; resigned from the party mid-way through the campaign. Still labeled as a Reporma candidate on the official ballots.
References
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