Nicholas de Clere

Nicholas de Clere, or le Clerk (died 1303) was an English-born Crown administrator in late thirteenth-century Ireland. He was a skilled man of business who achieved high office, becoming Lord Treasurer of Ireland, but later faced serious charges of corruption, as a result of which he was removed from office. He was ruined financially by the huge debts he was found to owe to the Crown, and spent most of his last years in prison.

Little is known of his origins or his family, except that he had a brother William, to whom he was close, and who acted as Deputy Treasurer. He seems to have first entered the royal service in 1277 as a clergyman attached to the royal chapel in Nottingham Castle. He came to Ireland a few years later, and was custodian of the Archdiocese of Dublin, charged with its administration while the See was vacant in 1284.

In the same year he was one of four commissioners chosen by King Edward I to investigate the state of the Exchequer of Ireland. Their report on the condition of the Irish finances was damning, and as a result serious charges of corruption were brought against the Treasurer, Stephen de Fulbourn.[1] Stephen was relieved of his official duties, but compensated by being consecrated Archbishop of Tuam. In 1285 Nicholas became Treasurer in his stead,[2] with a salary of 100 shillings each quarter year. He and his brother flourished: Nicholas became Archdeacon of Dublin, and received benefices in six dioceses.

Within a few years he was himself accused of corruption. Archbishop Fulbourn had died in 1288, but in the 1290s he still had powerful relatives, notably his brother Walter de Fulburn, Bishop of Meath and Lord Chancellor of Ireland, who were probably responsible for the charges made against Nicholas. The charges were serous enough to be raised in the Parliament of England in the autumn of 1290, after a number of aggrieved citizens sent in petitions to Parliament. One such petition which survives was written by John Young, a shipowner and merchant of Waterford, that Nicholas had unlawfully seized his goods to the value of £200.[3] William de Clifford, Bishop of Emly, was another of his accusers.[4] Nicholas was removed as Treasurer in July 1291 and, following his removal, an official inquiry into his accounts began in the following December. Though he could produce satisfactory answers to many of the individual charges, the overall verdict, of corruption and gross mismanagement, was similar to his own judgment on Fulbourn: he was found to owe the Crown the very large sum of £700. The inquiry also condemned the "low cunning of the man", and in 1292 he was thrown into the Fleet Prison, where he remained for 6 years. He was finally released in order to find sureties for his huge debt to the King and returned to Dublin. He was not successful in finding guarantors for the debts, and in 1300 he was again imprisoned in Dublin Castle, where he spent his last years, though he may have been free for a brief time before his death in the summer of 1303.

His fate is in notable contrast to that of Sir Walter de la Haye, the former Chief Escheator of Ireland, who faced similar charges at the same time: Haye was triumphantly acquitted, assured of the King's good regard, and died peacefully in his bed.

Nicholas' brother William was briefly imprisoned at the behest of a firm of Italian bankers, the Riccardi of Lucca,[5] who were effectively the English Crown's bankers, [6] and to whom he was heavily indebted (the firm failed soon afterwards, when King Edward broke with them ).[7] In his last years he managed to salvage his reputation at least in part. In 1309 he was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer of Ireland, but died almost at once.