Micarea

Micarea is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Pilocarpaceae.[2] The widely distributed genus contains 126 species[3] and new species are described actively. Species in the genus are crustose lichens and their photobiont (the non-fungal organism) is a single-celled green alga.[4]

Micarea
Micarea prasina
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Ascomycota
Class: Lecanoromycetes
Order: Lecanorales
Family: Pilocarpaceae
Genus: Micarea
Fr. (1825)
Type species
Micarea prasina
Fr. (1825)
Synonyms[1]

Taxonomy

Micarea was circumscribed by Elias Magnus Fries in his 1825 work Systema Orbis Vegetabilis.[5] There have been some taxonomic disputes about the genus.[6] Nowadays, the genus is accepted, although it is paraphyletic and in need of further research.[4] Micarea prasina is the type species of the genus.[7][8]

Species

As of September 2021, Species Fungorum accepts 126 species of Micarea,[3] although this tally does not yet include some recently described taxa, such as four species from montane cloud forests of Kenya.[9]

Micarea denigrata
Micarea hylocomii; scale bar is 0.5 mm
Micarea subconfusa; scale bar is 0.5 mm
  • Micarea adnata Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea aeruginoprasina van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, A.M.Brand & Sérusiaux (2019)[11]
  • Micarea alabastrites (Nyl.) Coppins (1982)
  • Micarea alectorialica M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea argopsinosa P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2016)[13]
  • Micarea assimilata (Nyl.) Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea austroternaria Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)[14] – Australia
  • Micarea azorica van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, A.M.Brand & Sérusiaux (2019)[11]
  • Micarea bacidiella (Vain.) Vězda (1976)
  • Micarea bebourensis M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea borbonica M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea boryana M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea botryoides (Nyl.) Coppins (1980)
  • Micarea byssacea (Th.Fr.) Czarnota, Guzow-Krzem. & Coppins (2010)
  • Micarea canariensis van den Boom (2013)[15]
  • Micarea capitata M.Svenss. & G.Thor (2011)[16]
  • Micarea ceracea Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea cilaosensis M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea cinerea (Schaer.) Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea cinereopallida Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia; South America
  • Micarea contexta Hedl. (1892)[18]
  • Micarea coppinsii Tønsberg (1992)[19]
  • Micarea corallothallina M.Cáceres, D.A.Mota & Aptroot (2013)
  • Micarea coreana Lőkös, S.Y.Kondr. & Hur (2013)
  • Micarea curvata Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea czarnotae Launis, van den Boom, Sérus. & Myllys (2019)[20]
  • Micarea deminuta Coppins (1995)[21]
  • Micarea denigrata (Fr.) Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea doliiformis (Coppins & P.James) Coppins & Sérus. (2010)
  • Micarea elachista (Körb.) Coppins & R.Sant. (1983)[10]
  • Micarea eucalypti P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2016)
  • Micarea eximia Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea fallax Launis & Myllys (2019)[22]
  • Micarea farinosa Coppins & Aptroot (2008)
  • Micarea fennica Launis & Myllys (2019)[23]
  • Micarea flagellispora Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)[14] – Australasia
  • Micarea flavoleprosa Launis, Malíček & Sérus. (2019)[22]
  • Micarea globulosella (Nyl.) Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea granuloblastidiata van den Boom (2017)[24] – Panama
  • Micarea hedlundii Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea herbarum M.Brand, Coppins, Sérus. & van den Boom (2017)[25] – Europe
  • Micarea humilis P.M.McCarthy & Elix (2018)[26] – Australia
  • Micarea hyalinoxanthonica M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea hylocomii Poelt & Döbbeler (1975)[27]
  • Micarea hypoviolascens Czarnota & Coppins (2005)[28]
  • Micarea incrassata Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea inquinans Tul.) Coppins (1992)
  • Micarea intersociella (Stirt.) Coppins (1994)
  • Micarea isabellina Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)[14] – Australia
  • Micarea isidioprasina van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, Sérusiaux, M.Kukwa (2019)[11]
  • Micarea isidiosa M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea kartana Kantvilas & Coppins (2018)[29] – Australia
  • Micarea kemmleri Brackel (2016)[30]
  • Micarea laeta Launis & Myllys (2019)[20]
  • Micarea lapillicola (Vain.) Coppins & Muhr (1997)
  • Micarea leprosula (Th.Fr.) Coppins & A.Fletcher (1975)
  • Micarea levicula (Nyl.) Coppins (2001)
  • Micarea lignaria (Ach.) Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea lithinella (Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea magellanica (Müll.Arg.) Fryday (2004)
  • Micarea marginata Coppins & Muhr (1988)[31]
  • Micarea melaena (Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea melaenida (Nyl.) Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea melanobola (Nyl.) Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea melanoprasina M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea meridionalis van den Boom, M. Brand, Coppins & Sérus. (2017)[25] – Europe
  • Micarea microareolata Launis, Pykälä & Myllys (2019)[20]
  • Micarea micrococca (Körb.) Gams ex Coppins (2002)
  • Micarea micromelaena Kantvilas & Coppins (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea microsorediata van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, Sérusiaux, M.Kukwa (2019)[11]
  • Micarea minuta van den Boom, Guzow-Krzem. & Kukwa (2020)[32] – western Europe
  • Micarea misella (Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea mutabilis Coppins & Kantvilas (1990)[14] – Australia
  • Micarea myriocarpa V.Wirth & Vězda ex Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea neostipitata Coppins & P.F.May (2001)[33] – eastern North America
  • Micarea nigella Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea nigra van den Boom, Guzow-Krzemińska, A.M.Brand & Sérusiaux (2019)[11]
  • Micarea nigrata (Müll.Arg.) Kalb (1981)
  • Micarea nitschkeana (J.Lahm ex Rabenh.) Harm. (1899)
  • Micarea nowakii Czarnota & Coppins (2007)
  • Micarea olivacea Coppins (1983)[10]
  • Micarea oreina Kantvilas & Coppins (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea pallida Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea pannarica Fryday (2004)[34]
  • Micarea paratropa (Nyl.) Alstrup (1994)
  • Micarea parva Coppins (1995)[21]
  • Micarea pauli Guzow-Krzemińska, A.Łubek & M.Kukwa (2019)[11]
  • Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins & R.Sant. (1979)
  • Micarea poliocheila (Vain.) Aptroot (2002)
  • Micarea polycarpella (Erichsen) Coppins & Palice (1995)
  • Micarea prasina Fr. (1825)
  • Micarea prasinastra Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea prasinella (Jatta) I.M.Lamb (1954)
  • Micarea pseudocoppinsii M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea pseudolignaria M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea pseudomarginata Coppins (1989)
  • Micarea pseudomicrococca Launis & Myllys (2019)[20]
  • Micarea pseudotsugae van den Boom, Guzow-Krzem. & Kukwa (2020)[32] – western Europe
  • Micarea pumila Kantelinen & Myllys (2021)[9] – Kenya
  • Micarea pusilla Launis, Malíček & Myllys (2019)
  • Micarea pycnidiophora Coppins & P.James (1979)
  • Micarea rubiginosa Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia; South America
  • Micarea sandyana Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea saxicola Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea senecionis van den Boom (2010)
  • Micarea sipmanii Sérus. & Coppins (2009)[35]
  • Micarea soralifera Guzow-Krzem., Czarnota, Łubek & Kukwa (2016)
  • Micarea squamulosa Aptroot, Lücking & M.Cáceres (2019)
  • Micarea stellaris Kantelinen & Myllys (2021)[9] – Kenya
  • Micarea stereocaulorum van den Boom & Etayo (2017)[25]
  • Micarea stipitata Coppins & P.James (1979)[36]
  • Micarea subalpina Coppins & T.Sprib. (2004)[37]
  • Micarea subcinerea M.Brand & van den Boom (2004)
  • Micarea subconfusa (Nyl.) Alstrup (1994)
  • Micarea subgranulans (Vain.) Aptroot (2002)
  • Micarea sublithinella M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea submilliaria (Nyl.) Coppins (1994)
  • Micarea subnigrata (Nyl.) Coppins & H.Kilias (1981)
  • Micarea subternaria (Vain.) Aptroot (2002)
  • Micarea subviridescens (Nyl.) Hedl. (1892)
  • Micarea synotheoides (Nyl.) Coppins (1982)
  • Micarea taitensis Kantelinen & Myllys (2021)[9] – Kenya
  • Micarea takamakae M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea tenuispora M.Brand, van den Boom & Sérus. (2014)[12]
  • Micarea termitophila Aptroot & M.Cáceres (2014)
  • Micarea ternaria (Nyl.) Vězda (1970)
  • Micarea tomentosa Czarnota & Coppins (2007)[38]
  • Micarea tubaeformis Coppins & Kantvilas (2019)[17] – Australasia
  • Micarea turfosa (A.Massal.) Du Rietz (1923)
  • Micarea usneae van den Boom & Ertz (2014)[39] – Madeira
  • Micarea versicolor Kantelinen, Hyvärinen & Myllys (2021)[9] – Kenya
  • Micarea viridiatra Coppins (1985)[40] – Europe
  • Micarea viridicapitata Córd.-Cháv., Aptroot & R.-E.Pérez (2014)[41] – Mexico
  • Micarea viridileprosa Coppins & van den Boom (2001)[42] – western Europe
  • Micarea vulpinaris (Nyl.) Muhr (1987)
  • Micarea xanthonica Coppins & Tønsberg (2001)[43] – Europe; North America

References
  1. "Synonymy: Micarea Fr., Syst. orb. veg. (Lundae) 1: 256 (1825)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  2. Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
  3. Source dataset. Species Fungorum Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+ (14 February 2020). "Micarea". Catalog of Life Version 2021-08-25. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  4. Andersen, Heidi L.; Ekman, Stefan (2005). "Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota): a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences". Mycological Research. 109 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1017/S0953756204001625.
  5. Fries, Elias M. (1825). Systema Orbis Vegetabilis (in Latin). Vol. 1. Lund: Typographia Academica. p. 256.
  6. Jørgensen, Per M. (1984). "Coppins, B. J. 1983. A taxonomic study of the lichen genus Micarea in Europe. – Bull". Nordic Journal of Botany. 4 (4): 544. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1984.tb02061.x.
  7. Coppins, B.J. (1989). "(945) Proposal to conserve Micarea Fries (Dec. 1825) against Micarea Fries (pre-May 1825) (Fungi)". Taxon. 38 (3): 499–501. doi:10.2307/1222305. JSTOR 1222305.
  8. "Index Fungorum - Names Record - Micarea". Index Fungorum. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  9. Kantelinen, Annina; Hyvärinen, Marko T.; Kirika, Paul; Myllys, Leena (2021). "Four new Micarea species from the montane cloud forests of Taita Hills, Kenya". The Lichenologist. 53 (1): 81–94. doi:10.1017/S0024282920000511. hdl:10138/329202.
  10. Coppins, B.J. (1983). "A taxonomic study of the lichen genus Micarea in Europe". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 11: 108.
  11. Guzow-Krzemińska, Beata; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Brand, A. Maarten; Launis, Annina; Łubek, Anna; Kukwa, Martin (2019). "Understanding the evolution of phenotypical characters in the Micarea prasina group (Pilocarpaceae) and descriptions of six new species within the group". MycoKeys. 57: 1–30. doi:10.3897/mycokeys.57.33267.
  12. Brand, A. Maarten; van Den Boom, Pieter P. G.; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël (2014). "Unveiling a surprising diversity in the lichen genus Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) in Réunion (Mascarenes archipelago, Indian Ocean)". The Lichenologist. 46 (3): 413–439. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000911.
  13. McCarthy, P.M.; Elix, J.A. (2016). "A new species of Micarea (lichenized Ascomycota, Pilocarpaceae) from alpine Australia". Telopea. 19: 31–36.
  14. Coppins, B. J.; Kantvilas, G. (2007). "Studies on Micarea in Australasia I. Four new species from Tasmania". The Lichenologist. 22 (3): 277–288. doi:10.1017/S0024282990000317.
  15. van den Boom, P.P.G. (2013). "Further new or interesting lichens and lichenicolous Fungi of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain)" (PDF). Stapfia. 99: 52–60.
  16. Svensson, Måns; Thor, Göran (2011). "Micarea capitata, a new bryophilous lichen from Sweden". The Lichenologist. 43 (5): 401–405. doi:10.1017/S0024282911000338.
  17. Kantvilas, Gintaras; Coppins, Brian J. (2019). "Studies on Micarea in Australasia II. A synopsis of the genus in Tasmania, with the description of ten new species". The Lichenologist. 51 (5): 431–481. doi:10.1017/S0024282919000343.
  18. Hedlund, T. (1892). "Kritische Bemerkungen über einige Arten der. Flechtengattungen Lecanora (Ach.), Lecidea (Ach.) und Micarea (Fr.)". Bihang til Kongliga Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar (in German). 18 (3): 83, 96.
  19. Tønsberg, T. (1992). "The sorediate and isidiate, corticolous, crustose lichens in Norway". Sommerfeltia. 14: 215.
  20. Launis, A.; Pykälä, J.; van den Boom, P.; Sérusiaux, E.; Myllis, L. (2019). "Four new epiphytic species in the Micarea prasina group from Europe". The Lichenologist. 51 (1): 7–25.
  21. Coppins, B.J. (1995). "Two new, diminutive Micarea species from Western Europe". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 58: 57–62.
  22. Launis, Annina; Malíček, Jiří; Svensson, Måns; Tsurykau, Andrei; Sérusiaux, Emmanuël; Myllys, Leena (2019). "Sharpening species boundaries in the Micarea prasina group, with a new circumscription of the type species M. prasina". Mycologia. 111 (4): 574–592. doi:10.1080/00275514.2019.1603044. hdl:10138/326192.
  23. Launis, Annina; Myllys, Leena (2019). "Micarea fennica, a new lignicolous lichen species from Finland". Phytotaxa. 409 (3): 179–188. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.409.3.6.
  24. van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Sipman, Harrie J.M.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Ertz, Damien (2017). "New or interesting records of lichens and lichenicolous fungi from Panama, with descriptions of ten new species". Sydowia. 69: 47–72. doi:10.12905/0380.sydowia69-2017-0047.
  25. van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Brand, A. Maarten; Coppins, Brian John; Sérusiaux, Emmanuel (2017). "Two new species in the Micarea prasina group from Western Europe". The Lichenologist. 49 (1): 13–25. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000633.
  26. Elix, John A.; McCarthy, Patrick M. (2018). "Ten new lichen species (Ascomycota) from Australia" (PDF). Australasian Lichenology. 82: 20–59.
  27. Poelt, J.; Döbbeler, P. (1975). "Über moosparasitische Arten der Flechtengattung Micarea und Vezdaea". Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie. 96 (1–4): 328–352.
  28. Czarnota, Paweł; Coppins, Brian J. (2005). "A second Micarea with a hypothecial K+ violet pigment". The Lichenologist. 37 (6): 477–479. doi:10.1017/S0024282905015318.
  29. Kantvilas, G. (2018). "Micarea kartana sp. nov. (lichenised Ascomycetes) from Kangaroo Island, South Australia". Swainsona. 31 (4): 55–58.
  30. Brackel, W. von (2016). "Eine neue flechtenbewohnende Micarea-Art aus Baden-Württemberg". Carolinea (in German). 74: 5–9.
  31. Coppins, B.J. (1988). "Two new Micarea species from Europe". Notes from the Royal Botanical Garden Edinburgh. 45 (1): 161–169.
  32. van den Boom, Pieter; Guzow-Krzemińska, Beata; Kukwa, Martin (2020). "Two new Micarea species (Pilocarpaceae) from Western Europe". Plant and Fungal Systematics: 189–199. doi:10.35535/pfsyst-2020-0014.
  33. Coppins, B.J.; May, P.F. (2007). "Micarea neostipitata, a new species with pale stipitate pycnidia from eastern North America". The Lichenologist. 33 (6): 487–490. doi:10.1006/lich.2001.0350.
  34. Fryday, A.M. (2004). "New species and records of lichenized fungi from Campbell Island and the Auckland Islands, New Zealand". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 88: 127–146.
  35. Sérusiaux, E.; Coppins, B.J. (2009). "Micarea sipmanii, a new species with arbuscular pycnidia from the West Indies". Bibliotheca Lichenologica. 99: 367–372.
  36. Coppins, B.J.; James, P.W. (2007). "New or interesting British lichens IV". The Lichenologist. 11 (2): 139–179. doi:10.1017/S0024282979000190.
  37. Coppins, Brian J.; Spribille, Toby (2004). "Micarea subalpina Coppins & Spribille, a new subalpine species from the Rocky Mountains, USA". The Lichenologist. 36 (2): 97–102. doi:10.1017/S0024282904014070.
  38. Czarnota, P. (2007). "The lichen genus Micarea (Lecanorales, Ascomycota) in Poland". Polish Botanical Studies. 23: 174.
  39. van den Boom, Pieter P.G.; Ertz, Damien (2014). "A new species of Micarea (Pilocarpaceae) from Madeira growing on Usnea". The Lichenologist. 46: 295–301. doi:10.1017/S0024282913000698.
  40. Coppins, B.J. (1985). "A new Micarea from the Scottish Highlands". The Lichenologist. 17 (1): 99–101.
  41. CórdovaÇhávez, Octavio; Aptroot, André; Castillo-Campos, Gonzalo; Cáceres, Marcela E.S; Pérez-Pérez, Rosa Emilia (2014). "Three new lichen species from cloud forest in Veracruz, Mexico". Cryptogamie, Mycologie. 35: 157–162. doi:10.7872/crym.v35.iss2.2014.157.
  42. van den Boom, P.P.G.; Coppins, B.J. (2001). "Micarea viridileprosa sp. nov., an overlooked lichen species from western Europe". The Lichenologist. 33 (2): 87–91. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0310.
  43. Coppins, B.J.; Tønsberg, T. (2001). "A new xanthone-containing Micarea from northwest Europe and the Pacific Northwest of North America". The Lichenologist. 33 (2): 93–96. doi:10.1006/lich.2000.0311.
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