Mendoubia

The Mendoubia or Mandubiyya (Spanish: Mendubía) refers to the former residence and office of the Mendoub, the representative of the Sultan of Morocco in the Tangier International Zone from 1924 to 1956. It now houses the commercial court (French: tribunal de commerce) of Tangier. Its surrounding gardens are open to the public.

History
Baedeker map of Tangier in 1901, showing the German Legation (left) as a rare building outside of the walled Medina

In the early 19th century, the consul of Sweden in Tangier acquired a villa on the hill just outside the Medina.[1]: 243  In 1872, the newly established German Empire decided to establish a consulate in Tangier and acquired the former Swedish legate's villa which it promptly remodeled and expanded, giving the building its current appearance.[1]: 428  The first German consul-general, Friedrich von Gülich, arrived in 1873.[2]: 78  In the late 19th century, it was the only European consulate outside of the walls of the Medina quarter.[1]: 332 

That German legation was the site of Kaiser Wilhelm II’s address on 31 March 1905, supporting Moroccan independence and criticizing France’s encroachments, which triggered the First Moroccan Crisis.[3] Less than a decade later, the German consul was expelled and expropriated by the French authorities in August 1914, at the outset of World War I.[4]

From the mid-1920s, the governance of the Tangier International Zone entrusted the affairs of the Muslim and Jewish communities to a personal representative of the Sultan of Morocco known as the Mendoub. The Mendoub's office was established in the former German legation, which thus became known as the Mendoubia.

During World War II, Tangier fell under Spanish military administration. On 16 March 1941, the Spanish authorities terminated the mandate of the Mendoub, who subsequently left the city.[5] The next day, diplomat Herbert Conrad Nöhring took possession of the building as Nazi Germany's consul.[6] The German consulate remained there until 23 May 1944, when the Spanish authorities, under Allied pressure, forced it to leave.[7] Mendoub Muhammad at-Tazi returned on board the French cruiser Duguay-Trouin on 11 October 1945.

On 9 April 1947, Mohammed V gave a landmark address on Moroccan sovereignty in the Mendoubia's gardens, which (together with another address given the next day at the Grand Mosque of Tangier[8]) became known as the Tangier Speech.

After Moroccan independence in 1956, the nearby Grand Socco was later renamed Place du 9 avril to commemorate that event. Following the termination of the Mendoub’s office, the palace was repurposed to become the city's commercial court. A monument was erected in its gardens, featuring the full text of the Tangier Speech. The gardens were renovated and opened to the public in the 2010s. They include a large banyan tree, said to be 800 years old.

A cemetery was established on the Mendoubia's grounds in the 19th century and remained there until 1911.[1]: 246 

See also

Notes
  1. Jordi Mas Garriga (2019), La transformación de la ciudad de Tánger durante el Periodo Diplomático (1777-1912) : Arquitectura y Urbanismo (PDF), Tarragona: Universitat Rovira i Virgili
  2. Bernabé López García (2015). "Del Tánger diplomático a la ciudad internacional". In Jordi Carbonell (ed.). Caminos del Sur. Marruecos y el orientalismo peninsular. Barcelona: IEMed.
  3. Chris Trueman (31 March 2015). "The First Moroccan Crisis". The History Learning Site.
  4. Jean-Marc Delaunay (2008). Aux vents des puissances. Presses Sorbonne Nouvelle. p. 98.
  5. "Tangier, Volume 370: debated on Wednesday 26 March 1941". UK Parliament.
  6. "British Memorandum of March 24, 1941" (PDF). The Documentation Center of North African Jews during World War 2.
  7. "Tangier (German officials) HC Deb 24 May 1944 vol 400 cc717-8". UK Parliament.
  8. Safaa Kasraoui (10 April 2018). "Morocco Commemorates Sultan Mohammed V's 'Historic Visits' to Tangier and Tetouan". Morocco World News.


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