1978 Malaysian general election
A general election was held between Saturday, 8 July and Saturday, 22 July 1978 for members of the 5th Parliament of Malaysia.[1] Voting took place in all 154 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 276 state constituencies (except Kelantan, Sabah and Sarawak) on the same day.
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All 154 seats to the Dewan Rakyat 78 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 5,059,689 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 3,596,732 (75.3%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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It was Hussein Onn's first and only election since he became the country's third Prime Minister in 1976. His Barisan Nasional Party emerged victorious with 131 of the 154 seats in Parliament. Voter turnout was 75.3%.
Results
Dewan Rakyat
As expected, Barisan Nasional comfortably maintained its majority in the Malaysian Parliament and thus, gave the Prime Minister the power to form a government with a free hand. Despite the victory, BN actually lost four seats out of 154 seats to the opposition.
The Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS) withdrew from BN in the midst of the 1977 Kelantan Emergency over disagreements with UMNO over the running of the state government of Kelantan, which PAS had controlled since the first post-independence general election in 1959. With the support of UMNO, detractors within PAS split with the party and formed the Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front (BERJASA). In the election, PAS lost the control of the state for the first time to the UMNO-BERJASA alliance within BN. Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah has been credited for UMNO's victory in Kelantan.
The opposition garnered 42.8% of total votes. In spite of that, the opposition as one won only 23 seats. Democratic Action Party won the largest slice of the pie among the opposition parties and hence, its leader Lim Kit Siang retained his position as the leader of the opposition that he had obtained four years earlier.
Candidates were returned unopposed in nine constituencies. The registered electors from these constituencies therefore did not cast ballots.
| Party | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | ||||
| National Front | BN | 1,987,907 | 57.23 | 131 | 85.06 | -4 | ||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 70 | 45.45 | +8 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 17 | 11.04 | -2 | ||||
| Sabah People's United Front | BERJAYA | 9 | 5.84 | New | ||||
| Sarawak National Party | SNAP | 45,218 | 9 | 5.84 | 0 | |||
| United Traditional Bumiputera Party | PBB | 52,222 | 8 | 5.19 | 0 | |||
| Sarawak United People's Party | SUPP | 64,099 | 6 | 3.90 | -1 | |||
| United Sabah National Organisation | USNO | 5 | 3.25 | -8 | ||||
| Malaysian People's Movement Party | Gerakan | 4 | 2.60 | -1 | ||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 3 | 1.95 | -1 | ||||
| People's Progressive Party | PPP | 0 | 0.00 | -1 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 664,433 | 19.13 | 16 | 10.39 | +7 | ||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 537,720 | 15.48 | 5 | 3.25 | -8 | ||
| Sarawak People's Organisation | SAPO | 10,150 | 0.29 | 1 | 0.65 | New | ||
| Malaysian People's Socialist Party | PSRM | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||||
| Other parties | 112,850 | 3.25 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||
| Sarawak Native People's Party | PAJAR | 35,009 | 0 | 0.00 | New | |||
| Parti Umat Sarawak | UMAT | 3,898 | 0 | 0.00 | New | |||
| Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak | NEGARA | 861 | 0 | 0.00 | New | |||
| Independents | IND | 160,370 | 4.62 | 1 | 0.65 | +1 | ||
| Valid votes | 3,473,430 | |||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 123,302 | |||||||
| Total (turnout: 75.3%) | 3,596,732 | 100.00 | 154 | 100.00 | 0 | |||
| Did not vote | 1,462,957 | |||||||
| Registered voters | 5,059,689 | |||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | 6,067,230 | |||||||
| Malaysian population | 12,303,000 | |||||||
| Source: Nohlen et al. , | ||||||||
Johore
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 16 | 15 | 93.75 | -1 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 11 | 11 | 68.75 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 5 | 4 | 25.00 | -1 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 6.25 | +1 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 16 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Johore's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Kedah
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 13 | 11 | 84.62 | -2 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 11 | 9 | 69.23 | +1 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 2 | 2 | 15.38 | 0 | ||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 2 | 15.38 | -1 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 13 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Kedah's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Kelantan
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 12 | 10 | 83.33 | -2 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 12 | 10 | 83.33 | +5 | ||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 12 | 2 | 16.67 | -5 | ||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 12 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Kelantan's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Kuala Lumpur
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | ||||||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | ||||||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | ||||||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Kuala Lumpur's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Malacca
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 4 | 3 | 75.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 2 | 2 | 50.00 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 2 | 1 | 25.00 | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 25.00 | 0 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 4 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Malacca's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Negri Sembilan
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 6 | 5 | 83.33 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 3 | 3 | 50.00 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 2 | 1 | 16.67 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 1 | 1 | 16.67 | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 16.67 | 0 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 6 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Negri Sembilan's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Pahang
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 8 | 8 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 6 | 6 | 75.00 | -1 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 2 | 2 | 25.00 | +1 | ||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 8 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Pahang's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Penang
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 9 | 4 | 44.44 | -5 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 3 | 2 | 22.22 | -1 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 3 | 1 | 11.11 | -2 | ||||
| Malaysian People's Movement Party | Gerakan | 3 | 1 | 11.11 | -2 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 4 | 44.44 | +4 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 1 | 11.11 | +1 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 9 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Penang's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Perak
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 21 | 17 | 80.95 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 10 | 47.62 | -1 | |||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 3 | 14.29 | +1 | |||||
| Malaysian People's Movement Party | Gerakan | 2 | 9.52 | 0 | |||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 1 | 4.76 | 0 | |||||
| Barisan Nasional Direct Candidate | 1 | 4.76 | |||||||
| People's Progressive Party | PPP | 0 | 0.00 | -1 | |||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 4 | 19.05 | 0 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | -1 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 21 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Perak's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Perlis
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 2 | 2 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 2 | 2 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 2 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Perlis's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Sabah
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 16 | 14 | 87.50 | -2 | ||||
| Sabah People's United Front | BERJAYA | 9 | 56.25 | New | |||||
| United Sabah National Organisation | USNO | 5 | 31.25 | -8 | |||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 6.25 | +1 | |||||
| Independents | IND | 1 | 6.25 | +1 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 16 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Sabah's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Sarawak
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 24 | 161,539 | 63.03 | 23 | 95.83 | +8 | ||
| Sarawak National Party | SNAP | 9 | 45,218 | 17.64 | 9 | 37.50 | 0 | ||
| United Traditional Bumiputera Party | PBB | 8 | 52,222 | 20.38 | 8 | 33.33 | 0 | ||
| Sarawak United People's Party | SUPP | 7 | 64,099 | 25.01 | 6 | 25.00 | -1 | ||
| Sarawak Native People's Party | PAJAR | 12 | 35,009 | 13.66 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| Sarawak People's Organisation | SAPO | 1 | 10,150 | 3.96 | 1 | 4.17 | New | ||
| Parti Umat Sarawak | UMAT | 3 | 3,898 | 1.52 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| Parti Negara Rakyat Sarawak | NEGARA | 3 | 861 | 0.34 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| Independents | IND | 16 | 44,831 | 17.49 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Valid votes | 256,288 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 24 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Sarawak's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Selangor
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 11 | 10 | 90.91 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 6 | 6 | 54.55 | +1 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 4 | 3 | 27.27 | -1 | ||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 1 | 1 | 9.09 | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 9.09 | 0 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 11 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Selangor's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
Trengganu
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front | BN | 7 | 7 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 7 | 7 | 100.00 | +3 | ||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | -3 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 7 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Trengganu's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
State Assemblies
References
- Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
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