Lori (historic province)

Lori (Armenian: Լոռի) is a historical-geographical region of Armenia.[1] In the ancient times and the Middles Ages it was also known as Tashir or Tashirk.[2] After the construction of Lori Fortress[3] by King David I Anhoghin, the region was also referred to as Lori. The toponym is etymologized from the Armenian word lor (Armenian: լոր) meaning quail.[4]

The Kingdom of Lori and Lori Fortress in the northeast of Bagratid Armenia

Geography and toponymy

The earliest name is Tashir or Tashirk.[2] Pliny refers to the form Thasie.[5] The Georgians also called the place Somkhiti, i.e. - Armenia, along with the other nearest regions.[6] The central part of the region was also referred to as Tashirapat, which is rendered as Tashir Valley from Old Armenian[7] (currently Lori Plateau).[2] The name Lori derives from Old Armenian "lor", i.e. - quail.[4] Until the VII century, its center was Odzun; later, Lori (Lore) or Loriberd became the central cities.[5][3]

History

Ancient Times

In the historical memory of the Armenians, all the regions in the province of Gugark (including Tashir) were governed by the descendents of Gushar, the offspring of Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenian nation.[8]

According to Constantine Tumanov, the region of Tashir was seized from Armenia in the wake of the Pharnavazids' expansion.[9] That opinion was shared by Robert H. Hewsen.[10] After coming into possession of the Armenian regions of Tashir, as well as Ashotsi, the Pharnavazids united them into the Duchy of Samshwild. In the II century B.C., the re-established Armenian monarchy returned Tashir to Armenia. The Artaxiad dynasty, in turn, created a separate administrative unit including Tashir.[11]

In the first half of the I century (the period of the fall of the statehood), Iberia established control over Tashir. At the close of the same century, however, the re-established Armenian statehood (ruled by the Artaxiads) managed to return the region.[12][10] After the division of Armenia in 387, Tashir (the upper parts excluded) passed under Iberia's control.[10] The princes of Tashir represented those dynasties of Armenia, which existed both under the Artaxiads and in the later epochs. Ghazar Parpetsi and Elishe refer to the princes of Tashir as participants of the rebellion against the Sassanids between 450 A.D.-451 A.D. (formerly part of Gugark Bdeshxhood).[13] By the mid-V century, Tashir became a separate kingdom.[8] By the end of the VII century, it restored the one-time bdeshxhood borders.[14]

Middle Ages
Lori Fortress, founded by the Armenian king David I Anhoghin[15]

In the IX century, Prince Guaram conquered Tashir. Available records reveal that neither his father, Ashot, nor grandfather, exercised control over the region.[16] Until 876 A.D., Guaram handed over the adjacent region of Ashotsk to his son-in-law Ashot, the future king of Armenia. It was apparently in that period that Tashir was handed over as the name never occurs among the lands under the Bagratids' possession. However, it was later referred to as a land controlled by their Armenian kinsmen.[17]

In about 908 A.D., King Ashot III 's son, Kurike, gained control over northern Tashir, which had a formed state in vassal dependence upon Ani.[18] Lori, otherwise known as Tashir-Dzoraget, reached its heyday under David I Anhoghin. Arp Aslan's invasion in 1064 had its reflection also on that state's historic future. King Kurike II of Lori was forced to recognize the sovereignty of Arp Aslan.[19] At the time, King Bagrat IV of Georgia seized Samshvilde from Kurike II,[20] and the latter had to move the capital to the south. i.e. - the fort city of Lori[3] founded earlier by his father.[15] In 1105, Lori was invaded by Emir Kyzyl.[21] The Kingdom of Lori finally fell in 1113.[22] The British Encyclopedia and The Cambridge History of Iran refer to the Kingdom of Lori as one of the last hotbeds of the Armenian statehood after the country's Seljuk invasion in the XI century.[23][24]

In the period between 1110 and 1123, King David the Builder united several Armenian lands - including Lori - to Georgia.[25] A Georgian chronicler left records about David's invasions: "... The same year he conquered the Armenian fortress of Lore".[26] According to Vardan the Great, the latter united "Gag, Terunakat, Tavush, Kayan, Kaytson, Lore, Tashchir and Makhanaberd, subjecting all the Armenian possessions to his rule".[27] Afterwards, the Georgian king also held the title of the King of Armenians.[28] Lori was soon handed over to the Orbeli family. Shortly after the suppression of the Orbeli uprising (1177), King George III handed over Lori to the Khubasar, the Kipchak ruler. Eight years later, however, Queen Tamar handed over the region to Sargis Mkhragrdzeli-Zavaryan, the new amirspasalar (commander-in-chief) of Georgia. According to Cyril Toumanoff, Lori was ruled by the Kingdom of Zakaryans (Mkhragrdzeli) between the XII-XIII centuries.[29] North-Eastern Armenia, which was under the Georgian reign, was ruled by Amirspasalar Zakare and his son, Shahinshah. in the XIII century.[30] The entire north of Armenia was liberated from the Seljuks, with the reign extending to vaster areas.[31] Also in the same period, the small region of Dsegh appeared briefly under the Mamikonian' rule. From 1236 until 1237, Lori, along with other major cities of Armenia, was captured by the Mongols.[32] Ahead of the Mongol conquest, it was one of the main centers of crafts and trade in Northern Armenia.[33] The fortified city fell under the rule of Qarachar Noyan.[34] In the late XIV century, Lori was destroyed by Tamerlan.[3] Lori was among those regions of historic Armenia[35] that suffered the most severe consequences of the Timur invasion as part of the Georgian Kingdom. In 1435, Georgian King Alexander I handed over the region to the Orbelian Dynasty.[35] From 1474 until 1477, Traveler Ambrogio Contarini left the following record about Lori:[36]

/Loreo/ On the 22nd day, we started climbing up the very high mountain and reached its peak by the evening. We stopped there for a rest without even having a drop of water. In the early morning hours of the next day, we moved on and, going off the mountain, found ourselves on the lands under Uzun Hasan's possession (located on a small valley between a mountain and a river), remarkable not so much for the depth of its waters but rather for the steepness and height of its shorelines. There's an Armenian village built by the river, where we stopped for the night.

Modern and Contemporary Times

From the XVI until the XVII centuries, the mountainous regions of Lori were ruled by Armenian melik-feudals.[37] Thus, in the XVI century, the ruler of Lori was Melik-Nazar who, in 1602, received a royal edict from King Abbas the Great of Persia, affirming his long-time rights to rule over the region.[38]

After the 1555 Peace of Amasya, Lori passed under the Safavids' control, administratively being integrated into the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti. When Abbas the Great displaced an estimated 250,000 people from Eastern Armenia during the 1604 "Great Sürgün", also the population of Lori was deported. A contemporary of the events, Arakel of Tabriz, left the following record in the mid-XVII century:[39]

" ... he turned Armenia into an uninhabited [desert]. For upon resettlement, he exiled to Persia [residents] of not just a few but a vast number of Gavars, starting from the borders of Nakhivivan and reaching the Geghama coasts, the gavars of Lori, Hamzachiman and Aparan through Yeghegnadzor ..."

After 1747, Kakheti, as well as Kartli, seceded from Iran. From 1762 onwards, Lori formed part of the Georgian Kingdom united by Herculius II.

In 1771, traveler Johann Anton Güldenstädt wrote:[40]

"The Armenian region of Tashiri is located in Somkhiti, in the upper part of Poladauri Mahaver to the north and north-west of Tbilisi. It borders on the Georgian region of Airumli or Kars in the north and on Bampek in the east. The Persian king, Nader Shah, devastated it overwhelmingly. The vast majority of its population were the Armenians followed by Terekeme Tatars.

In 1801, it united with Russia (along with Georgia), forming the Dynasty of Lori-Pambak. According to Giovanni Guaita: "Russia thus receives part of the territory of ancient Armenia, i.e. - Lori and Dilijan along with Artsakh".[41]

Culture
Odzun Church, 5th–7th century

Two mountain vishapakars have been preserved in Lori.[42]

The region was a center of the Armenian monastic life. In the early V century, Mesrop Mashtots visited Tashir.[11] According to Peter Cow, he sought to spread literacy among the Armenian population in an effort to preserve their authenticity after the region was captured from Armenia.[43]

Among the medieval monasteries, there are such famous landmarks as Odzun, the Holy Mother of God Church of Kurtan, Tormak in Gulagarak, Jrashen in Vardablur and Bardzrakadh in Dsegh. The VI century basilica of Odzun is of a special cultural value. In the X century, the monasteries of Sanahin and Haghpat,[44] major historical monuments of Armenia, were built in the east of the Tashir-Dzorakert Kingdom. Lori was home to such representatives of the Armenian culture as Hovhannes Sarkavag, Grigor Tuteordi, David Kobayretsi, Anania Sanahentsi, etc.

In the first decades of the XIII century North-Western Armeniam (which was under the Zakarian Dynasty's rule) saw a period of an economic and cultural boom.[25] The event played a crucial role in the XIII century history of the Armenian church, solidifying the Chalcedonians' positions while simultaneously approximating the two denominations.[45]

In the early XIII century, a number of monasteries were estranged from the Armenian Apostolic Church to be handed over to the Chalcedonian Armenians. Among them were Pghindzavank (Akhtala),[46] Kobayr,[47] Khuchap, Hnevank, Kirants,[47] Srveh, Sedvivank, Bggavor, etc. According to Aleksey Lidov, the region, which formed part of the Georgian Kingdom in different periods of history, remained the stronghold of the Armenian culture.[48] According to The Cambridge History of Christianity, the Chalcedonian Armenian monasteries of Kobayr, Kirants and Pghndzavank (Akhtala, Lori region) performed the translation of texts unavailable in the Armenian language in the XIII century.[49] Anthony Bryer, D. Winfield, Dawit Isaak and S. Ballance refer to Lori as the Chalcedonian-Armenian region of Georgia in the XIII century.[50]

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