List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals
List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals.
Psychoactive plant phylogeny with active ingredient indicated
Plants
Minimally psychoactive plants which contain mainly caffeine and theobromine:
- Coffee
- Tea (caffeine in tea is sometimes called theine) – also contains theanine
- Guarana (caffeine in guarana is sometimes called guaranine)
- Yerba Mate (caffeine in yerba mate is sometimes called mateine)
- Cocoa
- Kola
Most known psychoactive plants:
- Cannabis: cannabinoids
- Tobacco: nicotine and beta-carboline alkaloids
- Coca: cocaine
- Opium Poppy: morphine, codeine, thebaine, papaverine, noscapine and narceine
- Salvia divinorum: salvinorin A
- Khat: cathine and cathinone
- Kava: kavalactones
- Nutmeg: myristicin
Nightshade (Solanaceae) plants—contain hyoscyamine and scopolamine
- Datura
- Deadly nightshade (Atropa belladonna)
- Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger)
- Mandrake (Mandragora officinarum)
- other Solanaceae
- Peyote
- other Lophophora
- Peruvian Torch cactus
- San Pedro cactus
- other Echinopsis
Other plants:
- Kratom: mitragynine, mitraphylline, 7-hydroxymitragynine, raubasine and Corynantheidine
- Ephedra: ephedrine
- Damiana
- Calea zacatechichi
- Silene capensis
- valerian: valerian (the chemical with the same name)
- various plants like Chacruna, Jurema, – DMT, 5-MeO-DMT
- Cebil/Yopo (Anadenanthera peregrina and colubrina) - Bufotenine
- Morning glory and Hawaiian Baby Woodrose – lysergic acid amide (LSA, ergine)
- Iboga: ibogaine, noribogaine, ibogamine, voacangine, 18-methoxycoronaridine
- Areca catechu (see: betel and paan)—arecoline
- Rauvolfia serpentina: rauwolscine
- Yohimbe: yohimbine, corynantheidine
- Kanna: mesembrine and mesembrenone
- Glaucium flavum (yellow horned poppy, yellow hornpoppy or sea poppy): glaucine
- California poppies: protopine, allocryptopine, N-methyllaurotetanine
- Mimosa hostilis: DMT
Fungi
Fungi:
- Psilocybin mushrooms: psilocybin, psilocin, aeruginascin, baeocystin and norbaeocystin
- psilocybin-containing genera include: Copelandia, Gymnopilus, Inocybe, Panaeolus, Pholiotina, Pluteus and Psilocybe
- Amanita muscaria: ibotenic acid, muscimol and muscarine
- various Amanita mushrooms: bufotenine
- Claviceps purpurea and other Clavicipitaceae: ergotamine
- Collybia maculata: collybolide[1]
- Dictyonema huaorani: psilocybin, DMT and 5-MeO-DMT
Animals
Psychoactive animals:
- fire salamander: samandarin
- hallucinogenic fish
- psychoactive toads: bufotenin, Bufo alvarius (Colorado River toad or Sonoran Desert toad) also contains 5-MeO-DMT
- Several sea sponges: brominated DMT analogs, notably 5-Bromo-DMT:
- Smenospongia aurea: 5-Bromo-DMT[2][3]
- Smenospongia echina: 5,6-Dibromo-DMT[2][3]
- Verongula rigida: 5-Bromo-DMT, 5,6-Dibromo-DMT, et al.[2][3]
- Eudistoma fragum: 5-Bromo-DMT[2]
- Paramuricea chamaeleon: DMT, NMT[2]
- Villogorgia rubra: NMT[2]
- Tree frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa, notably P. bicolor: opioid peptides including deltorphin, deltorphin I, deltorphin II and dermorphin.
See also
References
- Gupta, Achla; Gomes, Ivone; Bobeck, Erin N.; Fakira, Amanda K.; Massaro, Nicholas P.; Sharma, Indrajeet; Cavé, Adrien; Hamm, Heidi E.; Parello, Joseph; Devi, Lakshmi A. (24 May 2016). "Collybolide is a novel biased agonist of κ-opioid receptors with potent antipruritic activity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 113 (21): 6041–6046. Bibcode:2016PNAS..113.6041G. doi:10.1073/pnas.1521825113. PMC 4889365. PMID 27162327.
- Shulgin, Alexander (1997). TIHKAL: The Continuation. Transform Press. ISBN 9780963009692.
- Morris H, Wallach J (26 March 2013). "Sea DMT". Vice Magazine. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
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