List of megathrust earthquakes

This is a list of megathrust earthquakes that have occurred. Megathrust earthquakes are large seismic events that take place along convergent plate boundaries, particularly at subduction zones. Examples of subduction zones include the Sumatra and Java trenches, Nankai Trough and Peru-Chile trench which are frequent sources of these earthquakes.

Comparison of recent and historic earthquakes by energy release.

List

The inclusion criteria in this list is any notable subduction earthquake of at least magnitude 8.0.

Pre-11th century
Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
60 BC Cabo de San Vicente, Portugal 8.5 Possible tsunami. Considered the oldest record of an earthquake in the Portuguese earthquake catalogs.[1]
July 21, 365 AD Crete, Greece
see 365 Crete earthquake		 "thousands" 8.6 Devastation in Cyrene & Alexandria by a tsunami. Uplift of up to 9 metres in Crete. Maximum intensity XI (Extreme).
November 29, 684 AD Nankai Trough, Japan
see 684 Hakuhō earthquake		 8.4
July 13, 869 AD Sanriku, Japan
see 869 Sanriku earthquake		 1,000+ 8.4–9.0 Major tsunami. Several hundred villages destroyed.
August 26, 887 AD Nankaido, Japan
see Tōkai earthquakes		 "many" 8.6 Major tsunami recorded in Osaka Bay. Landslides reported.
December 11, 1096 AD Nankaido, Japan
see Tōkai earthquakes		 "many" 8.4 Destructive earthquake and tsunami, damaging many homes and shrines.
February 22, 1099 AD Nankai Trough, Japan
see Nankai earthquakes		 8.4

11th–18th century
Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
August 8, 1303 "dawn" Crete, Greece
see 1303 Crete earthquake		 4,000+ 8.0 Maximum intensity IX (Violent). Tsunami damage in Alexandria, Egypt and along the Syrian coast. Many buildings damaged in Cairo due to the earthquake.
July 26, 1361 Tokai region, Japan
see 1361 Shōhei earthquake		 8.5
September 1, 1420 Omate, Peru
see 1420 Caldera earthquake		 8.5–9.0
September 20, 1498 08:00 Nankaido, Japan
see 1498 Nankai earthquake		 26,000 8.6 Major tsunami.
June 6, 1505 Nepal and India
see 1505 Lo Mustang earthquake		 8.2–8.9[2] At least 30% of the Nepalese population perished. Extreme damage in Nepal and northern India.
December 16, 1575 18:30 Valdivia, Chile
see 1575 Valdivia earthquake		 1,500 8.5 Maximum intensity X (Extreme).
January 22, 1582 16:30 Arequipa, Peru "many" 8.4 Maximum intensity X (Extreme). Many buildings collapsed or were severely damaged.
March 17, 1584 Lima, Peru 8.4 Maximum intensity VII (Very strong). Severe damage in Lima.
June 10–11, 1585 18:30 Aleutian subduction zone, Alaska
see 1585 Aleutian Islands earthquake		 Unknown 9.25 Tsunami killed natives in the Hawaiian Islands and reported in Japan.
July 10, 1586 19:00 Lima, Peru
see 1586 Lima–Callao earthquake		 22 8.5 Maximum intensity X (Extreme). 1,000 km by 120 km area of Peruvian coastline severely affected. A significant local tsunami was reported in Lima. The tsunami was confused with that of the Aleutian Islands event in tsunami catalogs.
February 28, 1600 20:00 Omate, Peru 8.1
November 24, 1604 18:30 Arica, Chile
see 1604 Arica earthquake		 174 8.5–9.4
February 3, 1605 20:00 Japan
see 1605 Nankai earthquake		 "thousands" 8.0
October 20, 1609 01:00 Peru 8.6
December 2, 1611 Sanriku coast, Japan
see 1611 Sanriku earthquake		 5,000 8.1
February 14, 1619 16:30 Trujillo, Peru 350 8.6
August 1, 1629 Banda Sea , Dutch East Indies (present-dayIndonesia)
1629 Banda Sea earthquake		 Unknown 8.2–8.8 Major tsunami.
May 14, 1647 02:30 Santiago, Chile
see 1647 Santiago earthquake		 1,000 8.5
March 15, 1657 20:00 Concepción, Chile
see 1657 Concepción earthquake		 40 8.0 Destructive tsunami. Concepción totally destroyed.
October 20, 1687 10:30 Lima, Peru
see 1687 Peru earthquake		 5,000 8.7 8-meter tsunami in Peru. Tsunami reported in Japan.
April 16, 1690 Leeward Islands
see 1690 Great Leeward Islands earthquake		 8.0 Maximum intensity IX.
January 27, 1700 05:00 Cascadia subduction zone, United States and Canada
see 1700 Cascadia earthquake		 9.0–9.2 Tsunami in Japan and the Pacific Northwest.
December 30, 1703 17:00 Boso Peninsula, Japan
see 1703 Genroku earthquake		 5,233 8.0 Maximum intensity IX.
October 28, 1707 14:00 (local time) Japan
see 1707 Hōei earthquake		 5,000 8.7–9.3 Tsunami
May 4, 1714 Main Himalayan Thrust, Bhutan
see 1714 Bhutan earthquake		 Unknown 7.5-8.5 [3]
May 4, 1730 Valparaíso, Chile
see 1730 Valparaíso earthquake		 Unknown 9.1–9.3 16-meter-high tsunami.
November 4, 1737 08:00 Kamchatka, Russian Empire
see 1737 Kamchatka earthquake		 9.0–9.3
December 24, 1737 Valdivia, Chile
see 1737 Valdivia earthquake		 8.0
October 29, 1746 03:30 Lima, Peru
see 1746 Lima–Callao earthquake		 1,141 8.6
May 25, 1751 01:00 Concepción, Chile
see 1751 Concepción earthquake		 8.5
November 1, 1755 09:30 Lisbon, Portugal
see 1755 Lisbon earthquake		 50,000 8.7–9.0 Tsunami.
March 30, 1761 23:01 Lisbon, Portugal
see 1761 Lisbon earthquake		 Unknown 8.0–8.5 Tsunami.
January 22, 1780 Java, Indonesia 8.5[4] Severe damage
April 3, 1787 23:01 Oaxaca, New Spain (now Mexico)
see 1787 New Spain earthquake		 11 8.6 Tsunami.
July & August, 1788 Alaska Peninsula, Alaska, Russia (now United States)
see 1788 Alaska earthquakes		 Unknown 8.0 Intensity VII. Major tsunami, 10 to 30 meters high. Many native Russians killed. The second earthquake triggered a 91-meter tsunami. Thought to be one earthquake rather than two.[5]
22 August 1792 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia Unknown 8.25 [6]
10 February 1797 Sumatra, Indonesia
see 1797 Sumatra earthquake		 300 8.4 [7]

19th century
Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
4 April 1819 Copiapó, Chile
see 1819 Copiapó earthquake		 Unknown 8.5 Ms [8] Copiapó totally destroyed by the earthquake. Caldera suffered massive damage. Minor tsunami.
20 November 1822 Valparaíso Region, Chile
see 1822 Valparaíso earthquake		 72-300+ 8.5 Ms [8]
30 March 1828 Sumatra, Indonesia
see 1833 Sumatra earthquake		 Numerous 8.8–9.2 Destructive tsunami.
20 February 1835 Concepción, Chile
see 1835 Concepción earthquake		 50+ 8.5 Ms [8] Large tsunami.
20 February 1835 Valdivia, Chile
see 1837 Valdivia earthquake		 8.5 Ms [8]
11 January 1839 Morning Martinique, Lesser Antilles
see 1839 Martinique earthquake		 390–4,000 8.0
17 May 1841 Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
see 1841 Kamchatka earthquake		 8.4 6-meter tsunami.
8 February 1843 10:37 Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles
see 1843 Guadeloupe earthquake		 1,500–5,000 8.5
7 April 1845 10:37 Oaxaca & Guerrero, Mexico
see 1845 Mexico City earthquake		 Unknown 8.0 Felt strongly in Mexico City, resulting in significant damage.[9]
25 November 1852 22:40 Banda Islands, Banda Sea, Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia)
see 1852 Banda Sea earthquake		 60+ 8.4–8.8 Tsunami up to 8 meters tall. Felt IX in Banda Neira.
23 December 1854 16:00 Nankai Trough, Japan
see 1854 Nankai earthquake, 1854 Tōkai earthquake & Ansei great earthquakes		 5,000+ 8.4 Major damage caused by tsunami inundation.
24 December 1854 09:00 8.4
16 February 1861 Sumatra, Indonesia
see 1861 Sumatra earthquake		 Thousands 8.5
17 November 1865 Pacific Ocean, Tonga 0 8.0 Felt in ships as well. Two-meter tsunami caused limited damage.[10]
13 August 1868 Arica, Peru & Chile
see 1868 Arica earthquake		 25,000 8.5-9.3
1873 Papua New Guinea "Some" 8.0 Felt IX. Some damage to villages and people killed. Minor tsunami.
28 March 1875 Pacific Ocean, New Caledonia 25+ 8.1–8.2[11] Four-meter tsunami caused at least 25 deaths.
9 May 1877 21:16 Iquique, Chile
see 1877 Iquique earthquake		 2,385 8.9 Fiji accounts for most of the deaths attributed to the tsunami.
7 September 1882 03:20 local time Iquique, Panama
see 1882 Panama earthquake		 250 8.3 Destructive tsunami
6 September 1889 12:00 Celebes Sea, Indonesia 8.0 Damaging tsunami up to 4 meters in height.
15 June 1896 10:33 Sanriku, Japan
see 1896 Sanriku earthquake		 27,122 8.6 Weakly felt earthquake but a major tsunami up to 38 meters in height.
10 September 1899 Yakutat Bay, Alaska
see 1899 Yakutat Bay earthquakes		 0 8.2 & 8.2 Large coastal uplift and tsunami.

20th century
Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
22 September 1902 01:46 Guam, United States 0 8.1 Felt IX. No tsunami.
27 February 1903 01:46 Java, Indonesia 0 8.1
31 January 1906 15:36 Ecuador & Colombia
see 1906 Ecuador–Colombia earthquake		 500–1,000 8.8 [12]
17 August 1906 00:40 Valparaíso, Chile
see 1906 Valparaíso earthquake		 4,000 8.2 [13]
14 September 1906 16:04 Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea "Hundreds" 8.0 [14] Felt X. Many landslides and tsunamis triggered.[15]
4 January 1907 12:20 local time Nias Island, Indonesia
see 1907 Sumatra earthquake		 2,188 8.2 [16] Destructive tsunami, up to 15 meters high, killing most of the inhabitants.
26 June 1917 05:49 local time Pacific Ocean, Samoa
see 1917 Samoa earthquake		 2 8.5 Mw [17] 12.2-meter tsunami.
15 August 1918 20:18 local time Mindanao, Philippines
see 1918 Celebes Sea earthquake		 52 8.3 Mw [18]
10 November 1922 23:53 local time Atacama Region, Chile
see 1922 Vallenar earthquake		 ~500 8.5 Mw [19][20]
3 February 1923 04:01 local time Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
see February 1923 Kamchatka earthquake		 3 8.4 Ms [21] Felt XI. Tsunami.
14 April 1923 02:31 local time Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
see April 1923 Kamchatka earthquake		 36 8.2 Mw [22] Felt X. Tsunami up to 30 meters.
1 September 1923 11:58 local time Kantō Plain, Japan
see 1923 Great Kantō earthquake		 148,000 8.1 Mw [23] Felt XI. A conflagaration and firenado killed tens of thousands in the Kantō Plain. Tsunami up to 12 meters caused extensive damage. One of the deadliest earthquakes in human history.
14 April 1924 16:20 Mindanao, Philippines 0 8.0 Mw [24]
3 June 1932 04:36 Jalisco, Mexico
see 1932 Jalisco earthquakes		 400+ 8.1 Mw [25] Multiple mainshocks.
15 January 1934 08:43 Himalayas, Nepal & India
see 1934 Nepal–India earthquake		 12,000 8.0 Mw [26] Major damage in both countries. Widespread liquefaction.
24 May 1940 11:35 Lima, Peru
see 1940 Lima earthquake		 300 8.2 Mw [27] Majority of the deaths were from Callao and Lima.
13 May 1942 21:13 local time Manabí Province, Ecuador
see 1942 Ecuador earthquake		 200+ 8.3 Ms [28]
24 August 1942 17:40 local time Lima, Peru
see 1942 Peru earthquake		 30 8.1 Mw [29]
6 April 1943 12:07 local time Coquimbo Region, Chile
see 1943 Ovalle earthquake		 11 8.1 Mw [30]
7 December 1944 13:35 local time Tōkai region, Japan
see 1944 Tōnankai earthquake		 3,538 8.1 Mw [31]
28 November 1945 01:26 local time Balochistan, British India (present–day Pakistan)
see 1945 Balochistan earthquake		 4,000 8.0 Mw [32] Tsunami.
1 April 1946 03:29 local time Aleutian Islands, Alaska
see 1946 Aleutian Islands earthquake		 173 8.6 Mw [33] Majority of the deaths was the result of the tsunami hitting Hawaii. One tsunami fatality in California.
21 December 1946 04:19 local time Nankaidō, Japan
see 1946 Nankai earthquake		 1,362+ 8.3 Mw [34]
15 August 1950 19:39 local time Mishmi Hills, India & Tibet
see 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake		 4,800 8.6 Mw [35] One of the largest earthquake on land.
4 March 1952 10:22 local time Hokkaido, Japan
see 1952 Tokachi earthquake		 33 8.1 Mw [36]
5 November 1952 03:58 local time Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia
see 1952 Severo-Kurilsk earthquake		 10,000–15,000 9.0 Mw [37] 5th largest in recorded history.
9 March 1957 04:22 local time Andreanof Islands, Alaska
see 1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake		 0 8.6 Mw [38]
21 May 1960 06:02 local time Concepción, Chile
see 1960 Concepción earthquakes		 125 8.1 Mw [39] Foreshock to the next earthquake on 22 May.
22 May 1960 15:11 local time Valdivia, Chile
see 1960 Valdivia earthquake		 1,000–7,000 9.5 Mw [40] The largest earthquake in recorded history.
13 October 1963 15:17 local time Kuril Islands, USSR (present-day Russia)
see 1963 Kuril Islands earthquake		 0 8.5 Mw [41] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.
27 March 1964 17:36 local time Prince William Sound, Alaska
see 1964 Alaska earthquake		 131 9.2 Mw [42] The second largest earthquake in recorded history.
24 January 1965 09:11 local time North Maluku, Indonesia
see 1965 Ceram Sea earthquake		 71 8.2 Mw [43]
3 February 1965 19:01 local time Rat Islands, Alaska
see 1965 Rat Islands earthquake		 0 8.7 Mw [44] One of the largest earthquake in recorded history.
17 October 1966 16:42 local time Huacho, Peru
see 1966 Peru earthquake		 100 8.1 Mw [45]
16 May 1968 09:49 local time Hokkaido, Japan
see 1968 Tokachi earthquake		 47–57 8.2 Mw [46]
11 August 1969 21:27 local time Kuril Islands, USSR 0 8.2 Mw [47]
3 October 1974 09:21 local time Lima, Peru
see 1974 Lima earthquake		 78 8.1 Mw [17]
14 January 1976 16:47 Kermadec Islands, New Zealand 0 8.0 Ms [48]
16 August 1976 00:11 local time Mindanao, Philippines
see 1976 Moro Gulf earthquake		 5,000–7,000 8.0 Mw [17]
12 December 1977 02:59 local time Ecuador–Colombia
see 1979 Tumaco earthquake		 300–600 8.2 Mw [49]
3 March 1985 19:47 local time Valparaíso Region, Chile
see 1985 Algarrobo earthquake		 177 8.0 Mw [50]
19 September 1985 07:17 local time Michoacan, Mexico
see 1985 Mexico City earthquake		 9,500–45,000 8.0 Mw [51]
30 July 1995 14:59 local time Antofagasta, Chile
see 1995 Antofagasta earthquake		 2 8.0 Mw [52]
9 October 1995 10:35 local time Antofagasta, Chile
see 1995 Colima–Jalisco earthquake		 49–58 8.0 Mw [53]
17 February 1996 14:59 local time Irian Jaya, Indonesia
see 1996 Biak earthquake		 166 8.1 Mw [54]

21st century
Date Time‡ Location Fatalities Mag. Effects/notes
23 June 2001 15:33 local time Department of Arequipa, Peru
see 2001 southern Peru earthquake		 74 8.4 Mw [55]
26 September 2003 04:50 local time Hokkaido, Japan
see 2003 Tokachi earthquake		 0 8.2 Mw [56] Two missing, more than 840 injured.
26 December 2004 07:58 local time Aceh, Sumatra, Indonesia
see 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami		 227,898 9.1 Mw [57] Indian Ocean basin-wide by teletsunami.
28 March 2005 23:09 local time Nias & Simeulue, North Sumatra, Indonesia
see 2005 Nias–Simeulue earthquake		 915–1,314 8.6 Mw [58]
15 November 2006 08:14 local time Kuril Islands, Russia
see 2006 Kuril Islands earthquake		 0 8.3 Mw [59]
2 April 2007 07:39 local time Solomon Islands
see 2007 Solomon Islands earthquake		 52 8.1 Mw [60] At least 60 missing.
15 August 2007 18:40 local time Department of Ica & Department of Ica, Peru
see 2007 Peru earthquake		 519 8.0 Mw [61]
12 September 2007 18:10 local time Bengkulu, Indonesia
see September 2007 Sumatra earthquakes		 23 8.4 Mw [62]
29 September 2009 06:48 local time near Samoa and American Samoa, Pacific Ocean
see 2009 Samoa earthquake and tsunami		 192 8.1 Mw [63] Doublet earthquake rupturing an outer rise normal fault and the megathrust.[64]
27 February 2010 03:34 local time Maule Region, Chile
see 2010 Chile earthquake		 525 8.8 Mw [65]
11 March 2011 14:46 local time Tohoku region, Japan
see 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami		 16,000–20,000 9.1 Mw [66] More than 2,550 missing. One death each in Papua, Indonesia and California by tsunami.
6 February 2013 12:12 local time Temotu Province, Solomon Islands
see 2013 Solomon Islands earthquake		 9 8.0 Mw [67]
1 April 2014 20:46 local time Iquique, Chile
see 2014 Iquique earthquake		 6 8.2 Mw [68]
16 September 2015 19:54 local time Coquimbo Region, Chile
see 2015 Illapel earthquake		 16 8.3 Mw [69] At least 6 missing in Chile.
4 March 2021 08:28 local time Kermadec Islands, New Zealand
see 2021 Kermadec Islands earthquakes		 0 8.1 Mw [70] Was preceded by an Mw  7.4 foreshock and unrelated Mw  7.3 event a few hours earlier.
29 July 2021 22:15 local time Alaska, United States
see 2021 Chignik earthquake		 0 8.2 Mw [71] Was preceded by two foreshocks – Mw 7.8 and 7.6.
12 August 2021 16:35 local time South Sandwich Islands
see 2021 South Sandwich Islands earthquakes		 0 8.1 Mw [72] Was preceded by an Mw 7.5 foreshock that occurred three minutes earlier.

See also

References
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  60. USGS. "M 8.1 - 45 km SSE of Gizo, Solomon Islands". United States Geological Survey.
  61. USGS. "M 8.0 - 41 km SW of San Vicente de Cañete, Peru". United States Geological Survey.
  62. USGS. "M 8.4 - 122 km SW of Bengkulu, Indonesia". United States Geological Survey.
  63. USGS. "M 8.1 - 168 km SSW of Matavai, Samoa". United States Geological Survey.
  64. Thorne Lay; Charles J. Ammon; Hiroo Kanamori; Luis Rivera; Keith D. Koper; Alexander R. Hutko (2010). "The 2009 Samoa–Tonga great earthquake triggered doublet". Nature. 466: 964–968. doi:10.1038/nature09214. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  65. "M 8.8 - 36 km WNW of Quirihue, Chile". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  66. [hthttps://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/official20110311054624120_30/executive "M 9.1 - 2011 Great Tohoku Earthquake, Japan"]. earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  67. "M 8.0 - 75 km W of Lata, Solomon Islands". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  68. "M 8.2 - 93 km NW of Iquique, Chile". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 14 July 2021.
  69. "M 8.3 - 48 km W of Illapel, Chile". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  70. "M 8.1 - Kermadec Islands, New Zealand". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  71. "M 8.2 – 91 km ESE of Perryville, Alaska". earthquake.usgs.gov. USGS. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  72. "M 8.1 - South Sandwich Islands region". United States Geological Survey. Retrieved August 14, 2021.

Sources

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