List of mathematical symbols by subject

The following list of mathematical symbols by subject features a selection of the most common symbols used in modern mathematical notation within formulas, grouped by mathematical topic. As it is impossible to know if a complete list existing today of all symbols used in history is a representation of all ever used in history, as this would necessitate knowing if extant records are of all usages, only those symbols which occur often in mathematics or mathematics education are included. Many of the characters are standardized, for example in DIN 1302 General mathematical symbols or DIN EN ISO 80000-2 Quantities and units – Part 2: Mathematical signs for science and technology.

The following list is largely limited to non-alphanumeric characters. It is divided by areas of mathematics and grouped within sub-regions. Some symbols have a different meaning depending on the context and appear accordingly several times in the list. Further information on the symbols and their meaning can also be found in the respective linked articles.

Guide

The following information is provided for each mathematical symbol:

Symbol: The symbol as it is represented by LaTeX. If there are several typographic variants, only one of the variants is shown.
Usage: An exemplary use of the symbol in a formula. Letters here stand as a placeholder for numbers, variables or complex expressions. Different possible applications are listed separately.
Articles with usage: Examples of Wikipedia articles in which the symbol is used.
LaTeX: The LaTeX command that creates the icon. Characters from the ASCII character set can be used directly, with a few exceptions (e.g., pound sign #, backslash \, braces {}, and percent sign %). High-and low-position is indicated via the ^ and _ characters, and is not explicitly specified.
HTML: The icon in HTML, if it is defined as a named mark. Non-named characters can be indicated in the form &#xnnnn by specifying the Unicode code point of the next column. High-and low-position can be indicated via <sup></sup> and <sub></sub>. The character × whose HTML code is times can be displayed by typing ×.
Unicode: The code point of the corresponding Unicode character. Some characters are combining and require the entry of additional characters. For brackets, the code points of opening and closing forms are specified. The Unicode character ⨯ whose hexadecimal value is U+2A2F can be displayed by typing ⨯ where #x indicates that the value in hexadecimal.

Numbers

Number sets

Symbol	Unicode character	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\mathbb {A}$	𝔸	Algebraic number	`\mathbb{A}`	`&Aopf;`	`U+1D538`
$\mathbb {C}$	ℂ	Complex number	`\mathbb{C}`, `\Complex`	`&Copf;`	`U+2102`
$\mathbb {H}$	ℍ	Quaternion	`\mathbb{H}`, `\H`	`&quaternions;`	`U+210D`
$\mathbb {N}$	ℕ	Natural number	`\mathbb{N}`, `\N`	`&Nopf;`	`U+2115`
$\mathbb {O}$	𝕆	Octonion	`\mathbb{O}`	`&Oopf;`	`U+1D546`
$\mathbb {Q}$	ℚ	Rational number	`\mathbb{Q}`, `\Q`	`&Qopf;`	`U+211A`
$\mathbb {R}$	ℝ	Real number	`\mathbb{R}`, `\R`	`&Ropf;`	`U+211D`
$\mathbb {S}$	𝕊	Sedenion	`\mathbb{S}`	`&Sopf;`	`U+1D54A`
$\mathbb {Z}$	ℤ	Integer	`\mathbb{Z}`, `\Z`	`&Zopf;`	`U+2124`

Intervals

Symbol	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$[~~]$	$[a,b]$	`( )` `[ ]`	`(` `)` `[` `]`	`U+0028/9` `U+005B/D`
$]~~[$	$]a,b[$
$(~~)$	$(a,b)$
$[~~[$	$[a,b[$
$[~~)$	$[a,b)$
$]~~]$	$]a,b]$
$(~~]$	$(a,b]$

Mathematical constants

Symbol	Unicode character	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Template	Unicode Hex	Note
$\pi$	π	Pi	`\pi`	`π`	`{{pi}}`	`U+03C0`
$e$ or $\mathrm {e}$	e	e (mathematics)	`e` or `\mathrm{e}`	`e`		`U+0065`	Recommend `{{mvar\|e}}` or `{{math\|e}}` over `e`
$\phi$	ϕ	Golden ratio	`\phi`	`φ`	`{{phi}}`	`U+03C6`
$\varphi$	φ	Golden ratio	`\varphi`	`&straightphi;`	`{{varphi}}`	`U+03D5`
$i$ or $\mathrm {i}$	i	Imaginary unit	`i` or `\mathrm{i}`	`i`		`U+0069`	Recommend `{{mvar\|i}}` or `{{math\|i}}` over `i`
$\gamma$	γ	Euler–Mascheroni constant	`\gamma`	`γ`	`{{gamma}}`	`U+03B3`
$\epsilon$	ε	Vacuum permittivity	`\epsilon`	`&epsi;`	`{{epsilon}}`	`U+03B5`
$\varepsilon$	ϵ	Dual number	`\varepsilon`	`ϵ`	`{{varepsilon}}`	`U+03F5`
$\theta$	θ	Mills' constant	`\theta`	`θ`	`{{theta}}`	`U+03B8`
$\vartheta$	ϑ	Mills' constant	`\vartheta`	`ϑ`	`{{vartheta}}`	`U+03D1`
$\sigma$	σ	Somos' quadratic recurrence constant	`\sigma`	`σ`	`{{sigma}}`	`U+03C3`
$\varsigma$	ς	Somos' quadratic recurrence constant	`\varsigma`	`ς`	`{{varsigma}}`	`U+03C2`
$\kappa$	κ	Einstein gravitational constant	`\kappa`	`κ`	`{{kappa}}`	`U+03BA`
$\lambda$	λ	Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant	`\lambda`	`λ`	`{{lambda}}`	`U+03BB`
$\mu$	μ	Ramanujan–Soldner constant	`\mu`	`μ`	`{{mu}}`	`U+03BC`
$\tau$	τ	Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant	`\tau`	`τ`	`{{tau}}`	`U+03C4`

Complex numbers

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\Im$	ℑ	$\Im (z)$	Complex number	`\Im`	`&image;`	`U+2111`
$\operatorname {Im}$	Im	$\operatorname {Im} (z)$		`\operatorname{Im}`	`Im`
$\Re$	ℜ	$\Re (z)$		`\Re`	`&Rfr;`	`U+211C`
$\operatorname {Re}$	Re	$\operatorname {Re} (z)$		`\operatorname{Re}`	`Re`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {z}}$	Complex conjugate	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\bar {\bar {~}}}$	◌̄̄	${\bar {\bar {z}}}$		`\bar{\bar{}}`	`̄̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {z}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
${\overline {\overline {~~}}}$	◌̅̅	${\overline {\overline {z}}}$		`\overline{\overline{}}`	`̅̅`	`U+0305`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$z^{\ast }$		`{}^\ast`	`&ast;`	`U+002A`
$\|~~\|$	\|	$\|z\|$	Absolute value	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\arg {}$		$\arg(z)$	Polar coordinate system	`\arg`

Remark: real and imaginary parts of a complex number are often also denoted by

\operatorname {Re}

and

\operatorname {Im}

.

Elementary arithmetic operations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$+$	+	$a+b$	Addition	`+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$-$	−	$a-b$	Subtraction	`-`	`−`	`U+2212`
$\cdot$	⋅	$a\cdot b$	Multiplication	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
$\times$	⨯	$a\times b$	Multiplication	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
${\displaystyle$	: or ∶	$a:b$	Division (mathematics)	`:`	`&ratio;`	`U+003A` or `U+2236`
$/$	∕	$a/b$		`/`	`∕`	`U+2215`
$\div$	÷	$a\div b$		`\div`	`÷`	`U+00F7`
${\frac {~~}{~~}}$	⁄	${\tfrac {a}{b}}$		`\frac`	`&frasl;`	`U+2044`
${}^{-1}$	⁻	$a^{-1}$	Multiplicative inverse	`^{-1}`		`U+207B`
$-$	−	$-a$	Unary minus	`-`	`−`	`U+2212`
$\pm$	±	$\pm a$	Plus or minus sign	`\pm`	`±`	`U+00B1`
$\mp$	∓	$\mp a$	Plus or minus sign	`\mp`	`&mnplus;`	`U+2213`

Elementary functions

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\sqrt {\,}}$	√	${\sqrt {x}}$	nth root	`\sqrt`	`√`	`U+221A`
${\sqrt {\,}}$		${\sqrt[{n}]{x}}$	nth root	`\sqrt[n]{x}`	`√`	`U+221A`
$\%$	%	$x\,\%$	Percentage	`\%`	`&percnt;`	`U+0025`
$\left[~~\right]$	[ ]	$\left[x\right]$	Floor and ceiling functions	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|x\|$	Absolute value	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\left\{~~\right\}$	{ }	$\left\{x\right\}$	Fractional part	`\{ \}`	`{` `}`	`U+007B/D`
$\lceil ~~\rceil$	⌈ ⌉	$\lceil x\rceil$	Floor and ceiling functions	`\lceil` `\rceil`	`&lceil;` `&rceil;`	`U+2308/9`
$\lfloor ~~\rfloor$	⌊ ⌋	$\lfloor x\rfloor$		`\lfloor` `\rfloor`	`&lfloor;` `&rfloor;`	`U+230A/B`
$\ulcorner ~~\urcorner$	⌜ ⌝	$\ulcorner x\urcorner$		`\ulcorner` `\urcorner`	`&ulcorner;` `&urcorner;`	`U+231C/D`
$\llcorner ~~\lrcorner$	⌞ ⌟	$\llcorner x\lrcorner$		`\llcorner` `\lrcorner`	`&llcorner;` `&lrcorner;`	`U+231E/F`
$(~)$	( )	$(a)$	Bracket	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$[~]$	[ ]	$[a]$	Bracket	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\frown$	⌢	${\stackrel {\frown }{x}}$	Cap product	`\frown`	`&frown;`	`U+2322`
$\smile$	⌣	${\stackrel {\smile }{x}}$	Cup product	`\smile`	`&smile;`	`U+2323`

Note: the power function is not represented by its own icon, but by the positioning of the exponent as a superscript.

Arithmetic comparison

See also: Order relations, Set relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$<$	<	$a<b$	`<`	`<`	`U+003C`
$>$	>	$a>b$	`>`	`>`	`U+003E`
$\leq$	≤	$a\leq b$	`\le`, `\leq`	`≤`	`U+2264`
$\geq$	≥	$a\geq b$	`\ge`, `\geq`	`≥`	`U+2265`
$\leqq$	≦	$a\leqq b$	`\leqq`	`&LessFullEqual;`	`U+2266`
$\geqq$	≧	$a\geqq b$	`\geqq`	`&GreaterFullEqual;`	`U+2267`
$\leqslant$	⩽	$a\leqslant b$	`\leqslant`	`&LessSlantEqual`	`U+2A7D`
$\geqslant$	⩾	$a\geqslant b$	`\geqslant`	`&GreaterSlantEqual`	`U+2A7E`
$\ll$	≪	$a\ll b$	`\ll`	`&NestedLessLess;`	`U+226A`
$\gg$	≫	$a\gg b$	`\gg`	`&NestedGreaterGreater;`	`U+226B`
$\lesssim$	≲	$a\lesssim b$	`\lesssim`	`&lsim;`	`U+2272`
$\gtrsim$	≳	$a\gtrsim b$	`\gtrsim`	`&GreaterTilde;`	`U+2273`
$\lessapprox$	⪅	$a\lessapprox b$	`\lessapprox`	`&lessapprox;`	`U+2A85`
$\gtrapprox$	⪆	$a\gtrapprox b$	`\gtrapprox`	`&gap;`	`U+2A86`

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\lessgtr$	≶	$a\lessgtr b$	`\lessgtr`	`&LessGreater`	`U+2276`
$\gtrless$	≷	$a\gtrless b$	`\gtrless`	`&GreaterLess;`	`U+2277`
$\lesseqgtr$	⋚	$a\lesseqgtr b$	`\lesseqgtr`	`&LessEqualGreater;`	`U+22DA`
$\gtreqless$	⋛	$a\gtreqless b$	`\gtreqless`	`&GreaterEqualLess;`	`U+22DB`
$\lesseqqgtr$	⪋	$a\lesseqqgtr b$	`\lesseqqgtr`	`&lesseqqgtr;`	`U+2A8B`
$\gtreqqless$	⪌	$a\gtreqqless b$	`\gtreqqless`	`&gtreqqless;`	`U+2A8C`

Number theory

Divisibility and modulo

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\mid$	∣	$a\mid b$	`\mid`	`&VerticalBar;`	`U+2223`
$\nmid$	∤	$a\nmid b$	`\nmid`	`&NotVerticalBar;`	`U+2224`
$\perp$	⊥	$a\perp b$	`\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+22A5`
$\sqcap$	⊓	$a\sqcap b$	`\sqcap`	`&SquareIntersection;`	`U+2293`
$\wedge$	∧	$a\wedge b$	`\wedge`	`&and;`	`U+2227`
$\sqcup$	⊔	$a\sqcup b$	`\sqcup`	`&SquareUnion;`	`U+2294`
$\vee$	∨	$a\vee b$	`\vee`	`&or;`	`U+2228`

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex	Other information
$\equiv$	≡	$a\equiv b$	Modulo operation	`\equiv`	`&equiv;`	`U+2261`
$\mod m$	mod	$a\mod m$		`\mod m`	`mod`		`<math>\mod</math>` without a trailing symbol (e.g. $m$ ) will product an error.
${\pmod {m}}$	(mod)	$a{\pmod {m}}$		`\pmod m`	`(mod)`		`<math>\pmod</math>` without a trailing symbol (e.g. $m$ ) will product an error.

Combinatorics

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\displaystyle$	!	$n!$	Factorial	`!`	`&excl;`	`U+0021`
		$!n$	Derangement
		$n!!$	Double factorial
${\tbinom {~}{~}}$	( )	${\tbinom {n}{k}}$	Combination	`\binom`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
${\tbinom {~}{~}}$	( )	${\tbinom {n}{k_{1},\ldots ,k_{r}}}$	Multinomial coefficient	`\binom`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\left(\!{\tbinom {~}{~}}\!\right)$	(( ))	$\left(\!{\tbinom {n}{k}}\!\right)$	Multiset	(( ))	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
${\overline {~}}$	◌̄	$n^{\bar {m}}$	Pochhammer symbol	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
	◌̅	$n^{\overline {m}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
	◌̲	$n^{\underline {m}}$		`\underline`	`̲`	`U+0332`
$\#$	#	$n\#$	Primorial	`\#`	`&num;`	`U+0023`

Stochastics

Probability theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$P$		$P(A)$	Probability measure	`P`		`U+2119`
$\mid$		$P(A\mid B)$	Conditional probability	`\mid`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$/$		$P(A/B)$	Conditional probability	`/`		`U+2215`
$E$	𝔼	$E(X)$	Expected value	`E`	`&Eopf;`	`U+1D53C`
$V$	𝕍	$V(X)$	Variance	`V`	`&Vopf;`	`U+1D54D`
$\sigma$	σ	$\sigma (X)$	Standard deviation	`\sigma`	`σ`	`U+03C3`
$\sigma$	σ	$\sigma (X,Y)$	Covariance	`\sigma`	`σ`	`U+03C3`
$\rho$	ρ	$\rho (X,Y)$	Correlation	`\rho`	`ρ`	`U+03C1`
$\sim$	∼	$X\sim F$	Probability distribution	`\sim`	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
$\approx$	≈	$X\approx F$	Probability distribution	`\approx`	`≈`	`U+2248`
${\displaystyle \perp }$	⊥	$A\perp B$	Independence (probability theory)	`\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+22A5`

Remark: for operators there are several notational variants; instead of round brackets also square brackets are used

Statistics

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${\bar {~}}$	◌̅	${\bar {x}}$	Average	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {m}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle X\rangle$		`\langle \rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`
${\hat {~}}$	◌̂	${\hat {p}}$	Estimator	`\hat`	`̂`	`U+0302`

Calculus

Sequences and series

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\sum$	∑	$\sum _{i=1}^{n},\sum _{i\in I}$	Summation	`\sum`	`∑`	`U+2211`
$\prod$	∏	$\prod _{i=1}^{n},\prod _{i\in I}$	Product (mathematics)	`\prod`	`∏`	`U+220F`
$\coprod$	∐	$\coprod _{i=1}^{n},\coprod _{i\in I}$	Coproduct	`\coprod`	`&Coproduct;`	`U+2210`
$(~~)$	( )	$(a_{n})$	Sequence	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\to$	→	$a_{n}\to a$	Limit of a sequence	`\to` `\rarr`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\infty$	∞	$n\to \infty$	Infinity	`\infty`	`∞`	`U+221E`

Limits

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\to$	→	$\lim _{x\to a}f(x)$	Limit of a function	`\to` `\rightarrow`	`→` `&rightarrow;`	`U+2192`
$\longrightarrow$	⟶	$x\longrightarrow a$		`\longrightarrow`	`&LongRightArrow;`	`U+27F6`
$\uparrow$	↑	$\lim _{x\uparrow a}f(x)$		`\uparrow`	`↑` `&ShortUpArrow;`	`U+2191`
$\nearrow$	↗	$\lim _{x\nearrow a}f(x)$		`\nearrow`	`&UpperRightArrow;`	`U+2197`
$\searrow$	↘	$\lim _{x\searrow a}f(x)$		`\searrow`	`&LowerRightArrow;`	`U+2198`
$\downarrow$	↓	$\lim _{x\downarrow a}f(x)$		`\downarrow`	`↓` `&ShortDownArrow;`	`U+2193`
$\swarrow$	↙	$a\swarrow x$		`\swarrow`	`&LowerLeftArrow;`	`U+2199`
$\leftarrow$	←	$a\leftarrow x$		`\leftarrow`	`←` `&ShortLeftArrow;`	`U+2190`
$\longleftarrow$	⟵	$a\longleftarrow x$		`\longleftarrow`	`&longleftarrow;`	`U+27F5`
$\nwarrow$	↖	$a\nwarrow x$		`\nwarrow`	`&UpperLeftArrow;`	`U+2196`
$^{+}$	⁺	$\lim _{x\to a^{+}}f(x)$		`^+`	`⁺`	`U+207A`
$^{-}$	⁻	$\lim _{x\to a^{-}}f(x)$		`^-`	`⁻`	`U+207B`
$\lim$		$\lim _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$		`\lim`
$\liminf$		$\liminf _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$	Limit inferior and limit superior	`\liminf`
$\limsup$		$\limsup _{n\to \infty }x_{n}$	Limit inferior and limit superior	`\limsup`

Differential calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${}'$ ${}^{\prime }$	′	$f'$ $f^{\prime }$	Lagrange's notation Prime (symbol)	`'` `^\prime`	`′`	`U+2032`
${}''$ ${}^{\prime \prime }$	″	$f''$ $f^{\prime \prime }$		`''` `^{\prime\prime}`	`″`	`U+2033`
${}'''$ ${}^{\prime \prime \prime }$	‴	$f'''$ $f^{\prime \prime \prime }$		`'''` `^{\prime\prime\prime}`	`‴`	`U+2034`
${}''''$ ${}^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }$	⁗	$f''''$ $f^{\prime \prime \prime \prime }$		`''''` `^{\prime\prime\prime\prime}`	`&qprime;`	`U+2057`
$^{IV}\;{}^{V}\;{}^{VI}$		$f^{IV},f^{V},f^{VI}$		`^{IV}` `^V` `^{VI}`	`<sup>IV</sup>`
$^{iv}\;{}^{v}\;{}^{vi}$		$f^{iv},f^{v},f^{vi}$		`^{iv}` `^v` `^{vi}`	`<sup>iv</sup>`
${}^{(~)}$	⁽ ⁾	$f^{(4)},f^{(5)},f^{(n)}$		`^{( )}`	`<sup>( )</sup>`	`U+207D/E`
${\dot {~~}}$	◌̇	${\dot {f}}$	Newton's notation	`\dot`	`̇`	`U+0307`
${\ddot {~~}}$	◌̈	${\ddot {f}}$	Newton's notation	`\ddot`	`̈`	`U+0308`
$d$	d	$dx$	Leibniz's notation	`d`	`d`	`U+0064`
		$df$
		${\frac {df}{dx}}$
		${\frac {d}{dx}}f$
		${\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}f$
$\partial$	∂	${\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}$	Partial derivative	`\partial`	`∂`	`U+2202`
$\left.{\frac {\partial }{\partial x}}\right\vert _{x}$	∂ and \|	$\left.{\frac {\partial f}{\partial x}}\right\vert _{x=x_{0}}$	Partial derivative	`\left. \frac{\partial }{\partial x} \right\vert_x`	`∂` and `&VerticalLine;`	`U+2202` and `U+007C`

Integral calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\int$	∫	$\int _{a}^{b}$ , $\int _{G}$	Integral	`\int`	`∫`	`U+222B`
$\iint$	∬	$\iint _{\mathcal {F}}$	Surface integral	`\iint`	`&Int;`	`U+222C`
$\iiint$	∭	$\iiint _{V}$	Volume integral	`\iiint`	`&tint;`	`U+222D`
$\oint$	∮	$\oint _{\gamma }$	Curve integral	`\oint`	`&ContourIntegral;`	`U+222E`
$\oiint$	∯	$\oiint _{\gamma }$	Surface integral	`\oiint`	`&DoubleContourIntegral;`	`U+222F`

Vector calculus

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\nabla$	∇	$\nabla f$	Gradient	`\nabla`	`∇`	`U+2207`
		$\nabla \cdot F$	Divergence
		$\nabla \times F$	Curl (mathematics)
$\Delta$	∆	$\Delta f$	Laplace operator	`\Delta`	`Δ`	`U+2206`
$\square$	□	$\square f$	D'Alembert operator	`\square`	`□`	`U+25A1`

Asymptotic behaviour

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\sim$	∼	$f\sim$	Asymptotic analysis	`\sim`	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
$o$	o	$f\in o(g)$	Big O notation	`o`		`U+006F`
${\mathcal {O}}$	𝒪	$f\in {\mathcal {O}}(g)$		`\mathcal{O}`	`&Oscr;`	`U+1D4AA`
$\Theta$	Θ	$f\in \Theta (g)$		`\Theta`	`Θ`	`U+0398`
$\Omega$	Ω	$f\in \Omega (g)$		`\Omega`	`Ω`	`U+03A9`
$\omega$	ω	$f\in \omega (g)$		`\omega`	`ω`	`U+03C9`

Linear algebra

Vectors and matrices

Symbol	Articles with usage	LaTeX
${\begin{pmatrix}v_{1},\ldots ,v_{n}\end{pmatrix}}$	Vector (mathematics and physics)	`\begin{pmatrix}` `...` `\end{pmatrix}` or `\left(` `\begin{array}{...}` `...` `\end{array}` `\right)`
${\begin{pmatrix}v_{1}\\\vdots \\v_{m}\end{pmatrix}}$	Vector (mathematics and physics)
${\begin{pmatrix}a_{11}&\!\ldots \!&a_{1n}\\\vdots &\!\ddots \!&\vdots \\a_{m1}&\!\ldots \!&a_{mn}\end{pmatrix}}$	Matrix (mathematics)

Vector operations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\cdot$	⋅	$v\cdot w$	Dot product Inner product space	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
$(~~)$	( )	$(v,w)$		`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle v,w\rangle$ $\langle v\,\|\,w\rangle$		`\langle \rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`
$\times$	⨯	$v\times w$	Cross product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[v,w]$	Cross product	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$(~~)$	( )	$(u,v,w)$	Triple product	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\otimes$	⊗	$v\otimes w$	Dyadic product	`\otimes`	`&otimes;`	`U+2297`
$\wedge$	∧	$v\wedge w$	Exterior algebra	`\wedge`	`&and;`	`U+2227`
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|v\|$	Euclidean norm	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\\|~~\\|$	‖	$\\|v\\|$	Norm (mathematics)	`\Vert`, `\\|`	`&Vert;`	`U+2016`
${\hat {~}}$	̂	${\hat {v}}$	Unit vector	`\hat{}`	`̂`	`U+0302`

Matrix operations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\cdot$	⋅	$A\cdot B$	Matrix multiplication	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
$\circ$	∘	$A\circ B$	Hadamard product	`\circ`	`&SmallCircle;`	`U+2218`
$\oslash$	⊘	$A\oslash B$	Hadamard division	`\oslash`	`&osol;`	`U+2298`
$\otimes$	⊗	$A\otimes B$	Kronecker product	`\otimes`	`&otimes;`	`U+2297`
${}^{\intercal }$	⊺	$A^{\intercal }$	Transposed matrix	`^\intercal`	`&intercal;`	`U+22BA`
${}^{\top }$	⊤	$A^{\top }$		`^\top`	`&top;`	`U+22A4`
${}^{\mathrm {T} }$	T	$A^{\mathrm {T} }$		`^{\mathrm T}`		`U+0054`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$A^{\ast }$	Conjugate transpose	`^\ast`	`&ast;`	`U+002A`
${}^{\dagger }$	†	$A^{\dagger }$		`^\dagger`	`&dagger;`	`U+2020`
${}^{\mathrm {H} }$	H	$A^{\mathrm {H} }$		`^H`		`U+0048`
${}^{-1}$	⁻	$A^{-1}$	Inverse matrix	`^{-1}`		`U+207B`
${}^{+}$	+	$A^{+}$	Moore–Penrose pseudoinverse	`^+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$\|~~\|$	\| A \|	$\|A\|$	Determinant	`\|`, `\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\\|~~\\|$	‖	$\\|A\\|$	Matrix norm	`\\|`, `\Vert`	`&Vert;`	`U+2016`

Vector spaces

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$+$	+	$V+W$	Direct sum of modules	`+`	`+`	`U+002B`
$\oplus$	⊕	$V\oplus W$	Direct sum of modules	`\oplus`	`&oplus;`	`U+2295`
$\times$	⨯	$V\times W$	Direct product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$\otimes$	⊗	$V\otimes W$	Tensor product	`\otimes`	`&otimes;`	`U+2297`
$/$	/	$V\,/\,U$	Quotient space (linear algebra)	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
${}^{\perp }$	⟂	$U^{\perp }$	Orthogonal complement	`\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+27C2`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$V^{\ast }$	Dual space	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+002A`
${}^{0}$	0	$X^{0}$	Dual space	`0`		`U+0030`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle X\rangle$	Linear hull	`\langle \rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`

Functional analysis

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${}'$	′	$V'$	Dual space	`\prime`	`′`	`U+2032/3`
${}''$	″	$V''$	Dual space	`\prime`	`′`	`U+2032/3`
${\hat {~}}$	◌̂	${\hat {X}}$	Complete metric space	`\hat`		`U+0302`
$\hookrightarrow$	↪	$X\hookrightarrow Y$	Embedding	`\hookrightarrow`		`U+21AA`

Logic

The current Wikipedia guidelines advise against unnecessary use of ∀, ∃, and ⇔ and instead recommend writing out "for all", "there exists", and "if and only if." The same is true of abbreviations such as "iff", "s.t.", and "WLOG".

Equality signs

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$=$	=	$a=b$	Equality	`=`	`=`	`U+003D`
$\#$	#	$a\#b$	Apartness relation	`\#`	`&num;`	`U+0023`
$\neq$	≠	$a\neq b$	Inequality	`\neq` `\ne` `\not=`	`≠`	`U+2260`
$\equiv$	≡	$a\equiv b$	Identity	`\equiv`	`&equiv;`	`U+2261`
$\approx$	≈	$a\approx b$	Approximation	`\approx`	`≈`	`U+2248`
$\sim$	∼	$a\sim b$	Equivalence class	`\sim`	`&sim;`	`U+223C`
$\propto$	∝	$a\propto b$	Proportionality	`\propto`	`&prop;`	`U+221D`
${\widehat {=}}$	≙	$a\,{\widehat {=}}\,b$	Bijection	`\widehat{=}`	`&wedgeq;`	`U+2259`
${\overset {?}{=}}$	≟	$a\,{\overset {?}{=}}\,b$	Asks "is it equal to"	`\overset{?}{=}`	`&questeq;`	`U+225F`
${\overset {\operatorname {def} }{=}}$	≝	$a\,{\overset {\operatorname {def} }{=}}\,b$	Equal to by definition	`\overset{\operatorname{def}}{=}`	`≝`	`U+225D`
$\triangleq$	≜	$a\,\triangleq \,b$	Equal to by definition	`\triangleq`	`&trie;`	`U+225C`
${\displaystyle$	≔	$a\,:=\,b$	Assignment	`:=`	`&coloneq;`	`U+2254`
$=:$	≕	$a\,=:\,b$	Assignment	`=:`	`&eqcolon;`	`U+2255`
$\doteq$	≐	$x_{n}\,\doteq \,b$	Approaches the limit	`\doteq`	`&esdot;`	`U+2250`
$==$	⩵	$x\,==\,y$	Relational operator	`==`	`&Equal;`	`U+2A75`

Logical operators

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\land$	∧	$A\land B$	Logical conjunction	`\land`	`&and;`	`U+2227`
$\lor$	∨	$A\lor B$	Logical disjunction	`\lor`	`&or;`	`U+2228`
$\Leftrightarrow$	⇔	$A\Leftrightarrow B$	Logical equivalence	`\Leftrightarrow`	`⇔`	`U+21D4`
$\leftrightarrow$	↔	$A\leftrightarrow B$		`\leftrightarrow`	`↔`	`U+2194`
$\iff$	⟺	$A\iff B$		`\iff`	`&Longleftrightarrow;`	`U+27FA`
$\Rightarrow$	⇒	$A\Rightarrow B$	Logical consequence	`\Rightarrow`	`⇒`	`U+21D2`
$\rightarrow$	→	$A\rightarrow B$		`\rightarrow`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\implies$	⟹	$A\implies B$		`\implies`	`&DoubleLongRightArrow;`	`U+27F9`
$\Longrightarrow$	⟹	$A\Longrightarrow B$		`\Longrightarrow`	`&DoubleLongRightArrow;`	`U+27F9`
$\oplus$	⊕	$A\oplus B$	Exclusive or	`\oplus`	`&oplus;`	`U+2295`
$\veebar$	⊻	$A\,\veebar \,B$		`\veebar`	`&veebar;`	`U+22BB`
${\dot {\lor }}$	⩒	$A\,{\dot {\lor }}\,B$		`\dot\lor`		`U+2A52`
$\lnot$	¬	$\lnot A$	Logical negation	`\lnot`	`¬`	`U+00AC`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {A}}$		`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	̅	${\overline {A}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
$\not$	◌̸	$\not =$ $\not \in$		`\not` (ex: `\not=` `\not\in`)	`̸` (ex: `≠` `∉`)	`U+0338`
$\leftarrow$	←	$A\leftarrow B$	Converse implication	`\leftarrow`	`&ShortLeftArrow;`	`U+2190`

Quantifiers

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\forall$	∀	$\forall \,x$	Universal quantification	`\forall`	`∀`	`U+2200`
$\bigwedge$	⋀	$\bigwedge _{x}$	Universal quantification	`\bigwedge`	`&Wedge;`	`U+22C0`
$\exists$	∃	$\exists \,x$	Existential quantification	`\exists`	`∃`	`U+2203`
$\bigvee$	⋁	$\bigvee _{x}$	Existential quantification	`\bigvee`	`&xvee;`	`U+22C1`
${\displaystyle \exists$	∃!	${\displaystyle \exists$	Uniqueness quantification	`\exists!`	`∃!`	`U+2203`!
$\bigvee ^{\centerdot }$	⩒	$\bigvee _{x}^{\centerdot }$	Uniqueness quantification	`\dot\bigvee`		`U+2A52`
$\nexists$	∄	$\nexists \,x$	Existential quantification	`\nexists`	`&NotExists;`	`U+2204`

Deduction symbols

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\vdash$	⊢	$A\vdash B$	Propositional calculus, Turnstile	`\vdash`	`&vdash;`	`U+22A2`
$\models$	⊨	$A\models B$	Inference	`\models`	`&DoubleRightTee;`	`U+22A8`
$\models$	⊨	$\models A$	Tautology (logic)	`\models`	`&DoubleRightTee;`	`U+22A8`
$\top$	⊤	$A\top$	Tautology (logic)	`\top`	`&top;`	`U+22A4`
$\bot$	⊥	$A\bot$	Contradiction	`\bot`	`&perp;`	`U+22A5`
$\therefore$	∴	$A\therefore B$	Deductive reasoning	`\therefore`	`&therefore;`	`U+2234`
$\because$	∵	$A\because B$	Deductive reasoning	`\because`	`&because;`	`U+2235`

End of proof symbols

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\blacksquare$	■	...as desired. $\blacksquare$	Q.E.D.	`\blacksquare`	`■`	`U+25A0`
$\Box$	□		Q.E.D.	`\Box`	`&squ;`	`U+25A1`
	∎		Tombstone		`∎`	`U+220E`

Functions and category theory

Functions

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\to$	→	$f\colon A\to B$	Function (mathematics)	`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\to$	→	$A\,{\stackrel {f}{\to }}\,B$		`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\mapsto$	↦	$f\colon x\mapsto y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
$\mapsto$	↦	$x\,{\stackrel {f}{\mapsto }}\,y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
$(~~)$	( )	$f(x)$	Image (mathematics)	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$(~~)$	( )	$f(X)$		`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$f[X]$		`[ ]`	`[` or `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\vert$	\|	$f\vert _{X}$	Restriction (mathematics)	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\cdot$	⋅	$f(\cdot )$	Free variable	`\cdot`	`⋅`	`U+22C5`
${}^{-1}$	⁻	$f^{-1}$	Inverse function	`-1`		`U+207B`
$\circ$	∘	$f\circ g$	Function composition	`\circ`	`∘`	`U+2218`
$\ast$	∗	$f\ast g$	Convolution	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+2217`
${\hat {~}}$	◌̂	${\hat {f}}$	Fourier transform	`\hat`		`U+0302`

Morphisms

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\to$	→	$f\colon X\to Y$	Morphism	`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\to$	→	$X,{\stackrel {f}{\to }}\,Y$		`\to`	`→`	`U+2192`
$\mapsto$	↦	$f\colon x\mapsto y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
$\mapsto$	↦	$x\,{\stackrel {f}{\mapsto }}\,y$		`\mapsto`	`&mapstoright;`	`U+21A6`
${\overset {\sim }{\rightarrow }}$	⥲	$f\colon X{\overset {\sim }{\rightarrow }}Y$	Isomorphism	`\tilde{\rightarrow}`		`U+22B2`
$\hookrightarrow$	↪	$f\colon X\hookrightarrow Y$	Monomorphism	`\hookrightarrow`	`&#8618`	`U+021AA`
$\hookrightarrow$	↪	$X,{\stackrel {f}{\hookrightarrow }}\,Y$	Monomorphism	`\hookrightarrow`	`&#8618`	`U+021AA`
$\twoheadrightarrow$	↠	$f\colon X\twoheadrightarrow Y$	Epimorphism	`\twoheadrightarrow`	`&#8608`	`U+021A0`
$\twoheadrightarrow$	↠	$X{\stackrel {f}{\twoheadrightarrow }}\ Y$	Epimorphism	`\twoheadrightarrow`	`&#8608`	`U+021A0`

Set theory

Definition symbols

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\colon$	:	$A\colon B$	Definition	`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
		$A\colon =B$
		$A\colon \Leftrightarrow B$

Set construction

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex	Notes
$\varnothing$	∅	$\varnothing =\{\;\}$	Empty set	`\varnothing`	`&varnothing;` `∅`	`U+2205`
$\emptyset$			Empty set	`\emptyset`
$\{~\}$	{ }	$\{a,b,\ldots \}$	Set (mathematics)	`\{ \}`	`{}`	`U+007B/D`
$\mid$	\|	$\{a\mid T(a)\}$		`\mid`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\colon$	:	$\{a\colon T(a)\}$		`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`	In LaTeX, `:` adds whitespace that `\colon` does not.
${\displaystyle$	:	$\{a:T(a)\}$		`:`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`	In LaTeX, `:` adds whitespace that `\colon` does not.

To scale a set's braces \{ \} to the size of the set's content, use \left\{ \right\}. For example,

\left\{ \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} x^n : x \in \Q \cap [0, 1) \right\}

produces

\left\{\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }x^{n}:x\in \mathbb {Q} \cap [0,1)\right\}

Set operations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\cup$	∪	$A\cup B$	Union (set theory)	`\cup`	`∪`	`U+222A`
$\bigcup$	⋃	$\bigcup$	Union (set theory)	`\bigcup`	`&xcup;`	`U+22C3`
$\cap$	∩	$A\cap B$	Intersection (set theory)	`\cap`	`∩`	`U+2229`
$\bigcap$	⋂	$\bigcap$	Intersection (set theory)	`\bigcap`	`&Intersection;`	`U+22C2`
$\setminus$	∖	$A\setminus B$	Difference (set theory)	`\setminus`	`&smallsetminus;`	`U+2216`
$\triangle$	∆	$A\,\triangle \,B$	Symmetric difference	`\triangle`	`Δ`	`U+2206`
$\times$	⨯	$A\times B$	Cartesian product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
${\dot {\cup }}$	⊍	$A\,{\dot {\cup }}\,B$	Disjoint union	`\dot\cup`	`&cupdot;`	`U+228D`
$\uplus$	⊎	$A\uplus B$		`\uplus`	`&uplus;`	`U+228E`
$\sqcup$	⊔	$A\sqcup B$		`\sqcup`	`&SquareUnion;`	`U+2294`
${\dot {\cap }}$	⩀	$A{\dot {\cap }}B$	Intersection (set theory)	`\dot\cap`	`&capdot;`	`U+2A40`
$\sqcap$	⊓	$A\sqcap B$		`\sqcap`	`&SquareIntersection;`	`U+2293`
	⩄			`\capwedge`	`&capand;`	`U+2A44`
	⫛		Transversal intersection	`\mlcp`	`&mlcp;`	`U+2ADB`
${}^{\mathrm {C} }$	∁	$A^{\mathrm {C} }$	Complement (set theory)	`\mathrm{C}`	`&complement;`	`U+2201`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {z}}$		`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {A}}$		`\overline{A}`		`U+0305`
${\mathcal {P}}$	𝒫	${\mathcal {P}}(A)$	Power set	`\mathcal{P}`	`&Pscr;`	`U+1D4AB`
${\mathfrak {P}}$	𝔓	${\mathfrak {P}}(A)$		`\mathfrak{P}`	`&Pfr;`	`U+1D513`
$\wp$	℘	$\wp (A)$		`\wp`	`&wp;`	`U+2118`
$\bigwedge$	⋀	${\bigwedge }_{x\in A}$	Infimum and supremum	`\bigwedge`	`&Wedge;`	`U+22C0`
$\bigvee$	⋁	${\bigvee }_{x\in A}$	Infimum and supremum	`\bigvee`	`&xvee;`	`U+22C1`

Set relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\subset$	⊂	$A\subset B$	Subset	`\subset`	`⊂`	`U+2282`
$\subsetneq$	⊊	$A\subsetneq B$		`\subsetneq`	`&subne;`	`U+228A`
$\subseteq$	⊆	$A\subseteq B$		`\subseteq`	`&sube;`	`U+2286`
	⟃	$A ⟃ B$		`\subsetcirc`	`⟃`	`U+27C3`
$\supset$	⊃	$A\supset B$	Superset	`\supset`	`⊃`	`U+2283`
$\supsetneq$	⊋	$A\supsetneq B$		`\supsetneq`	`&supne;`	`U+228B`
$\supseteq$	⊇	$A\supseteq B$		`\supseteq`	`&supe;`	`U+2287`
	⟄	$A ⟄ B$		`\supsetcirc`	`⟄`	`U+27C4`
$\not \subset$	⊄	$A\not \subset B$		`\not\subset`	`&nsub;`	`U+2284`
$\not \supset$	⊅	$A\not \supset B$	Superset	`\not\supset`	`&nsup;`	`U+2285`
$\not \subseteq$	⊈	$A\not \subseteq B$		`\not\subseteq`	`&NotSubsetEqual;`	`U+2288`
$\not \supseteq$	⊉	$A\not \supseteq B$	Superset	`\not\supseteq`	`&NotSupersetEqual;`	`U+2289`
$\in$	∈	$a\in A$	Element (mathematics)	`\in`	`∈`	`U+2208`
$\ni$	∋	$A\ni a$		`\ni`, `\owns`	`&ni;`	`U+220B`
$\notin$	∉	$a\notin A$		`\notin`, `\not\in`	`∉`	`U+2209`
$\not \ni$	∌	$A\not \ni a$		`\not\ni`	`&NotReverseElement;`	`U+220C`
$\sqsubset$	⊏	$A\sqsubset B$	Substring	`\sqsubset`	`&SquareSubset;`	`U+228F`
$\sqsupset$	⊐	$A\sqsupset B$		`\sqsupset`	`&SquareSuperset;`	`U+2290`
$\sqsubseteq$	⊑	$A\sqsubseteq B$		`\sqsubseteq`	`&sqsubseteq;`	`U+2291`
$\sqsupseteq$	⊒	$A\sqsupseteq B$		`\sqsupseteq`	`&SquareSupersetEqual;`	`U+2292`

Note: The symbols $\subset$ and $\supset$ are used inconsistently and often do not exclude the equality of the two quantities.

Cardinality

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|A\|$	Cardinality	`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\#$	#	$\#A$	Cardinality	`\#`	`&num;`	`U+0023`
${\mathfrak {c}}$	𝔠		Cardinality of the continuum	`\mathfrak{c}`	`&cfr;`	`U+1D520`
$\aleph$	ℵ	$\aleph _{0}$ , $\aleph _{1}$ , ...	Aleph number	`\aleph`	`&aleph;`	`U+2135`
$\beth$	ℶ	$\beth _{0}$ , $\beth _{1}$ , ...	Beth number	`\beth`	`&beth;`	`U+2136`

Equivalence classes/relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[a]$	Equivalence class	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$/$	/	$M/\sim$	Quotient set	`/`	`/`	`U+002F`
$\sim$	∼	$a\sim b$	Equivalence relation	`\sim`	`&sim;`, `&Tilde;`	`U+223C`
$\backsim$	∽	$a\backsim b$		`\backsim`	`&bsim;`	`U+223D`
$\nsim$	≁	$a\nsim b$		`\not\sim`, `\nsim`	`&nsim;`	`U+2241`
$\eqsim$	≂	$a\eqsim b$		`\eqsim`	`&EqualTilde;`	`U+2242`
$\simeq$	≃	$a\simeq b$		`\simeq`	`&TildeEqual;`	`U+2243`
$\cong$	≅	$a\cong b$		`\cong`	`&TildeFullEqual;`	`U+2245`
$\ncong$	≇	$a\ncong b$		`\not\cong`, `\ncong`	`&NotTildeFullEqual;`	`U+2247`

Order theory

Comparions

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\leq$	≤	$a\leq b$	Order relation	`\leq`, `\le`	`&leq;`, `≤`	`U+2264`
$\geq$	≥	$a\geq b$		`\geq`, `\ge`	`&geq;`, `≥`	`U+2265`
$\nless$	≮	$a\nless b$		`\nless`	`&nlt;`, `&NotLess;`	`U+226E`
$\ngtr$	≯	$a\ngtr b$		`\ngtr`	`&ngt;`, `&NotGreater;`	`U+226F`
$\nleq$	≰	$a\nleq b$		`\not\leq`, `\nleq`	`&nle;`, `&NotLessEqual;`	`U+2270`
$\ngeq$	≱	$a\ngeq b$		`\not\geq`, `\ngeq`	`&nge;`, `&NotGreaterEqual;`	`U+2271`
$\lesssim$	≲	$a\lesssim b$	Inequality (mathematics)	`\lesssim`	`&lsim;`, `&LessTilde;`	`U+2272`
$\gtrsim$	≳	$a\gtrsim b$		`\gtrsim`	`&gsim;`, `&GreaterTilde;`	`U+2273`
$\not \lesssim$	≴	$a\not \lesssim b$		`\not\lesssim`	`&NotLessTilde;`	`U+2274`
$\not \gtrsim$	≵	$a\not \gtrsim b$		`\not\gtrsim`	`&NotGreaterTilde;`	`U+2275`
$\prec$	≺	$a\prec b$	Successor ordinal	`\prec`	`&prec;`	`U+227A`
$\succ$	≻	$a\succ b$		`\succ`	`&succ;`	`U+227B`
$\preccurlyeq$	≼	$a\preccurlyeq b$		`\preccurlyeq`	`&PrecedesSlantEqual;`	`U+227C`
$\succcurlyeq$	≽	$a\succcurlyeq b$		`\succcurlyeq`	`&SucceedsSlantEqual;`	`U+227D`
$\precsim$	≾	$a\precsim b$		`\precsim`	`&PrecedesTilde;`	`U+227E`
$\succsim$	≿	$a\succsim b$		`\succsim`	`&SucceedsTilde;`	`U+227F`
$\preceq$	⪯	$a\preceq b$		`\preceq`	`&PrecedesEqual;`	`U+2AAF`
$\succeq$	⪰	$a\succeq b$		`\succeq`	`&SucceedsEqual;`	`U+2AB0`
$\curlyeqprec$	⋞	$a\curlyeqprec b$		`\curlyeqprec`	`&curlyeqprec;`	`U+22DE`
$\curlyeqsucc$	⋟	$a\curlyeqsucc b$		`\curlyeqsucc`	`&curlyeqsucc;`	`U+22DF`
$\not \preceq$	⋠	$a\not \preceq b$		`\not\preceq`	`&NotPrecedesSlantEqual;`	`U+22E0`
$\not \succeq$	⋡	$a\not \succeq b$		`\not\succeq`	`&NotSucceedsSlantEqual;`	`U+22E1`
$\sqsubset$	⊏	$a\sqsubset b$	Partially ordered set	`\sqsubset`	`&sqsubset;` `&SquareSubset;`	`U+228F`
$\sqsupset$	⊐	$a\sqsupset b$		`\sqsupset`	`&sqsupset;` `&SquareSuperset;`	`U+2290`
$\sqsubseteq$	⊑	$a\sqsubseteq b$		`\sqsubseteq`	`&sqsubseteq;` `&SquareSubsetEqual;`	`U+2291`
$\sqsupseteq$	⊒	$a\sqsupseteq b$		`\sqsupseteq`	`&sqsupseteq;` `&SquareSupersetEqual;`	`U+2292`
$\not \sqsubseteq$	⋢	$a\not \sqsubseteq b$		`\not\sqsubseteq`	`&NotSquareSubsetEqual;`	`U+22E2`
$\not \sqsupseteq$	⋣	$a\not \sqsupseteq b$		`\not\sqsupseteq`	`&NotSquareSupersetEqual;`	`U+22E3`

Binary relations

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\circ$	∘	$R\circ S$	Composition of relations	`\circ`	`&SmallCircle;`	`U+2218`
$\circ$	∘	$a\circ b$	Operation (mathematics)	`\circ`	`&SmallCircle;`	`U+2218`
$\bullet$	•	$a\bullet b$		`\bullet`	`•`	`U+2219`
$\ast$	∗	$a\ast b$		`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+2217`
${}^{-1}$	⁻	$R^{-1}$	Inverse relation (set theory)	`-1`		`U+207B`
${}^{+}$	+	$R^{+}$	Transitive closure	`+`		`U+002B`
${}^{\ast }$	*	$R^{\ast }$	Reflexive closure	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+002A`

Algebra

Group theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\simeq$	≃	$G\simeq H$	Group isomorphism	`\simeq`		`U+2243`
$\cong$	≅	$G\cong H$	Group isomorphism	`\cong`	`&cong;`	`U+2245`
$\times$	⨯	$G\times H$	Direct product	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$\rtimes$	⋊	$G\rtimes H$	Semidirect product	`\rtimes`	`&rtimes;`	`U+22CA`
$\wr$	≀	$G\,\wr \,H$	Wreath product	`\wr`	`&VerticalTilde;`	`U+2240`
$\leq$	≤	$U\leq G$	Subgroup	`\leq`	`≤`	`U+2264`
$<$	<	$U<G$	Subgroup	`\lt`	`<`	`U+003C`
$\vartriangleleft$	⊲	$N\vartriangleleft G$	Normal subgroup	`\vartriangleleft`	`&RightTriangle;`	`U+22B3`
$\trianglelefteq$	⊴	$N\trianglelefteq G$		`\trianglelefteq`	`&LeftTriangleEqual;`	`U+22B4`
$\not \vartriangleleft$	⋪	$N\not \vartriangleleft G$		`\not\vartriangleleft`	`&ntriangleleft;`	`U+22EA`
$\not \trianglelefteq$	⋬	$N\not \trianglelefteq G$		`\not\trianglelefteq`	`&NotLeftTriangleEqual;`	`U+22EC`
$\vartriangleright$	⊳	$G\vartriangleright N$		`\vartriangleright`	`&RightTriangle;`	`U+22B3`
$\trianglerighteq$	⊵	$G\trianglerighteq N$		`\trianglerighteq`	`&RightTriangleEqual;`	`U+22B5`
$\not \vartriangleright$	⋫	$G\not \vartriangleright N$		`\not\vartriangleright`	`&NotRightTriangle;`	`U+22EB`
$\not \trianglerighteq$	⋭	$G\not \trianglerighteq N$		`\not\trianglerighteq`	`&NotRightTriangleEqual;`	`U+22ED`
$/$	/	$G/N$	Quotient group	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
$\colon$	:	$(G\colon U)$	Index of a subgroup	`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
$\langle ~~\rangle$	⟨ ⟩	$\langle E\rangle$	Generating set of a group	`\langle \rangle`	`&lang;` `&rang;`	`U+27E8/9`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[g,h]$	Commutator	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`

Field theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$/$	/	$L/K$	Field extension	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
$\mid$	\|	$L\mid K$		`\mid`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
$\colon$	:	$L\colon K$		`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
$\colon$		$[L\colon K]$	Degree of a field extension	`\colon`	`&colon;`	`U+003A`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {K}}$	Algebraic closure	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {K}}$	Algebraic closure	`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
$()$	( )	$K(\alpha )$	Field extension, Algebraic number field	`( )`	`(` `)`	`U+0028/9`
$\mathbb {K}$	𝕂		Field (mathematics)	`\mathbb{K}`	`&Kopf;`	`U+1D542`
$\mathbb {F}$	𝔽		Finite field	`\mathbb{F}`	`&Fopf;`	`U+1D53D`

Ring theory

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
${}^{\ast }$	∗	$R^{\ast }$	Group of units	`\ast`	`&lowast;`	`U+2217`
${}^{\times }$	⨯	$R^{\times }$	Group of units	`\times`	`×`	`U+2A2F`
$\vartriangleleft$	⊲	$I\vartriangleleft R$	Ideal (ring theory)	`\vartriangleleft`	`&LeftTriangle;`	`U+22B2`
$/$	/	$R/I$	Quotient ring	`/`	`&frasl;`	`U+002F`
$[~~]$	[ ]	$R[X]$	Polynomial ring	`[ ]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$[[~~]]$	[ ]	$R[[X]],R((X))$	Formal power series	`[[ ]]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`

Geometry

Elementary geometry

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$[~~]$	[ ]	$[AB]$	Line segment	`[ ]` `\left[ \right]`	`[` `]`	`U+005B/D`
$\|~~\|$	\| \|	$\|AB\|$		`\vert`	`&VerticalLine;`	`U+007C`
${\overline {~~}}$	̅	${\overline {AB}}$		`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
${\underline {~~}}$	̲	${\underline {AB}}$		`\underline`	`̲`	`U+0332`
${\overrightarrow {~~}}$	⃗	${\overrightarrow {AB}}$	Euclidean vector and Affine space	`\vec`	`⃗`	`U+20D7`
$\angle$	∠	$\angle ABC$	Angle	`\angle`	`&ang;`	`U+2220`
$\triangle$	△	$\triangle ABC$	Triangle	`\triangle`	`&bigtriangleup;`	`U+25B3`
$\square$	□	$\square {\mathit {ABCD}}$	Quadrilateral	`\square`	`&squ;`	`U+25A1`
$\parallel$	∥	$g\parallel h$	Parallel (geometry)	`\parallel`	`&shortparallel;`	`U+2225`
$\nparallel$	∦	$g\nparallel h$	Parallel (geometry)	`\nparallel`	`&NotDoubleVerticalBar;`	`U+2226`
$\perp$	⟂	$g\perp h$	Orthogonality	`\perp`	`&perp;`	`U+27C2`

Topology

Symbol	Unicode character	Usage	Articles with usage	LaTeX	HTML	Unicode Hex
$\partial$	∂	$\partial U$	Boundary (topology)	`\partial`	`∂`	`U+2202`
${}^{\circ }$	˚	$U^{\circ }$	Interior (topology)	`\circ`	`°`	`U+02DA`
${\bar {~}}$	◌̄	${\bar {z}}$	Closure (topology)	`\bar`	`̄`	`U+0304`
${\overline {~~}}$	◌̅	${\overline {z}}$	Closure (topology)	`\overline`	`̅`	`U+0305`
${\dot {~}}$	◌̇	${\dot {U}}(x)$	Punctured neighbourhood	`\dot`		`U+0307`

Alphanumeric Symbols

Digits

Caption: Digits
Name	Digits
Double-struck	𝟘 𝟙 𝟚 𝟛 𝟜 𝟝 𝟞 𝟟 𝟠 𝟡

Alphabets

Caption: Alphabets
Name	Sub-type	Alphabet
Double-struck		𝔸 𝔹 ℂ 𝔻 𝔼 𝔽 𝔾 ℍ 𝕀 𝕁 𝕂 𝕃 𝕄 ℕ 𝕆 ℙ ℚ ℝ 𝕊 𝕋 𝕌 𝕍 𝕎 𝕏 𝕐 ℤ
		𝕒 𝕓 𝕔 𝕕 𝕖 𝕗 𝕘 𝕙 𝕚 𝕛 𝕜 𝕝 𝕞 𝕟 𝕠 𝕡 𝕢 𝕣 𝕤 𝕥 𝕦 𝕧 𝕨 𝕩 𝕪 𝕫
	Italic	ⅆ ⅇ ⅈ ⅉ ℽ ℾ ℼ ℿ ⅀
Script/Calligraphy		𝒜 ℬ 𝒞 𝒟 ℰ ℱ 𝒢 ℋ ℐ 𝒥 𝒦 ℒ ℳ 𝒩 𝒪 𝒫 𝒬 ℛ 𝒮 𝒯 𝒰 𝒱 𝒲 𝒳 𝒴 𝒵
		𝒶 𝒷 𝒸 𝒹 ℯ 𝒻 ℊ 𝒽 𝒾 𝒿 𝓀 𝓁 𝓂 𝓃 ℴ 𝓅 𝓆 𝓇 𝓈 𝓉 𝓊 𝓋 𝓌 𝓍 𝓎 𝓏
	Bold	𝓐 𝓑 𝓒 𝓓 𝓔 𝓕 𝓖 𝓗 𝓘 𝓙 𝓚 𝓛 𝓜 𝓝 𝓞 𝓟 𝓠 𝓡 𝓢 𝓣 𝓤 𝓥 𝓦 𝓧 𝓨 𝓩
	Bold	𝓪 𝓫 𝓬 𝓭 𝓮 𝓯 𝓰 𝓱 𝓲 𝓳 𝓴 𝓵 𝓶 𝓷 𝓸 𝓹 𝓺 𝓻 𝓼 𝓽 𝓾 𝓿 𝔀 𝔁 𝔂 𝔃
Fraktur		𝔄 𝔅 ℭ 𝔇 𝔈 𝔉 𝔊 ℌ ℑ 𝔍 𝔎 𝔏 𝔐 𝔑 𝔒 𝔓 𝔔 ℜ 𝔖 𝔗 𝔘 𝔙 𝔚 𝔛 𝔜 ℨ
		𝔞 𝔟 𝔠 𝔡 𝔢 𝔣 𝔤 𝔥 𝔦 𝔧 𝔨 𝔩 𝔪 𝔫 𝔬 𝔭 𝔮 𝔯 𝔰 𝔱 𝔲 𝔳 𝔴 𝔵 𝔶 𝔷
	Bold	𝕬 𝕭 𝕮 𝕯 𝕰 𝕱 𝕲 𝕳 𝕴 𝕵 𝕶 𝕷 𝕸 𝕹 𝕺 𝕻 𝕼 𝕽 𝕾 𝕿 𝖀 𝖁 𝖂 𝖃 𝖄 𝖅
	Bold	𝖆 𝖇 𝖈 𝖉 𝖊 𝖋 𝖌 𝖍 𝖎 𝖏𝖐 𝖑 𝖒 𝖓 𝖔 𝖕 𝖖 𝖗 𝖘 𝖙 𝖚 𝖛 𝖜 𝖝 𝖞 𝖟
Mono-space		𝙰 𝙱 𝙲 𝙳 𝙴 𝙵 𝙶 𝙷 𝙸 𝙹 𝙺 𝙻 𝙼 𝙽 𝙾 𝙿 𝚀 𝚁 𝚂 𝚃 𝚄 𝚅 𝚆 𝚇 𝚈 𝚉
Mono-space		𝚊 𝚋 𝚌 𝚍 𝚎 𝚏 𝚐 𝚑 𝚒 𝚓 𝚔 𝚕 𝚖 𝚗 𝚘 𝚙 𝚚 𝚛 𝚜 𝚝 𝚞 𝚟 𝚠 𝚡 𝚢 𝚣
Greek		Α Β Γ ᴦ Δ Ε Ζ Η Θ Ι Κ Λ Μ Ν Ξ Ο Π Ρ Ῥ ☧ Σ Ϲ Τ Υ υ Φ Χ Ψ Ω
		α β ᵝ ᵦ γ ᵞ ᵧ δ ᵟ ε ϵ ϶ ζ η Ͱ ͱ θ ϑ ϴ ᶿ ι ᶥ ℩ κ ϰ λ ᴧ μ µ ν ξ ο π ϖ ρ ῥ ῤ ϱ ϼ ᴩ ᵨ σ ς ϲ Ͻ ͻ Ͼ ͼ Ͽ ͽ τ ϒ φ ϕ χ ᵡ ᵪ ψ ᴪ ω
	Italic	𝛢 𝛣 𝛤 𝛥 𝛦 𝛧 𝛨 𝛩 𝛪 𝛫 𝛬 𝛭 𝛮 𝛯 𝛰 𝛱 𝛲 𝛳 𝛴 𝛵 𝛶 𝛷 𝛸 𝛹 𝛺 𝛻
	Italic	𝛼 𝛽 𝛾 𝛿 𝜕 𝜀 𝜖 𝜁 𝜂 𝜃 𝜗 𝜄 𝜅 𝜆 𝜇 𝜈 𝜉 𝜊 𝜋 𝜛 𝜌 𝜚 𝜍 𝜎 𝜏 𝜐 𝜑 𝜙 𝜒 𝜘 𝜓 𝜔
	Non-Latin Italic	𝛼 𝛽 𝛤 𝛾 𝛥 𝛿 𝜀 𝜁 𝜂 𝛩 𝜃 𝛳 𝜗 𝜄 𝜅 𝜘 𝛬 𝜆 𝜇 𝜈 𝛯 𝜉 𝛱 𝜋 𝜌 𝜚 𝛴 𝜎 𝜍 𝜏 𝛶 𝜐 𝛷 𝜑 𝜙 𝜒 𝛹 𝜓 𝛺 𝜔
	Bold	𝚨 𝚩 𝚪 𝚫 𝚬 𝚭 𝚮 𝚯 𝚰 𝚱 𝚲 𝚳 𝚴 𝚵 𝚶 𝚷 𝚸 𝚹 𝚺 𝚻 𝚼 𝚽 𝚾 𝚿 𝛀 𝛁
	Bold	𝛂 𝛃 𝛄 𝛅 𝛛 𝛆 𝛜 𝛇 𝛈 𝛉 𝛝 𝛊 𝛋 𝛞 𝛌 𝛍 𝛎 𝛏 𝛐 𝛑 𝛡 𝛒 𝛠 𝛓 𝛔 𝛕 𝛖 𝛗 𝛟 𝛘 𝛙 𝛚
	Bold Italic	𝜜 𝜝 𝜞 𝜟 𝜠 𝜡 𝜢 𝜣 𝜤 𝜥 𝜦 𝜧 𝜨 𝜩 𝜪 𝜫 𝜬 𝜭 𝜮 𝜯 𝜰 𝜱 𝜲 𝜳 𝜴 𝜵
	Bold Italic	𝜶 𝜷 𝜸 𝜹 𝝏 𝜺 𝝐 𝜻 𝜼 𝜽 𝝑 𝜾 𝜿 𝝀 𝝁 𝝂 𝝃 𝝄 𝝅 𝝕 𝝆 𝝔 𝝇 𝝈 𝝉 𝝊 𝝋 𝝓 𝝌 𝝒 𝝍 𝝎
	Double-struck	ℽ ℾ ℼ ℿ ⅀

Greek Letters

Greek alphabet
Name	Greek Letter	Bold	Italic	Bold Italic	Sans-Serif Bold	Sans-Serif Bold Italic	APL	Double struck bold	Misc
Alpha	Α α	𝚨 𝛂	𝛢 𝛼	𝜜 𝜶	𝝖 𝝰	𝞐 𝞪	⍺ ⍶
Beta	Β β ᵝ ᵦ	𝚩 𝛃	𝛣 𝛽	𝜝 𝜷	𝝗 𝝱	𝞑 𝞫
Gamma	Γ γ ᴦ ᵞ ᵧ	𝚪 𝛄	𝛤 𝛾	𝜞 𝜸	𝝘 𝝲	𝞒 𝞬		ℾ ℽ
Delta	Δ δ ᵟ	𝚫 𝛅	𝛥 𝛿	𝜟 𝜹	𝝙 𝝳	𝞓 𝞭
Epsilon	Ε ε ϵ ϶	𝚬 𝛆	𝛦 𝜀	𝜠 𝜺	𝝚 𝝴	𝞔 𝞮	⍷
Zeta	Ζ ζ	𝚭 𝛇	𝛧 𝜁	𝜡 𝜻	𝝛 𝝵	𝞕 𝞯
Eta	Η η Ͱ ͱ	𝚮 𝛈	𝛨 𝜂	𝜢 𝜼	𝝜 𝝶	𝞖 𝞰
Theta	Θ θ ϑ ϴ ᶿ	𝚯 𝛉 𝚹 𝛝	𝛩 𝜃 𝛳 𝜗	𝜣 𝜽 𝜭 𝝑	𝝝 𝝷 𝚹 𝞋	𝞗 𝞱 𝜭 𝟅
Iota	Ι ι ᶥ ℩	𝚰 𝛊	𝛪 𝜄	𝜤 𝜾	𝝞 𝝸	𝞘 𝞲	⍳ ⍸
Kappa	Κ κ ϰ	𝚱 𝛋 𝛞	𝛫 𝜅 𝜘	𝜥 𝜿 𝝒	𝝟 𝝹 𝞌	𝞙 𝞳 𝟆
Lambda	Λ λ ᴧ	𝚲 𝛌	𝛬 𝜆	𝜦 𝝀	𝝠 𝝺	𝞚 𝞴
Mu	Μ μ µ	𝚳 𝛍	𝛭 𝜇	𝜧 𝝁	𝝡 𝝻	𝞛 𝞵
Nu	Ν ν	𝚴 𝛎	𝛮 𝜈	𝜨 𝝂	𝝢 𝝼	𝞜 𝞶
Xi	Ξ ξ	𝚵 𝛏	𝛯 𝜉	𝜩 𝝃	𝝣 𝝽	𝞝 𝞷
Omicron	Ο ο	𝚶 𝛐	𝛰 𝜊	𝜪 𝝄	𝝤 𝝾	𝞞 𝞸
Pi	Π π ϖ	𝚷 𝛑	𝛱 𝜋	𝜫 𝝅	𝝥 𝝿	𝞟 𝞹		ℿ ℼ	∏ ∐
Rho	Ρ ρ Ῥ ῥ ῤ ϱ ϼ ᴩ ᵨ ☧	𝚸 𝛒 𝛠	𝛲 𝜌 𝜚	𝜬 𝝆 𝝔	𝝦 𝞀 𝞎	𝞠 𝞺 𝟈	⍴
Sigma	Σ σ ς Ϲ ϲ Ͻ ͻ Ͼ ͼ Ͽ ͽ	𝚺 𝛔 𝛓	𝛴 𝜎 𝜍	𝜮 𝝈 𝝇	𝝨 𝞂 𝞁	𝞢 𝞼 𝞻		⅀	∑
Tau	Τ τ	𝚻 𝛕	𝛵 𝜏	𝜯 𝝉	𝝩 𝞃	𝞣 𝞽
Upsilon	Υ υ ϒ	𝚼 𝛖	𝛶 𝜐	𝜰 𝝊	𝝪 𝞄	𝞤 𝞾
Phi	Φ φ ϕ	𝚽 𝛗 𝛟	𝛷 𝜑 𝜙	𝜱 𝝋 𝝓	𝝫 𝞅 𝞍	𝞥 𝞿 𝟇
Chi	Χ χᵡᵪ☧	𝚾 𝛘	𝛸 𝜒	𝜲 𝝌	𝝬 𝞆	𝞦 𝟀
Psi	Ψ ψ ᴪ	𝚿 𝛙	𝛹 𝜓	𝜳 𝝍	𝝭 𝞇	𝞧 𝟁
Omega	Ω ω	𝛀 𝛚	𝛺 𝜔	𝜴 𝝎	𝝮 𝞈	𝞨 𝟂	⍵ ⍹

Bibliography

Tilo Arens; Frank Hettlich; Christian Karpfinger; Ulrich Kockelkorn; Klaus Lichtenegger; Hellmuth Stachel (2011), Mathematik (in German) (2. ed.), Spektrum Akademischer Verlag, pp. 1483ff, ISBN 978-3-827-42347-4
Wolfgang Hackbusch (2010), Taschenbuch der Mathematik, Band 1 (in German) (3. ed.), Springer, pp. 1275ff, ISBN 978-3-835-10123-4
Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1302: Allgemeine mathematische Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1999.
Deutsches Institut für Normung: DIN 1303: Vektoren, Matrizen, Tensoren; Zeichen und Begriffe, Beuth-Verlag, 1987.
International Standards Organisation: DIN EN ISO 80000-2: Größen und Einheiten – Teil 2: Mathematische Zeichen für Naturwissenschaft und Technik, 2013.

Note: This article is a translation of the German Wikipedia article de:Liste mathematischer Symbole.

External links

LaTeX and Unicode

LaTeX

Scott Pakin (25 June 2020). "The Comprehensive LaTeX Symbol List" (PDF; 4,4 MB). The Comprehensive TeX Archive Network (CTAN). Retrieved 8 August 2020.

Unicode

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