List of historical separatist movements

(Gained independence from France on July 5, 1962)

• Political party: Algerian National Movement (MNA)
• Rebel organization: Front de Libération Nationale (FLN)
• Parallel government: Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic (GPRA)

• Political party: Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA), National Front for the Liberation of Angola (FNLA)
• Parallel government: Revolutionary Government of Angola in Exile (GRAE)

• Political party: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Botswana People's Party (BPP)

• Political party: Union for National Progress (UPRONA)

• Rebel organisation: Hutu

• Political party: Rassemblement camerounais (RACAM), Union of the Peoples of Cameroon (UPC)
• Rebel organizations: National Liberation Army of Kamerun (ALNK)

• Political party: African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC), Struggle Front for the National Independence of Guinea (FLING)

• Political party: Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (MÉSAN)

• Rebel organization: Patriotic Movement of Côte d'Ivoire (MPCI)

• Political party: Mouvement National Congolais (MNC), ABAKO

• Political party: Confederation of the Tribal Associations of Katanga (CONAKAT)

• Political party: Wafd Party

• Rebel organization: Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF), Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF)

• Réunion

Autonomist movement

• Political party: Communist Party of Réunion (which still exists, but has abandoned its goal of autonomy)[1]

• Political party: Convention People's Party (CPP), United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC)
• Self-government experiment: Fante Confederation

• Political party: East Africa Association, Kenya African National Union (KANU), Kikuyu Central Association, Young Kikuyu Association
• Rebel organization: Mau Mau

• Political party: Sudanese Union (US)

• Political party: Mauritius Labour Party (MLP), Mauritian Militant Movement (MMM)

• Political party: Istiqlal Party, National Action Bloc
• Secessionist entity: Rif Republic

• Political party: Mozambican Liberation Front (FRELIMO)

• Political party: South-West Africa People's Organisation (SWAPO), South West Africa National Union (SWANU)
• Rebel organizations: People's Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN),

• Political party: Nigerien Progressive Party, Sawaba

• Political party: Nigerian National Democratic Party (NNDP), National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), Action Group, Egbe Omo Oduduwa, Northern People's Congress
• Secessionist entity: Republic of Biafra

• Political party: Committee for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (CLSTP), Movement for the Liberation of São Tomé and Príncipe (MLSTP)

• Political party: Seychelles Democratic Party (SDP), Seychelles People's United Party (SPUP)

• Political party: Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP), West African Youth League (WAYL)

• Political party: Somali Youth League (SYL)

• Rebel organization: Somali National Movement (SNM)

• Secessionist movement: Eastern Cape Separatist League

• Political party: Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), Sudanese Communist Party, Umma Party

• Political party: Tanganyika African Association, Tanganyika African National Union

• Political party: Afro-Shirazi Party (ASP), Zanzibar Nationalist Party (ZNP)

• Political party: Destour, Young Tunisians, Neo Destour (ND)

• Political party: Rwenzururu Secessionist Movement, Uganda People's Congress (UPC)

• Political party: Northern Rhodesian African National Congress, United National Independence Party (UNIP), Zambian African National Congress (ZANC)

• Political party: Zimbabwe African National Union (ZANU), Zimbabwe African People's Union (ZAPU)
• Rebel organizations: Zimbabwe African National Liberation Army (ZANLA), Zimbabwe People's Revolutionary Army (ZIPRA)

• People: Jumma people
  • Political party: Porbotto Chottogram Jonshonghoti Shomiti
  • Rebel organisation: Shanti Bahini
  • Proposed state: Autonomous Hill Tribes
  • Status: Inactive following the 1996 peace treaty between the Government of Bangladesh and the tribal leaders.
• People: Bengali Hindus
  • Political party: Swadhin Bangabhumi Andolan
  • Rebel organisation: Banga Sena
  • Proposed State: Bangabhumi

Outer Mongolia

• De facto state: Great Mongolian State
  • Political organization: Bogd Khanate
• Proposed state: Mongolian People's Republic
  • Political party: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party

• Rebel organizations: EOKA, Turkish Resistance Organisation

Indochina

• Proposed state: Kingdom of Cambodia
  • Political organization: Khmer Issarak

• Proposed state: Laos
• Militant organization: Lao Issara, Pathet Lao

• Proposed state: Democratic Republic of Vietnam
  • Political organization: Viet Minh

Mandate of Syria

• Political organization: National Bloc

• People: Sikh
  • Militant organisation:  Khalistan Liberation Force, Babbar Khalsa, Khalistan Commando Force
  • Proposed state: Khalistan
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed
• People: Tripuri
  • Militant organisation: National Liberation Front of Tripura, All Tripura Tiger Force
  • Proposed state: Tipperaland
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed
• People: Garo, Khasi
  • Militant organisation: Garo National Liberation Army, Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
  • Proposed state: Garoland, Hynniewtrep
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed
• People: Bodo
  • Militant organisation: National Democratic Front of Boroland
  • Proposed state: Boroland
  • Status: Separatist groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
• People: Karbi
  • Militant organisation: Karbi Longri N.C. Hills Liberation Front, United People's Democratic Solidarity
  • Proposed state: Hemprek Kangthim
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
• People: Dimasa
  • Militant organisation: Dima Halam Daogah
  • Proposed state: Dimaraji
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed. Groups disbanded, surrender agreement signed with government.
• People: Tani
  • Militant organisation: National Liberation Council of Taniland
  • Proposed state: Taniland
  • Status: Separatist movement crushed

Aceh

• Proposed state: Aceh
  • Militant organization: Free Aceh Movement

Timor

• Proposed state:  Timor-Leste
  • Political party: Revolutionary Front for an Independent East Timor

Ezo

• De facto state: Republic of Ezo

Suvadives

• Proposed state: United Suvadive Republic

Dutch East Indies

• Proposed state: Republic of Indonesia
  • Political party: Nationalist Party of Indonesia

Dhofar

• Militant organizations: Dhofar Liberation Front (DLF), Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), Popular Front for the Liberation of the Occupied Arabian Gulf/Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman and the Arabian Gulf (PFLOAG)

East Pakistan

• People: Bengalis (East Pakistanis)
  • Political party: Bangladesh Awami League
  • Rebel organization: Mukti Bahini
  • De facto state: People's Republic of Bangladesh
  • Status: Resulted in independence of Bangladesh in 1971 after the Bangladesh Liberation War.

Bangsamoro (Mindanao, Sulu Islands, and Palawan)

• Proposed state: Bangsamoro Republik (MNLF)
  • Political organization: Moro National Liberation Front
  • Militant organization: Bangsamoro Armed Forces

• Proposed state: Bangsamoro Autonomous Region (originally for independence)
  • Political organization: Moro Islamic Liberation Front
  • Militant organization: Bangsamoro Islamic Armed Forces

Spanish East Indies

• Philippine archipelago
  • Secessionist entities: Katagalugan, Republic of the Philippines, Cantonal Republic of Negros, Republic of Zamboanga
    • Militant organization: Katipunan
    • Society: La Liga Filipina
  • Ilocos
    • Secessionist state: Free Ilocos

Sri Lankan Tamil people

• Proposed state: Tamil Eelam
  • Political party: Tamil National Alliance
  • Militant organisation: Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
  • Advocacy groups: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam, Global Tamil Forum
  • Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam[2]

• Political party: Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Social Democrat Hunchakian Party, Armenian Democratic Liberal Party (Ramgavar Party)
• Rebel organization: Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia

Burma

• Political organization: Dobama Asiayone
• Militant organization: Anti-Fascist People's Freedom League, Burma Independence Army, Communist Party of Burma

India

• Proposed state:  India
  • Political party: All India Forward Bloc, Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, Indian National Congress, Communist Party of India, Swaraj Party, Ghadar Party
  • Parallel government: Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind
  • Rebel organization: Indian National Army
  • Political party: Muslim League responsible for Pakistan Movement

Malaya

• Proposed state: Federation of Malaya
• Political party: Alliance Party (United Malays National Organisation, Malayan Chinese Association, and Malayan Indian Congress)

Commonwealth of the Philippines

• Political party: Nacionalista Party
• Proposed state: Republic of the Philippines

Mindanao

• Ethnic group: Maranao
• Proposed state: Separate independence for Mindanao from the Luzon and Visayas regions. (See Dansalan Declaration)

• League of Prizren
• Northern Epirus

• Political parties
  • Flemish
    • Vlaams Belang, New Flemish Alliance
    • Sociaal-Liberale Partij member of the European Free Alliance

• Political party: Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, Internal Revolutionary Organisation

• Political party: Young Czech Party, Czech National Social Party

• Political movement: Fennoman
• Political party: Finnish Party, Young Finnish Party
•  Åland Islands
  • Political movement: Åland movement

•  Basque Country (also in Spain)
  • Political parties: Basque Nationalist Party, Basque Unity
  • Rebel organization: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA)
•  Corsica
  • Political parties: Corsica Nazione, Partitu di a Nazione Corsa
•  Brittany
  • Political parties: Union Démocratique Bretonne, Breton Party
  • Rebel organization: Breton Revolutionary Army, Liberation Front of Brittany
•  Alsace
  • Political parties : Alsace d'abord *

• Short-lived Republic: Rhenish Republic
• Lower Saxony
• Alemannic Separatism
• Bavarian Soviet Republic

(Gained independence from the Ottoman Empire after the Greek War of Independence)

• Society: Filiki Eteria
• Unrecognized state: Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece, Peloponnesian Senate, Senate of Western Continental Greece, Provisional Administration of Greece (after 1822)
• Militant organisations: Armatoloi/Klephts, Sacred Band, Hellenic Army, Hellenic Navy

(See also under UK, for pre-division Ireland)

• Home Rule League
• Irish National League
• Irish Parliamentary Party
• Irish Republican Brotherhood
• Provisional Government of the Irish Republic
• Sinn Féin
• Society of United Irishmen
• United Irish League
• Young Ireland

•  Sardinia (Sardinian nationalism)
•  Sicily (Sicilian nationalism)
•  Veneto (Venetian nationalism)

Albanian-inhabited communities in SR Macedonia and the Republic of Macedonia

• Ethnic group: Albanians
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Albanians, Party for Democratic Prosperity
• Goals: Autonomy (1994–99), independence and/or unification with Republic of Kosovo (2000–01)
• Events: Insurgency in the Republic of Macedonia
• Timespan: 1994–2001

Serbian-inhabited communities in the Republic of Macedonia

• Ethnic group: Serbs
• Political parties: Democratic Party of Serbs in Macedonia, Radical Party of the Serbs in Macedonia
• Goals: Autonomy (Serbian Autonomous Region of Kumanovo Valley and Skopska Crna Gora)
• Timespan: 1992

• Narodowa Demokracja
• Towarzystwo Demokratyczne Polskie (Polish Democratic Society)
• Union of Upper Silesians
• Silesian People's Party

• Political party: Slovak National Party

• Political parties:
• Azerbaijani Popular Front Party
• Belarusian People's Front
• Rahvarinne
• Popular Front of Latvia, Latvian National Independence Movement
• Sąjūdis
• Moldovan Popular Front
• People's Movement of Ukraine (Rukh)
• Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
• Ukrainian Insurgent Army

• Basque Country (also in France)
  • Political parties: Aralar Party, Basque Nationalist Party, Batasuna, Eusko Abertzale Ekintza, Eusko Alkartasuna, Nafarroa Bai
  • Rebel organizations: Basque homeland and Freedom (ETA), SEGI
•  Catalonia
  • Political parties: Convergence and Union (Democratic Convergence of Catalonia + Democratic Union of Catalonia), Republican Left of Catalonia, Catalan State, Popular Unity Candidacy, Democrats of Catalonia, Left Movement, Catalan Solidarity for Independence, Reagrupament, National Front of Catalonia
  • Rebel organizations: Terra Lliure (disbanded), Exèrcit Popular Català (disbanded)
  • Organizations: Assemblea Nacional Catalana, Òmnium Cultural
  • Labour unions: Intersindical-CSC, Coordinadora Obrera Sindical
•  Galicia
  • Political Parties: Galician Nationalist Bloc, Nós-Unidade Popular
•  Asturias
  • Political parties: Bloque por Asturies, Unidá Nacionalista Asturiana, Andecha Astur
  • Rebel organization: Andecha Obrera (disbanded)
•  Canary Islands
  • Political party: Congreso Nacional de Canarias, Frepic-Awañak, Unión del Pueblo Canario
  • Organizations: MPAIAC
  • Armed groups: Fuerzas Armadas Guanches

•  Cornwall: New Cornish Tertia army, An Gof, Cornish Solidarity
•  Isle of Wight: Vectis National Party
•  Ireland: Irish Republican Brotherhood, Clan na Gael, Young Ireland, Home Rule League, Irish Socialist Republican Party, Irish Parliamentary Party, All-for-Ireland League, Nationalist Party (Northern Ireland), Irish Independence Party
•  Scotland: Scottish National Liberation Army
•  Wales: Cymru Fydd, Cymru Goch, Welsh Socialist Alliance, Welsh Republican Movement

•  Isle of Man: Fo Halloo, Manx National Party

• Croatia (SR Croatia, SFR Yugoslavia)
• Ethnic group: Croats
• Political parties: Croatian Democratic Union, Croatian Party of Rights, Croatian Peasant Party
• Armed organizations: Croatian National Guard
• Events: Croatian Spring, War in Croatia
• Goals: Independence

Republic of Kosovo (AP Kosovo and Metohija, SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

• Ethnic group: Albanians in Kosovo
• Political parties: Democratic League of Kosovo, Alliance for the Future of Kosovo, Democratic Party of Kosovo, National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo, The People's Movement for Kosovo
• Armed organizations: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo
• Events: Insurgency in Kosovo (1993–98), Kosovo War
• Goals: Larger autonomy (until 1989); Independence (1990–2003)

Preševo Valley (SR Serbia, FR Yugoslavia)

• Ethnic group: Albanians in southern Serbia
• Events: Insurgency in the Preševo Valley

• Political party: Antigua Labour Party

• Abaco (defunct)
• Progressive Liberal Party (PLP)

• Political party: People's United Party

• Political party: Caribbean League
• Secessionist entity: West Indies Federation

• Acadia
  • Political party: Parti Acadien
• Cape Breton Island
  • Political party: Cape Breton Labour Party
• the Maritimes
  • Political party: the Maritimes
• Ontario
  • Political party: Northern Ontario Heritage Party
• Quebec
  • Political party: Action démocratique du Québec

• Nova Scotia
  • Political: Anti-Confederation Party
• Ontario
  • Political: Ontario Independence League, Northern Ontario Heritage Party
• Quebec
  • Pressure group: Alliance Laurentienne, Chevaliers de l'Indépendance, Mouvement de Libération Nationale du Québec, Réseau de Résistance du Québécois
  • Political party: Mouvement Souveraineté-Association, Option citoyenne, Parti de la Democratie Socialiste, Parti indépendantiste, Parti nationaliste du Québec, Option nationale, Ralliement National, Rassemblement pour l'Indépendance Nationale, Union des forces progressistes, Parti québécois, Union Populaire, Québec solidaire
  • Rebel organization: Société des Fils de la Liberté, Frères Chasseurs, Comité de libération nationale (Quebec), Réseaux de résistance, Armée révolutionnaire du Québec, Front de libération du Québec
• Western Canada
  • Political: Unionest Party, Separation Party of Alberta, Alberta Independence Party

• Political party: Independent Guanacaste Party

• Political party: Dominica Labour Party

• Cacos (anti-US occupation)

• Political party: Jamaica Labour Party, People's National Party

Secessionist

• California Republic
• Chan Santa Cruz
• Republic of Fredonia
• Republic of the Rio Grande
• Republic of Texas
• Republic of Yucatán
• Republic of Baja California
• Republic of Sonora

• Ejército Defensor de la Soberanía Nacional (anti-US occupation)

• Kuna Revolution (Republic of Tule)

• Political party: People's National Movement
• Political party: Tobago Organisation of the People

• American Revolution
• Aztlán
• Confederate States of America
• New England's Secession Conventions of 1803, 1808, 1814, and 1843
• Republic of New Afrika
• State of Franklin, secessionist North Carolina western territory (1784–1789)
• State of Muskogee, secessionist Florida territory (1799 - 1803)
• For historic Texas separatist movements, see Mexico, above.

• Anti-Colonial National Liberation Movement

Puerto Rican Independence Movement

Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño (PIP)

Mainland Australia

•  Tasmania[3] (See: Secessionism in Tasmania)
•  Western Australia (See: Secessionism in Western Australia)

Eastern New Guinea

• Proposed state: Papua
  • Political party: Papua Besena

South Island

• Proposed autonomous region: New Munster
  • Political parties: South Island Party
  • Pressure group: Southern Separation League

Western Samoa

• Protest movement: Mau movement

Solomon Islands

• Protest movement: Maasina Ruru

• Mendoza
  • Political party: Mendoexit
  • Proposed state: Mendoza Republic
• Patagonia
  • Proposed state: Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

• Rio Grande do Sul
  • Political party: Movimento da República Rio-Grandense
  • Proposed state: Riograndense Republic
• Santa Catarina
  • Political party: Frente de Libertação da República Catarinense
  • Proposed state: Juliana Republic
• São Paulo
  • Political party: Movimento República de São Paulo, Movimento São Paulo Independente, Constitutionalist Revolution of 1932, 1924 Paulista Revolt, 1887 Manifest, Acclaim of Amador Bueno.
  • Proposed state: Republic of São Paulo
• Parts of Pernambuco, Paraíba and Ceará
  • Proposed state: Confederation of the Equator

• Araucanía
  • Proposed state: Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia

• Parts of Andean Region
  • Rebel organization: Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC)
  • Secessionist entities: Marquetalia Republic and several other communist-oriented Independent Republics
• Parts of Andean and Caribbean regions
  • Secessionist entities: Several provinces under leadership of Jefes Supremos
  • Goals: Federalization of New Granada
• Antioquia
  • Pressure Group: Antioquia Rebelde (part of Medellin Cartel)
• Arauca
  • Secessionist entity: Republic of Arauca
• Caribbean Region
  • Pressure Group: Liga Costeña
• Cauca State
  • Political Party: Liberal Party
  • Goals: Annexation to Ecuador (1832), reforming the Grenadine Confederation (1860–1862)
• Parts of Nariño and Putumayo
  • Rebel organization: Royalist guerrillas (1822–1825)
  • Pressure Group: Catholic clergy (1839–1842)
  • Political party: Conservative Party (1860–1862)
  • Goals: Restoring Spanish rule (1822–1825), annexation to Ecuador (1839–1842; 1860–1862)
• Panama State
  • Political Party: Liberal Party
  • Secessionist entity: Isthmus State (1840–1841), Republic of Panama (1903–)

• Political party: People's Progressive Party
• Political party: People's National Congress

• Logia Lautaro