List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies

A rover is a planetary surface exploration vehicle designed to move across the surface of a planet or other celestial body. Rovers are used to explore, collect information, and take samples of the surface. This is a list of all rovers on extraterrestrial bodies in the Solar System. Since 1970, there have been four lunar rovers (excludes the three Lunar Roving Vehicles on Apollo 15, 16, and 17, as they carried no payloads and were designed to be driven by astronauts on the lunar surface), six Mars rovers, and three asteroid rovers that have successfully landed and explored these extraterrestrial surfaces.

Key

Colour key:

  – Mission completed successfully (or partially successfully)       – Failed or cancelled mission
  – Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)   – Planned mission

Moon
Main article: Lunar rover
Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Coordinates Operational time Distance travelled Notes
Luna 17Lunokhod 1 USSR17 November 197038.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Lunokhod 1)322 days10.5 km (6.5 mi)First rover on extraterrestrial body
Luna 21Lunokhod 2 USSR15 January 197125.85°N 30.45°E / 25.85; 30.45 (Lunokhod 2)236 days39 km (24 mi)Farthest distance traveled on the Moon.
Chang'e 3Yutu CNSA14 December 201344.12°N 19.51°W / 44.12; -19.51 (Yutu)42 days (mobile)
973 days (total)		114.8 m (377 ft)First Chinese extraterrestrial rover and first soft landing on the Moon in over 35 years.
Chang'e 4Yutu-2 CNSA3 January 201944.8°S 175.9°E / -44.8; 175.9 (Yutu 2)1215 days1.181 km (0.734 mi)[1]
as of 1 May 2022		First soft landing on the far side of the Moon. Longest fully functioning rover on the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2Pragyan ISRO6 September 201970.90°S 22.78°E / -70.90; 22.78 (Vikram lander)0 days0 kmLost when Vikram lander crash landed on the Moon
VIPER NASANovember 2023100 days (planned)

Mars
Main article: Mars rover
Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Coordinates Operational time Distance travelled Notes
Mars 2Prop-M Rover USSR27 November 197145°S 47°E0 days0 kmLost when Mars 2 lander crash landed on Mars
Mars 3Prop-M Rover USSR2 December 197145°S 202°E0 days0 kmLost when Mars 3 lander stopped communicating about 20 seconds after landing
Mars PathfinderSojourner NASA4 July 199738.2378°N 35.0017°W / 38.2378; -35.0017 (Sojourner)85 days100 m (330 ft)First successful rover on Mars
Mars Exploration RoverSpirit NASA4 January 200414.5684°S 175.472636°E / -14.5684; 175.472636 (Spirit)6 years 79 days7.73 km (4.80 mi)
Opportunity NASA25 January 20041.9462°S 354.4734°E / -1.9462; 354.4734 (Opportunity)14 years 140 days45.16 km (28.06 mi)Longest distance travelled by any rover and most days operated
Mars Science LaboratoryCuriosity NASA25 January 20124.5895°S 137.4417°E / -4.5895; 137.4417 (Curiosity)9 years 269 days27.55 km (17.12 mi)
as of 24 March 2022[2]		Currently active
Mars 2020Perseverance NASA18 February 202118.4447°N 77.4508°E / 18.4447; 77.4508 (Mars 2020)1 year 73 days9.92 km (6.16 mi)
as of 24 April 2022[3]		Currently active
Tianwen-1Zhurong CNSA14 May 202125.1°N 109.9°E / 25.1; 109.9352 days1.921 km (1.194 mi)
as of 1 May 2022[4]		Currently active
ExoMarsRosalind Franklin ESA/Roscosmos2025 at earliest18.275°N 335.368°E / 18.275; 335.368 (Rosalind Franklin)420 days (planned)Planned to launch 2024 at earliest[5]

Asteroids
Body Mission Rover Country/Agency Date of landing Location Operational time Distance travelled Notes
162173 RyuguHayabusa2MINERVA-II Rover-1A JAXA21 September 2019Tritonis36 days[6]Successfully landed, returned images, and hopped along surface. First rovers on an asteroid.
MINERVA-II Rover-1B3 days[6]
MASCOT DLR/CNES3 October 2018Alice's Wonderland17 h 14 min[7]~17.9 m (59 ft)[7]Successfully landed, returned images from the surface, and performed multiple hops along surface
MINERVA-II Rover-2 JAXAOctober 2019Unknown0 days0 mFailed before deployment, so it was released in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted a few days later
  • Spirit: Martian sunset by Spirit at Gusev crater, May 19, 2005.
  • Lunokhod 1: Soviet Lunokhod moonrover from the 1970s.

See also

References
  1. Andrew Jones (2021-10-05). "1,000 days on the moon! China's Chang'e 4 lunar far side mission hits big milestone". Space.com. Retrieved 2021-10-07.
  2. "Where Is Curiosity?". mars.nasa.gov. NASA. Retrieved 23 March 2022. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  3. "Where is Perseverance?". Mars 2020 Mission Perseverance Rover. NASA. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
  4. "中欧火星探测器成功开展在轨中继通信试验". 新华网. 2021-12-01. Retrieved 2021-12-01.
  5. "Joint Europe-Russia Mars rover project is parked". BBC News. 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
  6. Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Tomiki, Atsushi; Yoshikaw, Kent (2019-10-24). Operation results of MINERVA-II twin rovers onboard Hayabusa2 asteroid explorer (PDF). 70th International Astronautical Congress. International Astronautical Federation. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
  7. Davis, Jason (28 August 2019). "Hayabusa2 Lander Mania: Results from MASCOT, Plans for MINERVA-II2". The Planetary Society. Retrieved 2020-01-25.
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