List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines

The list of unofficial presidents of the Philippines include people that Philippine historians have identified as having held the presidency of a government that intended to represent the Philippines but are not counted by the modern Government of the Philippines as an official president of the Philippines.

History

Andrés Bonifacio is considered by some historians to be the first president of the Philippines. He was the third Supreme President (Spanish: Presidente Supremo; Tagalog: Kataastaasang Pangulo) of the Katipunan secret society. Its Supreme Council, led by the Supreme President, coordinated provincial and district councils. When the Katipunan went into open revolt in August 1896 (the Cry of Balintawak), Bonifacio transformed it into a revolutionary government with him as president. While the term Katipunan remained, Bonifacio's government was also known as the Tagalog Republic (Tagalog: Republika ng Katagalugan; Spanish: Republica Tagala). (Although the word Tagalog refers to a specific ethnicity, Bonifacio used it to denote all indigenous people in the Philippines in place of Filipino which had colonial origins.)[1][2][3][4][5]

Some historians contend that including Bonifacio as a past president would imply that Macario Sakay and Miguel Malvar y Carpio should also be included.[6] Miguel Malvar y Carpio continued Emilio Aguinaldo's leadership of the First Philippine Republic after the latter's capture until his own capture in 1902. Macario Sakay revived the Tagalog Republic in 1902 as a continuation of Bonifacio's Katipunan. They are both considered by some scholars as "unofficial presidents". Along with Bonifacio, Malvar and Sakay are not recognized as presidents by the Philippine government.[7][8]

Emilio Aguinaldo is officially recognized as the first president of the Philippines, but this is based on his term of office during the Malolos Republic, later known as the First Philippine Republic. Prior to this Aguinaldo had held the presidency of several revolutionary governments which are not counted in the succession of Philippine republics.

Manuel L. Quezon delegated his presidential duties to José Abad Santos, the then Chief Justice, when the former fled the Philippines amidst Japanese occupation of the islands to establish a government-in-exile. He is believed to have in effect become the acting president of the Philippine Commonwealth though no legal document has been retrieved detailing the official transfer of the title of President to Abad Santos.[9]

List
No. President
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Party Vice President Government
A Andres Bonifacio y de Castro
(30 November 1863 – 10 May 1897)
(Lived: 33 years)
[5][10][11][12]		 August 24, 1896[L 1] March 22, 1897[L 2]
or
May 10, 1897[L 3]		 Katipunan none Sovereign Tagalog Nation
aka
Tagalog Republic
("Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People";
"Republic of the Tagalog Nation/People")[L 4]
B Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy
(22 March 1869 – 6 February 1964)
(Lived: 94 years)		 March 22, 1897[L 5] November 1, 1897[L 6] Katipunan
(Magdalo faction)
or
Independent
(formerly Katipunan)[L 7]		 Mariano Trias y Closas Tejeros revolutionary government
("Philippine Republic"
aka
"Republic of the Philippines"
aka
"Government of the [Whole] Tagalog Nation/People", or "Government of [All] Tagalogs"[L 8])
November 2, 1897[L 9] December 14, 1897[L 10] Independent
(formerly Katipunan)		 Republic of Biak-na-Bato
("Republic of the Philippines")[L 11]
May 24, 1898 June 23, 1898 [L 12] Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[L 13]
June 23, 1898[L 14] January 23, 1899[L 15] Revolutionary Government of the Philippines[L 16]
C Francisco Macabulos y Soliman
(17 September 1871 – 30 August 1922)
(Lived: 50 years)		 April 17, 1898 May 19, 1898[L 17] Independent
(formerly Katipunan)		 none Central Executive Committee
D Miguel Malvar y Carpio
(27 September 1865 – 13 October 1911)
(Lived: 46 years)
[14]		 April 1, 1901[L 18] April 16, 1902[L 19] Independent
(formerly Katipunan)		 none
(The 1899 Constitution did not provide for a Vice President.)		 First Republic
aka
Malolos Republic
("Philippine Republic")[L 20]
E Macario Sakay y de León
(1870 – 13 September 1907)
(Lived: 37 years)
[15][16][17]		 May 6, 1902[L 21] July 14, 1906[L 22] Katipunan
(holdout/revival)		 Francisco Carreón y Marcos Tagalog Republic
("Republic of [the Archipelago of] the Tagalog Nation/People")[L 23]
F José Abad Santos
(19 February 1886 – 2 May 1942)
(Lived: 56 years)
[9]		 March 17, 1942 May 2, 1942 Independent none Commonwealth of the Philippines
G Jorge Bartolome Vargas
(24 April 1890 – 22 February 1980)
(Lived: 89 years)		 January 23, 1942 October 14, 1943 KALIBAPI none Philippine Executive Commission
H Arturo Tolentino
(19 September 1910 – 2 August 2004)
(Lived: 93 years)
[18][19]		 6 July 1986[H 1] 8 July 1986 Kilusang Bagong Lipunan none Fourth Republic
  Katipunan
  Independent
  KALIBAPI
  Kilusang Bagong Lipunan
Notes
  1. Term began when Bonifacio declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic.
  2. Term ended after the Tejeros Convention.
  3. Executed for treason by Aguinaldo's government; Bonifacio did not recognize its validity and still acted as president.
  4. "Sovereign Nation/People" is translated from haring bayan or haringbayan, Bonifacio's Tagalog neologism adapting the term "republic", based on its Latin roots res publica; "republic" was itself used as a synonym of haring bayan. The full original terms are Haring Bayang Katagalugan and Republika ng Katagalugan.
  5. Term was established at the Tejeros Convention; Aguinaldo took his oath of office the day after (March 23), but did not fully assume the office until late April 1897.
  6. Term ended with the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  7. Aguinaldo was elected President of a new government by fellow members of the Katipunan, but the new government considered the Katipunan per se to be dissolved/superseded when it came into existence to replace it.
  8. The Tejeros government called itself Republica Filipina, Republica de Filipinas and Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan (akin to Bonifacio's preferred terminology) and so it does not yet have a standardized name in Philippine historiography.
  9. Term began after the establishment of the Republic of Biak-na-Bato.
  10. Term ended when Aguinaldo signed the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
  11. "Republic of Biak-na-Bato" is a term used by Filipino historians to distinguish it from other Philippine Republics; it called itself Republica de Filipinas.
  12. Term ended when Aguinaldo shifted from dictatorial to revolutionary government.
  13. Aguinaldo formally held the title of "Dictator", was not formally "President" again until the end of the Dictatorial Government and the start of the pre-Malolos Revolutionary Government.
  14. Term began with the declaration of a revolutionary government replacing the dictatorship.[13]
  15. Term ended with the inauguration of the Malolos Republic, considered the First Philippine Republic.
  16. Replaced the Dictatorial Government, but both did not call themselves a "Republic". Replaced by the First Republic.
  17. Term ended upon the return of Aguinaldo, who established a dictatorship.
  18. Term began when Malvar presumptively assumed the presidency after the capture of Aguinaldo.
  19. Term ended when Malvar surrendered in Batangas.
  20. "Malolos Republic" is a term used by Filipino historians to distinguish it from other Philippine Republics; it called itself Republica Filipina.
  21. Term began when Sakay declared the establishment of the Tagalog Republic (in the tradition of Bonifacio instead of Aguinaldo).
  22. Term ended when Sakay surrendered as part of an amnesty; he was executed a year later.
  23. The original term is Republika ng [Kapuluang] Katagalugan.

Timeline
Jorge B. VargasJosé Abad SantosMiguel MalvarFirst Philippine RepublicCentral Executive Committee (Philippines)Republic of Biak-na-BatoTejeros ConventionAndres Bonifacio

See also

Notes
  1. The running-mate of former President Ferdinand Marcos in the February 1986 presidential election. Proclaimed himself as acting president in a coup attempt.

References
  1. Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. M1 25 (Item 3 in the list, referring to Note 41 at p.61, citing Guerrero, Encarnacion & Villegas);
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. 26, "Formation of a revolutionary government";
    ^ Borromeo-Buehler & Borromeo 1998, pp. M1 135 (in "Document G", Account of Mr. Bricco Brigado Pantos).
  2. Halili & Halili 2004, pp. 138–139.
  3. Severino, Howie (November 27, 2007), Bonifacio for (first) president, GMA News.
    • Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998), Reform and Revolution, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, ISBN 962-258-228-1.
  6. Ambeth Ocampo (May 11, 2010). "Bonifacio, First President of the Philippines?". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  7. manilatimes.net, Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar Archived 2008-01-04 at the Wayback Machine
  8. Flores, Paul (August 12, 1995), Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?, Philippine History Group of Los Ángeles, archived from the original on June 9, 2007, retrieved 2007-04-08
  9. Orejas, Tonette. "Abad Santos, acting Commonwealth president, gets proper honors in place where he died". newsinfo.inquirer.net.
  10. Guererro, Francis Rodney; Songalia (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1.
  11. Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad; Borromeo, Soledad Masangkay (1998). The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-278-4.
  12. Severino, Howie (2007-11-27). "Bonifacio for (first) president". gmanews.tv. GMA Network. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  13. "Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy". pangulo.ph. Archived from the original on 2004-12-05.
  14. Cruz, Maricel V. (2008-02-02). "Lawmaker: History wrong on Gen. Malvar". www.manilatimes.net. Manila Times. Archived from the original on 2008-12-11. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  15. Agoncillo, Teodoro (1990) [1960]. History of the Filipino People (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc. ISBN 971-10-2415-2.
  16. Flores, Paul (1995-08-12). "Macario Sakay: Tulisán or Patriot?". Philippine History Group of Los Angeles. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-04-08.
  17. Tan, Michael (2007-09-21). "September's heroes". www.inquirer.net. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2009-08-20.
  18. Yabes, Criselda (7 July 1986). "Marcos' Man Tolentino Declares Himself President". Associated Press. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
  19. "GMA, former Senate colleagues pay tribute to Arturo Tolentino, 94". The Philippine Star. 4 August 2004. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
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