Kolbeinsey

Kolbeinsey (Icelandic pronunciation: ​[ˈkʰɔlˌpeinsˌeiː]; also known as Kolbeinn's Isle, Seagull Rock, Mevenklint, Mevenklip, or Meeuw Steen)[1] is a small islet in the Greenland Sea located 105 kilometres (65 mi) off the northern coast of Iceland, 74 kilometres (46 mi) north-northwest of the island of Grímsey. It is the northernmost point of Iceland and lies north of the Arctic Circle. The islet is named after Kolbeinn Sigmundsson, from Kolbeinsdalur in Skagafjörður, who according to Svarfdæla saga is said to have broken his ship there and died with his men.[2] A basalt landform and devoid of vegetation, Kolbeinsey is subject to rapid wave erosion and is expected to disappear in the near future. Erosion rate data from 1994 suggested that this would happen around 2020.[3] As of August 2020, two small skerries remain visible at low tide.[4]

Kolbeinsey
Eroded remnants of the island in 2020
Kolbeinsey
Geography
LocationGreenland Sea
Coordinates67°09′02″N 18°41′01″W
Administration
Demographics
Population0
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Location map of Kolbeinsey in Iceland
Kolbeinsey from the deck of RV Knorr, 2011

History

The original size of Kolbeinsey is unknown. When it was first measured in 1616, the island was 700 metres (2,300 ft) in length from north to south and 100 metres (330 ft) east to west. By 1903, it had already diminished to half of that size. In August 1985, the island was recorded as being 39 metres (128 ft) across.[3] At the beginning of 2001, Kolbeinsey had been reduced to an area of 90 square metres (970 sq ft), corresponding to the size of a circle of about 10.7 metres (35 ft) in diameter. The island had a maximum elevation of 8 metres (26 ft).

In 1952, Iceland declared Kolbeinsey to be a baseline point for the purposes of defining its exclusive fishery limits, originally set at 4 nautical miles (7.4 km; 4.6 mi) from the baseline.[5] Iceland would eventually declare a 200-nautical-mile (370 km; 230 mi) exclusive economic zone (EEZ) in 1975. At that point, Denmark (on behalf of Greenland) objected to the use of Kolbeinsey as a baseline point as doing so gave Iceland control over 9,400 square kilometres (3,600 sq mi) of sea area that would otherwise belong to Greenland.[6] A helipad was constructed in 1989[3] and further efforts to reinforce the island were discussed in the Icelandic parliament in the 1990s.[7] However, an agreement was reached in 1997 between Iceland, Denmark and Greenland (which was a party to the agreement in its own capacity) that permanently fixed the EEZ boundary in the area, giving Iceland control over 30 percent of the disputed area, while Greenland would control the remaining 70 percent.[8] Since that agreement, Kolbeinsey has not been relevant to the definition of EEZ boundaries and there were no further efforts to reinforce the island.[9]

In March 2006, it was reported that helicopters were no longer able to land on Kolbeinsey. It had been found that almost a half of the helipad that was laid with concrete in 1989 had been destroyed when a large piece of rock separated from the rest of the island.[10] In 2010, it was reported that the helipad had collapsed completely and that the island was now actually two skerries, separated by a gap of about 4 metres (13 ft).[11]

In August 2020, English YouTuber Tom Scott published a video confirming the continued existence of the island, with two skerries still visible at low tide.[4]

Geology

A submarine eruption was reported in 1999 near the Kolbeinsey Ridge northwest of Grímsey. Kolbeinsey is the only subaerial expression of this portion of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It formed during the late-Pleistocene or Holocene. Dredged glass shards indicate submarine eruptive activity during the late-Pleistocene until at least 11,800 radiocarbon years ago.[12]

See also

References
  1. Ringler, Dick (August 1996). "Jónas Hallgrímsson: Kolbeinn's Isle (Kolbeinsey)". University of Wisconsin–Madison. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  2. "Svarfdæla saga". www.snerpa.is. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  3. Kristján Sæmundsson; Árni Hjartarson (1994). "Geology and erosion of Kolbeinsey". In Gísli Viggóson (ed.). Proceedings of the Hornafjörlur International Costal Symposium. Orkustofnun (National Energy Authority of Iceland). pp. 443–451. Archived from the original on 9 January 2006. Retrieved 11 April 2008.
  4. Scott, Tom (August 17, 2020). Is The Most Northern Part Of Iceland Still There?. YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 17 August 2020.
  5. "Fjögurra mílna verndun miðanna umhverfis Ísland". Þjóðviljinn (in Icelandic). No. 17:66. 20 March 1952. p. 1. Retrieved 28 October 2021. Heitir hún reglugerð um verndun fiskimiða umhverfis Ísland. Efni hennar er það, að dregin er grunnlína umhverfis landið frá yztu annesjum, eyjum og skerjum og þvert yfir mynni flóa og fjarða, en síðan sjálf markalínan 4 mílur utar.
  6. Friðrik Indriðason (20 August 1988). "Mjög ólíklegt að Danir geti vísað málinu til Haag". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). No. 76:188. p. 32. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  7. "Lögsaga byggð á bjargi?". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). No. 84:175. 3 August 1996. p. 31. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  8. "Ísland, Grænland and Noregur semja um lögsögumörk". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). No. 85:258. 12 November 1997. p. 11. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  9. "Kolbeinsey að hverfa". DV (in Icelandic). No. 93:261. 21 November 2003. p. 15. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  10. "Flag by crash - no longer possible to land helicopters on the island". lhg.is. Archived from the original on 11 January 2016. Retrieved 2 August 2010.
  11. "Niðurbrotinn útvörður Íslands". Morgunblaðið (in Icelandic). 19 June 2010. p. 15. Retrieved 28 October 2021.
  12. "Kolbeinsey Ridge". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution.
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