Judith Resnik

Judith Arlene Resnik (April 5, 1949 – January 28, 1986) was an American electrical engineer, software engineer, biomedical engineer, pilot and NASA astronaut who died in the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger during the launch of mission STS-51-L. Resnik was the fourth woman, the second American woman, and the first Jewish woman of any nationality to fly in space, logging 145 hours in orbit. Her first space flight was the STS-41-D mission in August and September 1984, when her duties included operating the Space Shuttle's robotic arm.

Judith Resnik
Resnik in September 1978
Born(1949-04-05)April 5, 1949
Akron, Ohio, U.S.
DiedJanuary 28, 1986(1986-01-28) (aged 36)
Cape Canaveral, Florida, U.S.
Resting placeArlington National Cemetery
Alma mater
OccupationEngineer
Awards
Space career
NASA astronaut
Time in space
6d 00h 56m
Selection1978 NASA Group
MissionsSTS-41-D, STS-51-L (disaster)
Mission insignia

Recognized while still a child for her "intellectual brilliance",[1] Resnik was accepted at Carnegie Mellon University after being one of only sixteen women in the history of the United States to have attained a perfect score on the SAT exam at the time. She went on to graduate with a degree in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon before attaining a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland. Resnik went on to work for RCA as an engineer on Navy missile and radar projects, was a senior systems engineer for Xerox Corporation and published research on special-purpose integrated circuitry before she was recruited by NASA to the astronaut program as a mission specialist at age 28. While training on the astronaut program, she developed software and operating procedures for NASA missions. She was also a pilot and made research contributions to biomedical engineering as a research fellow at the National Institutes of Health.

Early life

Judith Arlene Resnik was born in Akron, Ohio on April 5, 1949,[2][3] the daughter of Marvin Resnik, an optometrist, and his wife Sarah née Polensky,[4] a legal secretary.[5] She had a brother, Charles, who was four years younger.[6][7] Her father was the son of a rabbi, and he had been born in Preluke in Ukraine. His family had emigrated to Israel in the 1920s, and then to the United States after the 1929 Hebron massacre.[8] He was fluent in eight languages and served in the Army during World War II in military intelligence and aerial reconnaissance in the Pacific Theater and the Occupation of Japan.[9] Resnik grew up in an observant Jewish home, studying at Hebrew school at Beth El Synagogue in Akron and celebrating her Bat Mitzvah in 1962.[4]

Resnik was noticed for "intellectual brilliance" while still in kindergarten, and she entered elementary school a year early.[1] She attended Fairlawn Elementary School,[10] Simon Perkins Junior High School,[11] and Harvey S. Firestone High School.[10] She was an outstanding student, excelling in mathematics, languages and piano.[12] Playing classical piano with "more than technical mastery", she planned on becoming a professional concert pianist.[1] When questioned about her intensity at the piano, she replied, "I never play anything softly".[13] Before college, she attained a perfect score on her SAT exam,[14] the only woman in the country that year, and one of only 16 women to that time to have done so.[13] She graduated from Firestone in 1966 as valedictorian and runner-up homecoming queen.[15][16]

Although her mother disapproved of her dating, she had a series of boyfriends. She preferred to socialize with boys from nearby Copley High School rather than from Firestone, where her intellectual reputation preceded her. She met Len Nahmi at a basketball game. He was half Irish and half Lebanese, and her mother disapproved of him. Nonetheless, she continued to see him secretly, and when she stayed with a cousin in Cleveland while taking a college course available to high school students, she also met with him there. Her parents acrimoniously divorced while she was a teenager, and custody was given to her mother, as was the custom in the United States. Her mother's dislike of Nahmi became more intense, and Nahmi eventually ended their relationship to spare Resnik more pain. When she was 17, she prepared and filed a successful court case so that her custody could be switched from her mother to her father, with whom she was particularly close. She tore up letters from her mother unopened.[17][18] Her father remarried, and she acquired twin stepsisters, Linda and Sandy, who were nine years older than she was, and with whom she became quite close.[19]

Resnik in June 1979

At age 17, Resnik entered Carnegie Institute of Technology and ultimately was one of three female students in electrical engineering.[1] She joined the Alpha Epsilon Phi sorority.[19] In her second year she developed a passion for electrical engineering, discovering her interest in "practical aspects of science" after attending lectures with her boyfriend and future husband, Michael Oldak, who was on the engineering course.[1] Oldak said, "She was a math whiz, but at some point math lost the numbers and she wanted something more tangible so she switched her collegiate major to electrical engineering".[15] She was a gourmet cook and a navigator in sports car rallies, in which she took part many times with Oldak in his Triumph TR6.[16] She earned a Bachelor of Science degree in electrical engineering from Carnegie Mellon University (as it now was) in 1970.[20] She became a member of Tau Beta Pi and Eta Kappa Nu honor societies.[2]

Resnik married Oldak on July 14, 1970.[21] Her mother attended the wedding; two sets of invitations were sent out, one describing her as her father's daughter, and the other as her mother's.[17] Upon graduation from Carnegie Mellon, Resnik and Oldak moved to Moorestown, New Jersey, where they both worked for RCA. She was a design engineer on missile and radar projects and won the Graduate Study Program Award. She performed circuit design for the missile and surface radar division. While at RCA, she worked for the Navy building custom integrated circuitry for the phased-array radar control systems and developed electronics and software for NASA's sounding rocket and telemetry systems programs. An academic paper she wrote on special purpose integrated circuitry caught the attention of NASA during this time.[1] She registered for master's degree evening courses at the University of Pennsylvania. In 1971, Oldak was accepted into Georgetown University law school, and they moved to Washington, D.C. Resnik continued to work for RCA, transferring to its office in Springfield, Virginia, and she continued pursuing her master's degree at the University of Maryland. She then entered a doctoral program. Resnik and Oldak divorced in 1975—he wanted to start a family and she did not—but they remained in contact and on good terms.[16][22]

While working on her doctorate, Resnik switched jobs in 1974, and went to work as a research fellow in biomedical engineering at the Laboratory of Neurophysiology at the National Institutes of Health.[21] As a biomedical engineer, Resnik researched the physiology of visual systems.[1] In 1977 she earned her Ph.D. in electrical engineering with honors at the University of Maryland,[15] writing her dissertation on "Bleaching kinetics of visual pigments".[3] Her research involved the effects of electrical currents on the retina.[21] An academic paper co-written by her concerning the biomedical engineering of optometry ("A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer and its use in measuring rhodopsin photoproduct pathways and kinetics in frog retinas") was published in the Journal of the Optical Society of America in 1978.[23]

NASA astronaut

Selection and training
Resnik poses with the rest of the Space Shuttle Discovery crew during the STS-41-D mission. According to her fellow astronaut Mike Mullane, she later received hate mail from feminist activists who thought her pose was degrading to women.[24]

After her divorce from Oldak, Resnik reconnected with Nahmi, who was now a commercial airline pilot. When he heard that the National Air and Space Administration (NASA) was recruiting women to become astronauts, he encouraged her to apply. They read Carrying the Fire by Michael Collins, a former astronaut who had flown to the Moon on Apollo 11, and she met with him in his office at the National Air and Space Museum.[17] She also met with another former astronaut, John Glenn, who was now a United States senator from her home state of Ohio.[25] Nahmi convinced her to obtain a private pilot's licence in order to bolster her credentials. Resnik qualified as a pilot in 1977, while completing her Ph.D., having achieved near perfect scores in her flying exams (two 100s and a 98). When she received a promotion at RCA and again when she completed her doctorate, he had her send NASA a telegram informing them.[17] Resnik's mentor and advisor, Professor Angel G. Jordan, then Dean of Carnegie Mellon College of Engineering and later provost of Carnegie Mellon, also encouraged Resnik to apply for the program. Jordan later regretted doing so. "She was an amazing person... I pushed her to excel, and I live with that memory every day."[15] After she completed her doctorate, Resnik became a senior systems engineer for Xerox Corporation in Los Angeles, working in product development.[26] She rented an apartment in Redondo Beach, California, where she would jog along the beach to improve her stamina and reduce her weight.[27]

In January 1978, Resnik was recruited at age 28 into the NASA Astronaut Corps as a mission specialist with NASA Astronaut Group 8, one of six women selected out of over 8,000 male and female applicants in the first astronaut selection that included women.[14] This involved taking a pay cut, as her new salary was considerably less than what she was being paid at Xerox.[27] She dated some of her fellow astronaut candidates, who nicknamed her "JR".[28] She trained intensely and with great determination, focusing particularly on her physical fitness.[17] She piloted the Northrop T-38 Talon. Astronaut Jerome Apt described her as "an excellent pilot and a superb operator in space".[15] She worked on research into the principle of orbital systems, flight software and the development of systems of manual control of spacecraft. She developed the software and operating procedures for the Space Shuttle's Remote Manipulator System (RMS). She also developed the deployment systems for the tethered satellite systems and worked on orbiter development, writing software for NASA to use on its missions.[29][1] She disliked the part of her job that required making public appearances and drumming up support for the space program. She avoided television interviews when possible, and resented intrusive questions about her private life, such as questions about her divorce.[30]

Fellow astronaut Rhea Seddon said that she had always felt that either Resnik or Sally Ride would become the first woman in the group to fly in space, as they were receiving "the sorts of technical assignments which really prepared them for flight", such as capsule communicator (CapCom) duties.[31][32] As it turned out, the shortlisted candidates for the mission specialist assignments for the STS-7 mission included all six women, but since the mission involved the use of the RMS, the choice of the first woman to fly on the Space Shuttle narrowed to Resnik, Ride and Anna Fisher, who had specialized on it. Ride was chosen, and she became the first American woman in space.[33] Asked about Resnik, Seddon said: "I thought she was really really bright, obviously a very beautiful person, flirtatious, funny. She was just a live wire. We would do the happy hours, or we'd go on these NASA trips, and Judy was just a star attraction."[32]

STS-41-D
Main article: STS-41-D
Resnik on the middeck of Space Shuttle Discovery during the STS-41-D mission, with an "I love Tom Selleck" sticker on her locker. A handwritten card reads: "Hi Dad".
Resnik's flight suit on display at the Johnson Space Center

In February 1983, Resnik was assigned to the crew of STS-41-D, the twelfth Space Shuttle flight, the maiden voyage of the Space Shuttle Discovery, along with Henry Hartsfield, Michael Coats, Steven Hawley and Mike Mullane.[34][35] After Hawley and Mullane had a fawning encounter with actor Bo Derek, who was working on the film Tarzan, the Ape Man, Resnik started calling Mullane "Tarzan" and Hawley "Cheetah";[36][37] when the office secretaries heard about this, they began referring to the STS-41-D crew as the "zoo crew".[38] Resnik was a fan of Tom Selleck, and had a coffee cup that said: "Excuse No. 1: I'm Saving Myself for Tom Selleck."[39] Her crew mates hid a poster of Tom Selleck behind the bathroom curtain on Discovery.[40] During a visit to a contractor's factory, Resnik whispered to Mullane: "there are no maidens on this flight".[41] She was the center of attention on such visits, and one contractor engineer became a stalker, sending her unwelcome letters, poems and gifts. Eventually, after he appeared in the office, he had to be dealt with by NASA security.[42]

The STS-41-D mission's launch was delayed three times. The first attempt, on June 25, 1984, was aborted due to a failure of the backup computer. During the second attempt the following day, the computer detected a fault in one of the Space Shuttle Main Engines, and shut them down four seconds before liftoff. This was the first time a NASA space mission had been aborted after starting the engines since Gemini 6 in 1965. Discovery had to be taken back the Vehicle Assembly Building, where the faulty engine was replaced. A further launch attempt was made on August 30, but was again delayed for a day due to a software issue. Finally, on August 30, Discovery lifted off for the first time, and was in orbit eight minutes later.[43] Resnik invited her family to watch the launch from the VIP viewing area. This included her father, brother, Oldak and Nahmi. Her mother was also in attendance, to avoid bad publicity.[44]

Resnik became the second American woman in space. She was also the first American Jewish astronaut to go into space, and the first Jewish woman.[45] Her duties included operating the Space Shuttle's robotic arm, which she helped create and on which she was an expert.[46] On the first day of the mission, Resnik and Mullane deployed the first of three commercial communications satellites, the SBS-4 satellite for Satellite Business Systems.[43][47] On the second day, the crew released a second satellite, Syncom IV-2, also known as Leasat 2, for the U.S. Navy.[43] While Hartsfield was filming its release with the IMAX camera for the documentary The Dream is Alive, Resnik's hair became caught in the camera's belt feed mechanism. The camera jammed, and she had to be cut free with scissors. Strands of loose hair floated about the cabin. Hartsfield informed the mission control center that the camera had jammed, but did not say why. Coats was able to repair the camera, and Hartsfield continued filming, while Resnik kept her distance.[48][49] The crew deployed a third satellite, Telstar 302 for Telesat of Canada, without mishap the following day.[43]

That day Resnik also deployed the OAST-1 solar array wing,[43] considered a potential future way of generating additional electrical power during space missions. After performing numerous dynamic tests that day and the next, she concluded that the experiment was well-behaved and matched ground simulations of the array. She advocated the benefits of the solar array technology, particularly for future use in powering space stations.[50] During the mission, she held up a hand-written sign saying "Hi Dad" to the cameras, and in a live televised broadcast told President Ronald Reagan "the Earth looks great". When Reagan asked her if the flight was all she hoped it would be, she replied, "It certainly is and I couldn't have picked a better crew to fly with."[50] After the mission, Hartsfield described Resnik as the "astronaut's astronaut",[1] while Mullane wrote: "I was also happy to be crewed with Judy... She was smart, hardworking, and dependable, all the things you would want in a fellow crewmember."[51]

Discovery landed back at Edwards Air Force Base on September 5, after a flight lasting 6 days and 56 minutes.[43]

Challenger disaster
Main article: Space Shuttle Challenger disaster

On January 29, 1985, NASA announced that Resnik had been assigned to the crew of STS-51-L. The main objective of this mission was to launch TDRS-B, the second in a series of NASA Tracking and Data Relay Satellites.[52] It would also carry the Spartan (Shuttle Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy), which would use two ultraviolet spectrometers to study the tail of Comet Halley. [53] Resnik was primarily responsible for the operation of the RMS and, with fellow astronaut Ronald McNair, would deploy and later retrieve the Spartan.[54] The flight would also carry Christa McAuliffe, a teacher-observer selected as part of NASA's Teacher in Space Project.[53] Resnik was part of the team of astronauts who flew to Washington, D.C., to speak to the 113 finalists, and provide them an insider's view of a Space Shuttle mission. They were taken to the National Air and Space Museum, where they viewed The Dream is Alive with its scenes of Resnik deploying a satellite and eating and sleeping in space. She told them that it was a shame that they could not all fly in space, but privately she disagreed with NASA's decision to send civilians on the Space Shuttle. [55] Resnik's assignment was tied to McAuliffe's; NASA wanted McAuliffe to fly with a veteran female astronaut.[56]

Initially scheduled for January 24, 1986, the launch was delayed until January 28 by rain, high winds and a trouble bolt on the Space Shuttle Challenger's door.[57] Resnik's father and stepmother, and her brother and his family watched the launch from the VIP area, as did her Firestone High math teacher. She also invited Tom Selleck, but he declined the invitation. She carried with her a locket for her niece, and signet ring for her nephew, and a cigarette lighter for Nahmi.[58] Challenger lifted off from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B at 11:38 on January 28. A minute later Challenger broke up, torn apart by aerodynamic forces after a catastrophic failure of an O-ring seal on the starboard solid rocket booster. The cabin remained intact until it hit the water at 333 kilometres per hour (207 mph), killing all on board.[59] Her last recorded words aboard Challenger regarded scanning for "LVLH" (low-vertical/low-horizontal), reminding the cockpit crew of a switch configuration change.[1]

Following the Challenger disaster, examination of the recovered vehicle cockpit revealed that three of the crew members' Personal Egress Air Packs were activated for pilot Michael J. Smith and two other crew members. The location of Smith's activation switch on the back of his seat means either Resnik or Onizuka likely activated it for him. Mike Mullane wrote:

"Mike Smith's PEAP had been turned on by Judy or El, I wondered if I would have had the presence of mind to do the same thing had I been in Challenger's cockpit. Or would I have been locked in a catatonic paralysis of fear? There had been nothing in our training concerning the activation of a PEAP in the event of an in-flight emergency. The fact that Judy or El had done so for Mike Smith made them heroic in my mind. They had been able to block out the terrifying sights and sounds and motions of Challenger's destruction and had reached for that switch. It was the type of thing a true astronaut would do—maintain their cool in the direst of circumstances."[60]

This is the only evidence that shows Onizuka and Resnik were alive after the cockpit separated from the vehicle. If the cabin had lost pressure, the air packs alone would not have sustained the crew during the two-minute descent.[61] Resnik's remains were recovered from the crashed vehicle cockpit by Navy divers of the USS Preserver.[62] They were cremated and buried in Arlington National Cemetery on May 20, 1986, comingled with those of her six Challenger crewmates .[63]

Legacy
Amy Resnik, wife of Charles Resnik, touches the Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial after a wreath laying ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery as part of NASA's Day of Remembrance

Resnik was posthumously awarded the Congressional Space Medal of Honor.[64] She was also awarded the NASA Space Flight Medal for her first flight.[2] Landmarks and buildings being named for her include a dormitory at her alma mater, Carnegie Mellon University;[65] Judith A. Resnik Elementary School in Gaithersburg, Maryland;[66] Judith A. Resnik Community Learning Center in her hometown of Akron;[67] and Judith A. Resnik Middle School, established in 2016, in San Antonio, Texas.[68] A crater on the Moon was named after her,[69] as was one on Venus, where all features are named after women.[70] An asteroid, 3356 Resnik, was also named after her. [71]

A memorial to Resnik and the rest of the crew of Challenger was dedicated in Seabrook, Texas, where Resnik lived while stationed at the Johnson Space Center.[72] The IEEE Judith A. Resnik Award was established in 1986 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and is presented annually to an individual or team in recognition of outstanding contributions to space engineering in areas of relevance to the IEEE.[73] The Society of Women Engineers (SWE) awards the Resnik Challenger Medal annually to "a woman who has changed the space industry, has personally contributed innovative technology verified by flight experience (include launch date), and will be recognized through future decades as having created milestones in the development of space as a resource for all humankind."[74] The Challenger Center was established in 1986 by the families of the Challenger crew, including Resnik's brother, Charles, in honor of the crew members. The goal of the center is to increase science, technology, engineering, and mathematics interest in children.[75][76][77]

Resnik was portrayed by Julie Fulton in the 1990 made for TV movie Challenger.[78]

See also

Notes
  1. Cavallaro 2017, pp. 28–31.
  2. "Biographical Data – Judith A. Resnik (Ph.D.) NASA astronaut (deceased)" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved February 27, 2020.
  3. "Bleaching kinetics of visual pigments". University of Maryland. Retrieved February 27, 2022 – via Worldcat.
  4. Green, David B. (April 5, 2015). "This Day in Jewish History / Female astronaut who would die in shuttle explosion is born". Haaretz. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  5. "Sarah Resnik Belfer, mother of astronaut Judith Resnik, was 89". Cleveland Jewish News. March 18, 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  6. "A brother's emotional remembrance: 'Judy was brilliant'". WBALTV. January 28, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  7. Kolbert, Elizabeth (February 9, 1986). "Two Paths to the Stars: Turnings and Triumphs; Judith Resnik". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
  8. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 9.
  9. "Marvin Resnik, father of Challenger astronaut Judith Resnik, was 90". Cleveland Jewish News. March 18, 2010. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  10. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 10.
  11. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 14.
  12. Ware & Braukman 2004, p. 426.
  13. "Judith Resnik (1949–1986)]". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  14. Gibson 2014, pp. 91–94.
  15. Swaney, Chriss (March 1, 2011). "Judy Resnik: Family, Friends Remember Engineer Who Reached for the Stars". The Piper. Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  16. Ferraro, Thomas (February 3, 1986). "Although their marriage ended in divorce in 1976, Michael..." UPI. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  17. Spencer, Scott; Spolar, Chris (January 16, 1987). "The Epic Flight of Judith Resnik". Esquire. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  18. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 22–25.
  19. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 26–27.
  20. "Remembering the Challenger". The Ohio Historical Society Collections Blog. Archived from the original on January 5, 2016.
  21. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 28–30.
  22. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 28–29.
  23. Resnik, Judith A.; Malerba, Franco E.; Colburn, Theodore R.; Murray, George C.; Smith, T. G. (1978). "A novel rapid scanning microspectrophotometer and its use in measuring rhodopsin photoproduct pathways and kinetics in frog retinas". Journal of the Optical Society of America. 68 (7): 937–948. Bibcode:1978JOSA...68..937R. doi:10.1364/josa.68.000937. PMID 712451.
  24. Mullane 2006, p. 181.
  25. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 32–33.
  26. Renner, Lisanne (January 29, 1986). "Coverage from the day space shuttle Challenger exploded: Resnik liked a job label with no frills". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved July 3, 2013.
  27. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 34.
  28. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 38–39.
  29. Tietjen 2017, p. 72.
  30. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 40.
  31. Evans 2012, p. 249.
  32. Seddon, Rhea (May 21, 2010). "Rhea Seddon Oral History" (Interview). Interviewed by Jennifer Ross-Nazzal. Murfreesboro, Tennessee. Retrieved March 16, 2022.
  33. Shayler & Burgess 2020, pp. 290–293.
  34. Lawrence, John (February 4, 1983). "STS-11 and STS-12 Crews Named" (PDF) (Press release). NASA. 83-003. Retrieved March 17, 2022.
  35. Mullane 2006, pp. 111–113.
  36. Mullane 2006, pp. 90–91.
  37. Talley, Olive (June 23, 1984). "Discovery's crew includes woman". UPI Archives. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  38. Mullane 2006, pp. 115–116.
  39. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 55.
  40. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 53.
  41. Mullane 2006, p. 114.
  42. Mullane 2006, p. 115.
  43. "35 Years Ago: STS-41D — First Flight of Space Shuttle Discovery". NASA. August 27, 2019. Retrieved March 19, 2022.
  44. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 52.
  45. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, p. 47.
  46. Wayne 2011, p. 796.
  47. Mullane 2006, p. 173.
  48. Mullane 2006, pp. 177–178.
  49. Evans 2012, pp. 263–264.
  50. Shayler & Moule 2006, pp. 216–218.
  51. Mullane 2006, p. 112.
  52. Redmond, Charles; White, Terry (January 29, 1985). "NASA Names Crews to Deploy Satellites in Year-End Flight" (PDF) (Press release). NASA. 85-005. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  53. "Space Shuttle Missions STS-51-L Press Kit". NASA. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  54. Evans 2012, p. 444.
  55. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 64–67.
  56. Mullane 2006, p. 214.
  57. Broad, William J. (January 28, 1986). "24-Hour Delay Called For Shuttle Flight As Wind and Balky Bolt Bar Launching". The New York Times. p. 3. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
  58. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 71–73.
  59. Bernstein, Blue & Gerber 1990, pp. 79–85.
  60. Mullane 2006, p. 275.
  61. Joseph P. Kerwin. "Letter from Joseph Kerwin to Richard Truly relating to the deaths of the astronauts in the Challenger accident". National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Retrieved October 20, 2009.
  62. Broad, William J. (March 10, 1986). "Navy Divers Sight Astronaut Cabin; Dead are Aboard". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  63. "Space Shuttle Challenger Memorial". Arlington National Cemetery. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  64. Jacobs, Bob; Mahone, Glenn (July 23, 2004). "Challenger Crew Honored With Congressional Space Medal Of Honor". NASA. Retrieved November 15, 2020.
  65. "Resnik House – Housing & Residential Education – Student Affairs". Carnegie Mellon University. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  66. "Judith A. Resnik ES". Montgomery Schools. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  67. "About Us – Resnik CLC K-5". Judith A. Resnik Community Learning Center. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  68. Friedman, Courtney (August 18, 2016). "Southwest ISD names middle school after Challenger astronaut Judith Resnik". KSAT. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  69. "NASA". Challenger Astronauts Memorialized on the Moon. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  70. Schmemann, Serge (February 2, 1986). "Soviet Union to Name 2 Venus Craters for Shuttle's Women". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  71. Sullivan, Walter (March 27, 1986). "Seven Asteroids are Named for Crew of the Space Shuttle". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2022.
  72. "Memorial dedicated to Challenger crew". UPI Archives. Retrieved February 27, 2022.
  73. "IEEE Judith A. Resnik Award". IEEE. Retrieved December 27, 2009.
  74. "Resnik Challenger Medal". Society of Women Engineers. Retrieved March 21, 2022.
  75. "Who We Are". Challenger.org. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  76. "Resnik, Charles". University of Maryland School of Medicine. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  77. "Charles Resnik". Challenger.org. Retrieved January 15, 2018.
  78. Froelich, Janis D. (February 23, 1990). "Challenger is Too Boosterish". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved February 27, 2022.

References
  • Bernstein, Joanne E; Blue, Rose; Gerber, Alan Jay (1990). Judith Resnik, Challenger Astronaut. New York: Lodestar Books. ISBN 978-0-525-67305-7. OCLC 20594024.
  • Cavallaro, Umberto (2017). Women Spacefarers: Sixty Different Paths to Space. Chichester: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-34047-0. OCLC 1066696221.
  • Evans, Ben (2012). Tragedy and Triumph in Orbit: The Eighties and Early Nineties. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-4614-3429-0. OCLC 816202257.
  • Gibson, Karen (2014). Women in Space: 23 Stories of First Flights, Scientific Missions, and Gravity-Breaking Adventures. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. ISBN 978-1-64160-313-3. OCLC 1111936104.
  • Mullane, Mike (2006). Riding Rockets: The Outrageous Tales of a Space Shuttle Astronaut. New York: Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-7682-5. OCLC 237049278.
  • Shayler, David; Moule, Ian A. (2006). Women in Space – Following Valentina. New York: Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-744-5. OCLC 218506039.
  • Shayler, David J.; Burgess, Colin (2020). NASA's First Space Shuttle Astronaut selection: Redefining the Right Stuff. Chicester, UK: Praxis Publishing. ISBN 978-3030-45741-9. OCLC 1145568343.
  • Tietjen, Jill S. (2017). Engineering Women: Re-visioning Women's Scientific Achievements and Impacts. Cham: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-40800-2. OCLC 1105279881.
  • Ware, Susan; Braukman, Stacy, eds. (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6. OCLC 184794830.
  • Wayne, Tiffany K. (2011). American Women of Science Since 1900. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California. ISBN 978-1-59884-158-9. OCLC 841850385.
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