Heian literature

Heian literature (平安文学, Heian-bungaku) or Chūko literature (中古文学, chūko-bungaku, "mid-ancient literature") refers to Japanese literature of the Heian period, running from 794 to 1185.[1] This article summarizes its history and development.

Overview

Kanshi (poetry written in Chinese) and kanbun (prose in Chinese)[2] had remained popular since the Nara period, and the influence of the Tang poet Bai Juyi (Haku Kyoi in Japanese) on Japanese kanshi in this period was great. Even in the Tale of Genji, a pure Japanese work composed entirely in kana, particularly in the chapter "Kiritsubo", the influence of his Song of Everlasting Regret has been widely recognized. Sugawara no Michizane, who taught at the Daigaku-ryō before becoming Minister of the Right, was known not only as a politician but as a leading kanshi poet.[3]

In 905, with the imperial order to compile the Kokinshū,[4] the first imperial anthology, waka poetry acquired a status comparable to kanshi. Waka were composed at uta-awase and other official events, and the private collections of well-known poets such as Ki no Tsurayuki (the Tsurayuki-shū) and Lady Ise (the Ise-shū) became well-known.

During this period, since the language of most official documents was Chinese, most men of the nobility used Chinese characters to write poetry and prose in Chinese,[5] but among women the kana syllabary continued to grow in popularity, and more and more men adopted this simpler style of writing as well. Most of the works of literature from the Heian period that are still well-regarded today were written predominantly in kana. Diaries had been written by men in Chinese for some time, but in the early tenth century Ki no Tsurayuki chose to write his Tosa Nikki [6] from the standpoint of a woman, in kana. Partly due to the Tosa Nikki's influence, diaries written in Japanese became increasingly common.

Timeline of notable works

797 – Shoku Nihongi by Fujiwara no Tsuginawa, Sugano no Mamichi et al. (history)
807 - Kogo Shūi by Inbe no Hironari (Inbe clan history)
814 – Ryōunshū, compiled by Ono no Minemori, Sugawara no Kiyotomo et al. (kanshi anthology)[7]
815 – Shinsen Shōjiroku by Prince Manda (万多親王, Manda-shinnō), et al. (genealogy)
818 – Bunka Shūreishū, compiled by Fujiwara no Fuyutsugu, Sugawara no Kiyotomo et al. (kanshi anthology) [8]
824 – Nihon Ryōiki [9] by Kyōkai (景戒, also pronounced Keikai) (setsuwa anthology)
827 – Keikokushū, compiled by Yoshimine no Yasuyo, Sugawara no Kiyotomo et al. (kanshi anthology)[10]
835 – Shōryōshū by Kūkai (kanshi/kanbun anthology)[11]
841 – Nihon Kōki by Fujiwara no Otsugu et al. (history)
847 - Ennin's Diary [12]
869 – Shoku Nihon Kōki
879 – Toshi Bunshū
879 - Nihon Montoku Tennō Jitsuroku (history)
892 - Ruijū Kokushi (history)
900 – Kanke Bunsō by Sugawara no Michizane (kanshi/kanbun anthology)[13]
901 - Nihon Sandai Jitsuroku (history)
905 – Kokin Wakashū - compiled by Ki no Tsurayuki, Ki no Tomonori, Ōshikōchi no Mitsune and Mibu no Tadamine on the orders of Emperor Daigo (chokusen wakashū) [14]
Before 910 – Taketori Monogatari [15](author unknown; monogatari)
913 - Shinsen Manyoshu
927 - Engishiki[16]
935 – Tosa Nikki [17] by Ki no Tsurayuki (diary)
939 - Teishinkoki [18]
(date unknown) - Ise Monogatari [19] (uta monogatari)
951 - Yamato monogatari[20]
952 - heichu monogatari[21]
962 - Tonomine Shosho Monogatari[22]
972 - toyokage monogatari [23]
974 - Kagerō Nikki [24]
975 - Ochikubo Monogatari[25]
Before 977 – Utsubo Monogatari by Unknown
977 - honin no jiju shu[26]
980 - Sumiyoshi monogatari it was a highly influential book read by Murasaki Shikibu and Sei Shōnagon[27]
982 - Chiteiki[28]
984 - Sanpo-e [29]
991 - Fujiwara no Sari hitsu shojō a letter by Fujiwara no sari
1002 – The Pillow Book [30] by Sei Shōnagon ('zuihitsu)
1004 - Izumi Shikibu Nikki [31] by Izumi Shikibu a poetic diary
1008 – The Tale of Genji[32] by Murasaki Shikibu (tsukuri-monogatari)
1010 - Murasaki Shikibu Nikki[33]
1012 - Shinsen Zuinō[34] by Fujiwara no kinto
1012 - Waka Kuhon[35] by Fujiwara no kinto
1013 - Wakan rōeishū[36]
1017 - Gonki [37][38][39] a diary by Fujiwara no Yukinari
1020 – Sarashina Nikki [40] by Takasue's daughter
1021 - Midō Kanpakuki the diary of Fujiwara no michinaga
1030 - Gengenshu by Nōin
1031 - Hosshin Wakashu [41]
1032 - shoyuki by Fujiwara no Sanesuke
1043 - Hokke Genki [42]
1047 - Enoshima engi[43]
1050 - Sakuteiki (the first garden manual)[44]
1050 - Nōin Utamakura by Nōin
1055 - tsutsumi chunagon monogatari a book of short stories [45]
1059 - Yoru no Nezame
1060 - Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari[46]
1061 - Sagami-shū by sagami
1076 - sagoromo Monogatari[47]
1081 - Suisaki a diary by Minamoto no Toshifusa
1099 - Go-Nijō donoki (Moromichi Diary) a diary by Fujiwara no Moromichi
1100 - Rōei gōchū a commentary on the Wakan rōeishū by Ōe no Masafusa
1105 - konjaku monogatarish [48]
1107 - eiga monogatari [49]
1109 - Honchō shinsenden by Ōe no Masafusa[50]
1109 - Sanuki no suke Nikki the diary of Sanuki no suke [51]
1110 - Nezame monogatari emaki
1113 - Nishi Honganji Sanju-rokunin Kashu
1113 - ise Nikki [52]
1113 - Saigū no Nyōgo Shū
1113 - Okikaze-shū
1120 – Ōkagami [53](author unknown; rekishi monogatari)
1120 – Konjaku Monogatarishū [54](compiler unknown; setsuwa anthology)
1127 – Kin'yō Wakashū, compiled by Minamoto no Toshiyori (chokusen wakashū)
1131 - Kohon Setsuwashu a recently discovered setsuwa (that was lost )
1140 - Genji monogatari emaki
1142 - Kikki a diary by Tsunefusa yoshida (started in 1142 finished in 1200)
1144 - rin'yō wakashū a personal collection by shun'e
1150 - Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga
1150 - Kibi Daijin Nittō Emaki [55][56][57][58]
1150 - Gaki-zoshi at the kyoto national museum
1150 - jigokuzōji hell scroll at the nara national museum
1150 - Hekija-E (Extermination of Evil)
1150 - jigoku-zoshi Hell Scroll at the Tokyo National Museum
1151 – Shika Wakashū, compiled by Fujiwara no Akisuke (chokusen wakashū)
1151 - Sankaiki a diary by Nakayama Tadachika (started 1151 ended 1194)
1156 - Hogen monogatari[59]
1157 - Shigisan Engi Emaki
1158 - Nenju gyōji emaki
1159 - Honcho Seiki (history)
1160 - heiji monogatari[60]
1161 - Kirei Mondō a manual for writing letters by Nakayama Tadachika
1164 - Gyokuyo a diary by Kanezane kujo (started in 1164 finished in 1200)
1164 - Fujiwara no Tadamichi hitsushojōan a set of 25 letters by Fujiwara no Tadamichi to be a manual for writing letters
1169 - Fusō Ryakuki
1170 –Imakagami by Fujiwara no Tametsune (rekishi monogatari)
1170 - Torikaebaya Monogatari [61]
1178 - Takakura tennō shinkan goshōsoku a letter by emperor takakura
1178 - Seigan-ji urabon engi a history of the ghost festival scroll
1180 - Takakura-in Itsukushima Gokōki a travel diary by Minamoto no Michichika
1180 - Saigyo Poems of a Mountain Home [62]
1180 - Ryōjin Hishō[63]
1181 - Kojijū-shū
1181 - Takakura-in Shōkaki a diary by Minamoto no michichika mourning the death of emperor takakura
1182 - Nijōin no Sanuki Shū
1183 - Kokawa-dera Engi Emaki
1184 - Ban Dainagon Ekotoba
1184 - Nijō Taikō Taigōgū no Daini shu
1185 - heike monogatari[64]
1185 - takamura monogatari[65]
1188 – Senzai Wakashū, compiled by Fujiwara no Shunzei on the command of Emperor Go-Shirakawa in 1183 it started to be compiled (chokusen-wakashū)

Notes

"Heian period". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-04-24.
Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.
Borgen, Robert (1994-01-01). Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1590-5.
McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1258-3.
Shonagon, Sei (2006-11-30). The Pillow Book. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-14-044806-1.
Tsurayuki, Ki No (2011-12-20). Tosa Diary. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0336-8.
Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.
Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.
Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon ryoiki. Columbia University Press. 2013-07-23. ISBN 978-0-231-53516-8.
Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.
Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.
Ennin (2020-10-25). Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law. Angelico Press. ISBN 978-1-62138-651-3.
Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.
McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1258-3.
Dickins, Frederick Victor (2016-09-30). The Old Bamboo-Hewer's Story (Taketori Monogatari): The Earliest of the Japanese Romances, Written in the Tenth Century (Classic Reprint). 1kg Limited. ISBN 978-1-333-79969-4.
The Holy Kojiki -- Including, the Yengishiki. Cosimo, Inc. 2007-07-01. ISBN 978-1-59605-997-9.
Tsurayuki, Ki No (2011-12-20). Tosa Diary. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0336-8.
Fujiwara, Tadahira (2008). 貞信御記: The Year 939 in the Journal of Regent Fujiwara No Tadahira. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-933947-10-5.
The Tales of Ise. Penguin UK. 2016-09-01. ISBN 978-0-14-139258-5.
Tahara, Mildred M. (1980). Tales of Yamato: A Tenth Century Poem-tale. University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0617-0.
Videen, Susan Downing (1989). Tales of Heichū. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-38715-7.
Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2778-6.
Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2778-6.
The Gossamer Years: The Diary of a Noblewoman of Heian Japan. Tuttle Publishing. 1989-12-15. ISBN 978-0-8048-1123-1.
Whitehouse (2013-10-28). Tale Of Lady Ochikubo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-22035-7.
Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2778-6.
Japan, Asiatic Society of (2015-09-26). Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Volumes 28-30. Creative Media Partners, LLC. ISBN 978-1-343-54692-9.
Stavros, Matthew Gerald (2022-01-22). In Praise of Solitude: Two Japanese Classics on Reclusion. Chiteiki by Yoshishige No Yasutane, and Hojoki by Kamo No Chomei. Vicus Lusorum. ISBN 978-0-6453932-2-4.
Kamens, Edward; Minamoto, Tamenori (1988). The Three Jewels: A Study and Translation of Minamoto Tamenori's Sanbōe. Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-939512-34-8.
Shonagon, Sei (2006-11-30). The Pillow Book. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-14-044806-1.
Various (2021-01-19). Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan. Prabhat Prakashan.
Shikibu, Murasaki (2015-07-27). The Tale of Genji. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-24807-4.
Shikibu, Murasaki (1996-03-07). The Diary of Lady Murasaki. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-190765-9.
Teele, Nicholas J. (1976). "Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon"". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (2): 145–164. doi:10.2307/2384458. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2384458.
Teele, Nicholas J. (1976). "Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon"". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (2): 145–164. doi:10.2307/2384458. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2384458.
Rimer, J. Thomas; Chaves, Jonathan; Konishi, Jin'ichi (1997). Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing: The Wakan Rōei Shū. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10702-0.
藤原行成; 倉本一宏 (December 2011). 藤原行成「権記」: 全現代語訳 (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-292084-1.
倉本一宏 (2012). 藤原行成「権記」中: 全現代語訳 (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-292085-8.
倉本一宏 (February 2012). 藤原行成「権記」下: 全現代語訳 (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-292086-5.
Various (2021-01-19). Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan. Prabhat Prakashan.
Kamens, Edward (2020-08-01). The Buddhist Poetry of the Great Kamo Priestess: Daisaiin Senshi and Hosshin Wakashu. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-03831-2.
Chingen (1987). Miraculous Tales of the Lotus Sutra from Ancient Japan: The Dainihonkoku Hokekyōkenki of Priest Chingen. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0967-6.
"Bemsha10". sites.google.com. Retrieved 2022-03-27.
Takei, Jiro; Keane, Marc P. (2011-04-11). Sakuteiki: Visions of the Japanese Garden. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0012-1.
The Tsutsumi Chūnagon Monogatari: A Collection of 11th-century Short Stories of Japan. Hokuseido Press. 1963.
A Tale of Eleventh-Century Japan: Hamamatsu Chunagon Monogatari. Princeton University Press. 2014-07-14. ISBN 978-1-4008-5668-8.
Celebrating Sorrow: Medieval Tributes to "The Tale of Sagoromo". Cornell University Press. 2022-08-15. ISBN 978-1-5017-6479-0.
The Konjaku Tales: From a Medieval Japanese Collection. Chinese section. Intercultural Research Institute, Kansai Gaidai University Publication. 1994. ISBN 978-4-87335-017-2.
McCullough, William H.; McCullough, Helen Craig (1980). A Tale of Flowering Fortunes: Annals of Japanese Aristocratic Life in the Heian Period. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1039-8.
Daoism in Japan: the Honchō Shinsen-den. 1999.
Suke, Sanuki no; Nagako, Fujiwara no (1977). The Emperor Horikawa Diary: Sanuki No Suke Nikki. University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-608-00533-1.
Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2778-6.
McCullough, Helen Craig (2014-07-14). OKAGAMI, The Great Mirror: Fujiwara Michinaga (966-1027) and His Times. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-5593-3.
Ury, Marian (1979). Tales of Times Now Past: Sixty-two Stories from a Medieval Japanese Collection. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03864-6.
"Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 1". collections.mfa.org. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
"Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 2". collections.mfa.org. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
"Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 3". collections.mfa.org. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
"Minister Kibi's Adventures in China (Kibi daijin nittô emaki), scroll 4". collections.mfa.org. Retrieved 2022-03-23.
Before Heike and After: Hōgen, Heiji, Jōkyūki. Blue-Tongue Books. 2016. ISBN 978-0-9945715-2-6.
Before Heike and After: Hōgen, Heiji, Jōkyūki. Blue-Tongue Books. 2016. ISBN 978-0-9945715-2-6.
The Changelings: A Classical Japanese Court Tale. Stanford University Press. 1983. ISBN 978-0-8047-1124-1.
Saigyō (1991). Poems of a Mountain Home. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-07493-3.
Kim, Yung-Hee (2018-08-14). Songs to Make the Dust Dance: The Ryojin Hisho of Twelfth-Century Japan. Univ of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-30306-5.
The Tale of the Heike. Penguin. 2014-03-25. ISBN 978-0-14-310726-2.
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[1] "Heian period". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2007-04-24.

[2] Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.

[3] Borgen, Robert (1994-01-01). Sugawara No Michizane and the Early Heian Court. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1590-5.

[4] McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1258-3.

[5] Shonagon, Sei (2006-11-30). The Pillow Book. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-14-044806-1.

[6] Tsurayuki, Ki No (2011-12-20). Tosa Diary. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0336-8.

[7] Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.

[8] Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.

[9] Record of Miraculous Events in Japan: The Nihon ryoiki. Columbia University Press. 2013-07-23. ISBN 978-0-231-53516-8.

[10] Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.

[11] Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.

[12] Ennin (2020-10-25). Ennin's Diary: The Record of a Pilgrimage to China in Search of the Law. Angelico Press. ISBN 978-1-62138-651-3.

[13] Rabinovitch, Judith N.; Rabinovitch, Judith R.; Bradstock, Timothy Roland (2005). Dance of the Butterflies: Chinese Poetry from the Japanese Court Tradition. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-885445-35-3.

[14] McCullough, Helen Craig (1985). Kokin WakashÅ«: The First Imperial Anthology of Japanese Poetry : with Tosa Nikki and Shinsen Waka. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-1258-3.

[15] Dickins, Frederick Victor (2016-09-30). The Old Bamboo-Hewer's Story (Taketori Monogatari): The Earliest of the Japanese Romances, Written in the Tenth Century (Classic Reprint). 1kg Limited. ISBN 978-1-333-79969-4.

[16] The Holy Kojiki -- Including, the Yengishiki. Cosimo, Inc. 2007-07-01. ISBN 978-1-59605-997-9.

[17] Tsurayuki, Ki No (2011-12-20). Tosa Diary. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4629-0336-8.

[18] Fujiwara, Tadahira (2008). 貞信御記: The Year 939 in the Journal of Regent Fujiwara No Tadahira. East Asia Program, Cornell University. ISBN 978-1-933947-10-5.

[19] The Tales of Ise. Penguin UK. 2016-09-01. ISBN 978-0-14-139258-5.

[20] Tahara, Mildred M. (1980). Tales of Yamato: A Tenth Century Poem-tale. University Press of Hawaii. ISBN 978-0-8248-0617-0.

[21] Videen, Susan Downing (1989). Tales of Heichū. Harvard Univ Asia Center. ISBN 978-0-674-38715-7.

[22] Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2778-6.

[23] Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2778-6.

[24] The Gossamer Years: The Diary of a Noblewoman of Heian Japan. Tuttle Publishing. 1989-12-15. ISBN 978-0-8048-1123-1.

[25] Whitehouse (2013-10-28). Tale Of Lady Ochikubo. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-22035-7.

[26] Mostow, Joshua S. (2004-07-31). At the House of Gathered Leaves: Shorter Biographical and Autobiographical Narratives from Japanese Court Literature. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2778-6.

[27] Japan, Asiatic Society of (2015-09-26). Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan, Volumes 28-30. Creative Media Partners, LLC. ISBN 978-1-343-54692-9.

[28] Stavros, Matthew Gerald (2022-01-22). In Praise of Solitude: Two Japanese Classics on Reclusion. Chiteiki by Yoshishige No Yasutane, and Hojoki by Kamo No Chomei. Vicus Lusorum. ISBN 978-0-6453932-2-4.

[29] Kamens, Edward; Minamoto, Tamenori (1988). The Three Jewels: A Study and Translation of Minamoto Tamenori's Sanbōe. Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan. ISBN 978-0-939512-34-8.

[30] Shonagon, Sei (2006-11-30). The Pillow Book. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-14-044806-1.

[31] Various (2021-01-19). Diaries of Court Ladies of Old Japan. Prabhat Prakashan.

[32] Shikibu, Murasaki (2015-07-27). The Tale of Genji. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-24807-4.

[33] Shikibu, Murasaki (1996-03-07). The Diary of Lady Murasaki. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-0-14-190765-9.

[34] Teele, Nicholas J. (1976). "Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon"". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (2): 145–164. doi:10.2307/2384458. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2384458.

[35] Teele, Nicholas J. (1976). "Rules for Poetic Elegance. Fujiwara no Kintō's "Shinsen Zuinō" & "Waka Kuhon"". Monumenta Nipponica. 31 (2): 145–164. doi:10.2307/2384458. ISSN 0027-0741. JSTOR 2384458.

[36] Rimer, J. Thomas; Chaves, Jonathan; Konishi, Jin'ichi (1997). Japanese and Chinese Poems to Sing: The Wakan Rōei Shū. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10702-0.

[37] 藤原行成; 倉本一宏 (December 2011). 藤原行成「権記」: 全現代語訳 (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-292084-1.

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[39] 倉本一宏 (February 2012). 藤原行成「権記」下: 全現代語訳 (in Japanese). 講談社. ISBN 978-4-06-292086-5.

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