List of Ottoman grand viziers
The Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire (Turkish: Vezir-i Azam or Sadr-ı Azam (Sadrazam); Ottoman Turkish: صدر اعظم or وزیر اعظم) was the de facto prime minister of the sultan in the Ottoman Empire, with the absolute power of attorney and, in principle, removable only by the sultan himself in the classical period, before the Tanzimat reforms, or until the 1908 Revolution. He held the imperial seal and could summon all other viziers to attend to affairs of the state in the Imperial Council; the viziers in conference were called "kubbe viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the Kubbealtı ('under-the-dome') in Topkapı Palace. His offices were located at the Sublime Porte.
| Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire | |
|---|---|
 Seal of the Grand Vizier | |
| Style | His Excellency |
| Residence | Bab-ı Ali |
| Appointer | The Sultan |
| Formation | 1328 |
| First holder | Alaeddin Pasha |
| Final holder | Ahmet Tevfik Pasha |
| Abolished | 1 November 1922 |
| Succession | Prime Minister of Turkey |
History
| State organisation of the Ottoman Empire |
|---|
.svg.png.webp) |
|
|
| Classic period |
| Constitutional period |
During the emerging phases of the Ottoman state, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "grand vizier" was Çandarlı Kara Halil Hayreddin Pasha (also known as Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder). The purpose in instituting the title "grand vizier" was to differentiate the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more regularly used title of vezir-i âzam was slowly replaced by sadrazam, both meaning grand vizier in practice. Throughout Ottoman history, the grand viziers have also been called sadr-ı âlî ('high vizier'), vekil-i mutlak ('absolute attorney'), sâhib-i devlet ('holder of the state'), serdar-ı ekrem ('gracious general'), serdar-ı azam ('grand general') and zât-ı âsafî ('vizieral person') and başnazır,[1] literally "prime minister" in Ottoman Turkish.
In the late periods of the Ottoman Empire, especially during and after the 19th century, the grand vizier began to hold a position almost identical to that of a prime minister in other European states.[2] Reforms seen during and after the Tanzimat (1838), the First Constitutional Era (1876–1878), and the Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920) further brought the office of the grand vizier in line with the European standard, making the incumbent the head of a Cabinet of other ministers. During the two constitutional eras, the grand vizier also served as the speaker of the Senate, the upper house of the bicameral Ottoman Parliament. With the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923, the Prime Minister of Turkey took on the roles of the former office.
Grand viziers were often replaced or resigned in rapid succession, frequently leading to political instability. In the final 10 years of the Empire alone, the office of the grand vizier changed hands 13 times between 12 men; some, such as Ahmed Izzet Pasha and Salih Hulusi Pasha, held office for less than a month.
Absolute monarchy (1320–1876)
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Sultan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| 1 | Alaeddin Pasha
(?) |
1320 | 1331 | 11 years | Osman I
(1299–1326) | |
| Orhan
(1326–1362) | ||||||
| 2 | Nizamüddin Ahmed Pasha
(1281–1380) |
1331 | 1348 | 17 years | ||
| 3 | Hacı Pasha
(?) |
1348 | 1349 | 1 year | ||
| 4 | Sinanüddin Fakih Yusuf Pasha
(d. 1364) |
1349 | 1364 | 15 years | ||
| Murad I
(1362–1389) | ||||||
| 5 | Kara
Çandarlı Halil Hayreddin Pasha (Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder) (1330–1387) |
1364 | 22 January
1387 |
23 years, 21 days | ||
| 6 | Çandarlı Ali Pasha
(d. 1406) |
1387 | 1406 | 19 years | ||
| Bayezid I
(1389–1402) | ||||||
| Mehmed I
(1403–1421) | ||||||
| 7 | Osmancıklı Imamzade Halil Pasha
(?) |
1406 | 1413 | 7 years | ||
| 8 | Amasyalı Bayezid Pasha
(d. 1421) |
1413 | 1421 | 8 years | ||
| 9 | Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Elder
(d. 1429) |
1421 | 1429 | 8 years | Murad II
(1421–1444) | |
| 10 | KocaAmasyalı Hazır Dânişmendoğlu
(d. 1439) |
1429 | 1439 | 10 years | ||
| 11 |  |
Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
(d. 1453) |
1439 | 1 June
1453 |
14 years, 151 days | |
| Mehmed II
(1444–1446) | ||||||
| Murad II
(1446–1451) | ||||||
| Mehmed II
(1451–1481) | ||||||
| 12 | Zaganos Pasha
(d. 1469) |
1453 | 1456 | 3 years | ||
| 13 |  |
Mahmud Pasha Angelović
(1420–1474) |
1456 | 1468 | 12 years | |
| 14 | Rum Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1470) |
1468 | 1469 | 1 year | ||
| 15 | İshak Pasha
(d. 1487) |
1469 | 1472 | 3 years | ||
| 16
(13) |
|
Mahmud Pasha Angelović
(1420–1474) |
1472 | 1474 | 2 years | |
| 17 | Gedik Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1482) |
1474 | 1477 | 3 years | ||
| 18 | Karamanlı Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1481) |
1477 | 1481 | 4 years | ||
| 19
(15) |
İshak Pasha
(d. 1487) |
1481 | 1482 | 1 year | Bayezid II
(1481–1512) | |
| 20 | KocaDavud Pasha
(1446–1498) |
1482 | 1497 | 15 years | ||
| 21 | Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
(1459–1517) |
1497 | 1498 | 1 year | ||
| 22 | Çandarlı Ibrahim Pasha the Younger
(1429–1499) |
1498 | 1499 | 1 year | ||
| 23 | .jpg.webp) |
Mesih Pasha
(d. 1501) |
1499 | 1501 | 2 years | |
| 24 | Hadım
(d. 1511) |
1501 | 1503 | 2 years | ||
| 25
(21) |
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
(1459–1517) |
1503 | 1506 | 3 years | ||
| 26
(24) |
Hadım
(d. 1511) |
1506 | 1511 | 5 years | ||
| 27
(21) |
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
(1459–1517) |
1511 | 1511 | 59 days | ||
| 28 | KocaMustafa Pasha
(d. 1512) |
1511 | 1512 | 1 year | ||
| 29
(21) |
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
(1459–1517) |
1512 | 28 November
1514 |
2 years, 331 days | Selim I
(1512–1520) | |
| 30 | Dukakinzade Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1515) |
18 December
1514 |
8 September
1515 |
264 days | ||
| 31
(21) |
Hersekzade Ahmed Pasha
(1459–1517) |
8 September
1515 |
26 April
1516 |
231 days | ||
| 32 | Hadım
(1459–1517) |
26 April
1516 |
22 January
1517 |
271 days | ||
| 33 |  |
Yunus Pasha
(d. 1517) |
22 January
1517 |
13 September
1517 |
234 days | |
| 34 |  |
PiriMehmed Pasha
(1465–1532) |
25 January
1518 |
27 June
1523 |
5 years, 153 days | |
| Suleiman I
(1520–1566) | ||||||
| 35 |  |
Pargalı İbrahim Pasha
(1495–1536) |
27 June
1523 |
14 March
1536 |
12 years, 261 days | |
| 36 | Ayas Mehmed Pasha
(1483–1539) |
14 March
1536 |
13 July
1539 |
3 years, 121 days | ||
| 37 |  |
Çelebi
(1488–1564) |
13 July
1539 |
April
1541 |
1 year, 262 days | |
| 38 | .jpg.webp) |
Hadım
(1467–1547) |
April
1541 |
28 November
1544 |
3 years, 241 days | |
| 39 |  |
Damat
(1500–1561) |
28 November
1544 |
6 October
1553 |
8 years, 312 days | |
| 40 | KaraAhmed Pasha
(d. 1555) |
6 October
1553 |
29 September
1555 |
1 year, 358 days | ||
| 41
(39) |
|
Damat
(1500–1561) |
29 September
1555 |
10 July
1561 |
5 years, 284 days | |
| 42 | Semiz Ali Pasha
(d. 1565) |
10 July
1561 |
28 June
1565 |
3 years, 353 days | ||
| 43 | .png.webp) |
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha
(1506–1579) |
28 June
1565 |
12 October
1579 |
14 years, 106 days | |
| Selim II
(1566–1574) | ||||||
| Murad III
(1574–1595) | ||||||
| 44 | Şemsi Pasha
(1492–1580) |
12 October
1579 |
28 April
1580 |
199 days | ||
| 45 |  |
Kara Lala
(1500–1580) |
28 April
1580 |
7 August
1580 |
101 days | |
| 46 |  |
KocaSinan Pasha
(1506–1596) |
7 August
1580 |
6 December
1582 |
2 years, 121 days | |
| 47 | Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
(d. 1602) |
24 December
1582 |
25 July
1584 |
1 year, 214 days | ||
| 48 | Özdemiroğlu Osman Pasha
(1526–1585) |
28 July
1584 |
29 October
1585 |
1 year, 93 days | ||
| 49 | Hadım
(d. 1589) |
1 November
1585 |
14 April
1586 |
164 days | ||
| 50
(47) |
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
(d. 1602) |
14 April
1586 |
2 April
1589 |
2 years, 353 days | ||
| 51
(46) |
|
KocaSinan Pasha
(1506–1596) |
14 April
1589 |
1 August
1591 |
2 years, 109 days | |
| 52 |  |
Serdar Ferhad Pasha
(d. 1595) |
1 August
1591 |
4 April
1592 |
247 days | |
| 53
(47) |
Kanijeli Siyavuş Pasha
(d. 1602) |
4 April
1592 |
28 January
1593 |
299 days | ||
| 54
(46) |
|
KocaSinan Pasha
(1506–1596) |
28 January
1593 |
16 February
1595 |
2 years, 19 days | |
| Mehmed III
(1595–1603) | ||||||
| 55
(52) |
|
Serdar Ferhad Pasha
(d. 1595) |
16 February
1595 |
7 July
1595 |
141 days | |
| 56
(46) |
|
KocaSinan Pasha
(1506–1596) |
7 July
1595 |
19 November
1595 |
135 days | |
| 57 |  |
Lala
(d. 1595) |
19 November
1595 |
28 November
1595 |
9 days | |
| 58
(46) |
|
KocaSinan Pasha
(1506–1596) |
1 December
1595 |
3 April
1596 |
124 days | |
| 59 | Damat
(1517–1601) |
4 April
1596 |
27 October
1596 |
206 days | ||
| 60 |  |
Cağalazâde Yusuf Sinan Pasha
(Cağaloğlu) (1545–1605) |
27 October
1596 |
5 December
1596 |
39 days | |
| 61
(59) |
DamatIbrahim Pasha
(1517–1601) |
5 December
1596 |
3 November
1597 |
332 days | ||
| 62 | Hadım
(d. 1598) |
3 November
1597 |
9 April
1598 |
157 days | ||
| 63 | Cerrah
(d. 1604) |
9 April
1598 |
6 January
1599 |
272 days | ||
| 64
(59) |
Damat
Ibrahim Pasha(1517–1601) |
6 January
1599 |
10 July
1601 |
2 years, 185 days | ||
| 65 | Damat Yemişçi
(1535–1603) |
22 July
1601 |
4 October
1603 |
2 years, 74 days | ||
| 66 | Yavuz Ali Pasha
(d. 1604) |
16 October
1603 |
26 July
1604 |
253 days | Ahmed I
(1603–1617) | |
| 67 | Lala
(d. 1606) |
5 August
1604 |
21 June
1606 |
1 year, 320 days | ||
| 68 | Boşnak
(1569–1606) |
21 June
1606 |
9 December
1606 |
171 days | ||
| 69 | KuyucuMurad Pasha
(1535–1611) |
11 December
1606 |
5 August
1611 |
4 years, 237 days | ||
| 70 | Damat Gümülcineli
(d. 1614) |
5 August
1611 |
17 October
1614 |
3 years, 73 days | ||
| 71 |  |
Kara Damat Öküz
(d. 1619) |
17 October
1614 |
17 November
1616 |
2 years, 31 days | |
| 72 | Damat
(1570–1629) |
17 November
1616 |
18 January
1619 |
2 years, 62 days | ||
| Mustafa I
(1617–1618) | ||||||
| Osman II
(1618–1622) | ||||||
| 73
(71) |
|
Kara Damat Öküz
(d. 1619) |
18 January
1619 |
23 December
1619 |
339 days | |
| 74 | Güzelce
Ali Pasha (d. 1621) |
23 December
1619 |
9 March
1621 |
1 year, 76 days | ||
| 75 |  |
Ohridli
(d. 1622) |
9 March
1621 |
17 September
1621 |
192 days | |
| 76 | Dilaver Pasha
(d. 1622) |
17 September
1621 |
20 May
1622 |
245 days | ||
| Mustafa I
(1622–1623) | ||||||
| 77 | KaraDavud Pasha
(1570–1623) |
20 May
1622 |
13 June
1622 |
24 days | ||
| 78 | Mere
(d. 1624) |
13 June
1622 |
8 July
1622 |
25 days | ||
| 79 | Lefkeli Mustafa Pasha
(d. 1648) |
8 July
1622 |
21 September
1622 |
75 days | ||
| Murad IV
(1623–1640) | ||||||
| 80 | Hadım
(d. 1626) |
21 September
1622 |
5 February
1623 |
137 days | ||
| 81
(78) |
Mere
(d. 1624) |
5 February
1623 |
30 August
1623 |
206 days | ||
| 82 | Kara Kemankeş
(d. 1624) |
30 August
1623 |
3 April
1624 |
217 days | ||
| 83 | Çerkez
(d. 1625) |
3 April
1624 |
28 January
1625 |
300 days | ||
| 84 | Hafız
(1564–1632) |
8 February
1625 |
1 December
1626 |
1 year, 296 days | ||
| 85
(72) |
Damat
(1570–1629) |
1 December
1626 |
6 April
1628 |
1 year, 127 days | ||
| 86 | Gazi
(d. 1632) |
6 April
1628 |
25 October
1631 |
3 years, 202 days | ||
| 87
(84) |
Hafız
(1564–1632) |
25 October
1631 |
10 February
1632 |
108 days | ||
| 88 | Topal
(d. 1632) |
10 February
1632 |
18 May
1632 |
98 days | ||
| 89 | Tabanıyassı
(1589–1637) |
18 May
1632 |
2 February
1637 |
4 years, 260 days | ||
| 90 | Bayram Pasha
(d. 1638) |
2 February
1637 |
26 August
1638 |
1 year, 205 days | ||
| 91 | Tayyar
(d. 1638) |
27 August
1638 |
24 December
1638 |
119 days | ||
| 92 | Kara Kemankeş
(1592–1644) |
23 December
1638 |
31 January
1644 |
5 years, 39 days | ||
| Ibrahim
(1640–1648) | ||||||
| 93 | Civan Kapucubaşı
(1603–1646) |
31 January
1644 |
17 December
1645 |
1 year, 320 days | ||
| 94 | Nevesinli Salih Pasha
(d. 1647) |
17 December
1645 |
16 September
1647 |
1 year, 273 days | ||
| 95 | Kara
(d. 1649) |
16 September
1647 |
21 September
1647 |
5 days | ||
| 96 | Hazarpare
(d. 1648) |
21 September
1647 |
8 August
1648 |
322 days | ||
| 97 | Sofu
(d. 1649) |
8 August
1648 |
21 May
1649 |
286 days | Mehmed IV
(1648–1687) | |
| 98 | Kara Dev
(1595–1655) |
21 May
1649 |
5 August
1651 |
2 years, 76 days | ||
| 99 |  |
Damat Melek
(1604–1662) |
5 August
1651 |
21 August
1651 |
16 days | |
| 100 | Abaza
(d. 1656) |
21 August
1651 |
27 September
1651 |
37 days | ||
| 101 |  |
Gürcü
(d. 1665) |
27 September
1651 |
20 June
1652 |
267 days | |
| 102 | Tarhoncu Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1653) |
20 June
1652 |
21 March
1653 |
274 days | ||
| 103 | Koca
(d. 1655) |
21 March
1653 |
28 October
1654 |
1 year, 221 days | ||
| 104 | İpşiri Mustafa Pasha
(1607–1655) |
28 October
1654 |
11 May
1655 |
195 days | ||
| 105
(98) |
Kara Dev
(1595–1655) |
11 May
1655 |
19 August
1655 |
100 days | ||
| 106 | Ermeni
(1607–1687) |
19 August
1655 |
28 February
1656 |
193 days | ||
| 107 | Deli Gazi
(d. 1659) |
28 February
1656 |
5 March
1656 |
6 days | ||
| 108 | Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha
(d. 1666) |
5 March
1656 |
5 March
1656 |
4 hours | ||
| 109
(100) |
Abaza
(d. 1656) |
5 March
1656 |
25 April
1656 |
51 days | ||
| 110 | Boynuyaralı Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1665) |
26 April
1656 |
15 September
1656 |
142 days | ||
| 111 |  |
Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
(1575–1661) |
15 September
1656 |
31 October
1661 |
5 years, 46 days | |
| 112 |  |
Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha
(1635–1676) |
31 October
1661 |
19 October
1676 |
14 years, 354 days | |
| 113 |  |
Kara
(1635–1683) |
19 October
1676 |
25 December
1683 |
7 years, 67 days | |
| 114 | .jpg.webp) |
Kara
(d. 1687) |
15 December
1683 |
18 November
1685 |
1 year, 338 days | |
| 115 | Sarı
(d. 1687) |
18 November
1685 |
18 September
1687 |
3 years, 304 days | ||
| 116 | Abaza
(d. 1688) |
18 September
1687 |
23 February
1688 |
158 days | ||
| Suleiman II
(1687–1691) | ||||||
| 117 | Ayaşlı İsmail Pasha
(1620–1690) |
23 February
1688 |
2 May
1688 |
69 days | ||
| 118 | Bekri
(d. 1690) |
30 May
1688 |
7 November
1689 |
1 year, 161 days | ||
| 119 | Köprülü Fazıl Mustafa Pasha
(1637–1691) |
10 November
1689 |
19 August
1691 |
1 year, 282 days | ||
| Ahmed II
(1691–1695) | ||||||
| 120 | Arabacı
(1620–1693) |
24 August
1691 |
21 March
1692 |
210 days | ||
| 121 | Hacı
(d. 1698) |
23 March
1692 |
17 March
1693 |
359 days | ||
| 122 | Bozoklu Mustafa Pasha
(1638–1698) |
17 March
1693 |
13 March
1694 |
360 days | ||
| 123 | Sürmeli Ali Pasha
(1645–1695) |
13 March
1694 |
22 April
1695 |
359 days | ||
| Mustafa II
(1695–1703) | ||||||
| 124 | Elmas
(1661–1697) |
3 May
1695 |
11 September
1697 |
2 years, 131 days | ||
| 125 | .jpg.webp) |
Amcazade Köprülü Hüseyin Pasha
(1644–1702) |
17 September
1697 |
4 September
1702 |
4 years, 352 days | |
| 126 | Daltaban
(d. 1703) |
4 September
1702 |
24 January
1703 |
142 days | ||
| 127 | Rami Mehmed Pasha
(1645–1706) |
25 January
1703 |
22 August
1703 |
209 days | ||
| 128 | Nişancı
(d. 1705) |
22 August
1703 |
16 November
1703 |
86 days | Ahmed III
(1703–1730) | |
| 129 | Damat
(1658–1713) |
18 November
1703 |
28 September
1704 |
315 days | ||
| 130 | Hacı
Kalaylıkoz Ahmed Pasha |
October
1704 |
25 December
1704 |
85 days | ||
| 131 | _illustration_Bataille_du_Prout.jpg.webp) |
Baltacı
(1652–1712) |
25 December
1704 |
3 May
1706 |
1 year, 129 days | |
| 132 | Damat
(1670–1711) |
3 May
1706 |
15 June
1710 |
4 years, 43 days | ||
| 133 | Köprülü Numan Pasha
(1670–1719) |
16 June
1710 |
17 August
1710 |
62 days | ||
| 134
(131) |
|
Baltacı
(1652–1712) |
18 August
1710 |
20 November
1711 |
1 year, 94 days | |
| 135 | Ağa
(d. 1713) |
20 November
1711 |
11 November
1712 |
357 days | ||
| 136 | Nişancı
(d. 1715) |
12 November
1712 |
6 April
1713 |
145 days | ||
| 137 | Hoca Ibrahim Pasha | 6 April
1713 |
7 April
1713 |
1 day | ||
| 138 | Damat Silahdar
(1667–1716) |
27 April
1713 |
5 August
1716 |
3 years, 100 days | ||
| 139 | Hacı
(d. 1733) |
21 August
1716 |
26 August
1717 |
1 year, 5 days | ||
| 140 | Nişancı Mehmed Pasha | 26 August
1717 |
9 May
1718 |
256 days | ||
| 141 |  |
Damat Nevşehirli Ibrahim Pasha
(1662–1730) |
9 May
1718 |
16 October
1730 |
12 years, 160 days | |
| Mahmud I
(1730–1754) | ||||||
| 142 | Damat Silahdar
Mehmed Pasha |
16 October
1730 |
23 January
1731 |
99 days | ||
| 143 | Kabakulak Ibrahim Pasha | 23 January
1731 |
11 September
1731 |
231 days | ||
| 144 |  |
Topal Osman Pasha
(1663–1733) |
21 September
1731 |
12 March
1732 |
173 days | |
| 145 | .jpg.webp) |
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha
(1689–1758) |
12 March
1732 |
14 July
1735 |
3 years, 124 days | |
| 146 | Gürcü
İsmail Pasha |
14 July
1735 |
25 December
1735 |
164 days | ||
| 147 | Silahdar Seyyid
Mehmed Pasha |
10 January
1736 |
5 August
1737 |
1 year, 207 days | ||
| 148 | Muhsinzade Abdullah Pasha | 22 August
1737 |
19 December
1737 |
119 days | ||
| 149 | Yeğen Mehmed Pasha | 3 December
1737 |
23 March
1739 |
1 year, 110 days | ||
| 150 | İvaz Mehmed Pasha
(d. 1743) |
17 March
1739 |
23 June
1740 |
1 year, 98 days | ||
| 151 | Nişancı Kör Hacı
(d. 1753) |
22 July
1740 |
7 April
1742 |
2 years, 259 days | ||
| 152
(145) |
|
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha
(1689–1758) |
21 April
1742 |
4 October
1742 |
166 days | |
| 153 | Seyyid Hasan Pasha
(d. 1748) |
4 October
1742 |
10 August
1746 |
3 years, 310 days | ||
| 154 | Hacı Tiryaki Mehmed Pasha | 11 August
1746 |
24 August
1747 |
1 year, 13 days | ||
| 155 | Seyyid Abdullah Pasha
(d. 1760) |
24 August
1747 |
2 January
1750 |
2 years, 131 days | ||
| 156 | Divitdar Mehmed Emin Pasha
(d. 1753) |
9 January
1750 |
1 July
1752 |
2 years, 174 days | ||
| 157 | Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(d. 1765) |
1 July
1752 |
16 February
1755 |
2 years, 230 days | ||
| Osman III
(1754–1757) | ||||||
| 158
(145) |
|
Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha
(1689–1758) |
16 February
1755 |
19 May
1755 |
92 days | |
| 159 | Naili Abdullah Pasha
(d. 1758) |
19 May
1755 |
24 August
1755 |
97 days | ||
| 160 | Nişancı Silahdar
Bıyıklı Ali Pasha |
24 August
1755 |
23 October
1755 |
60 days | ||
| 161 |  |
Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha
(d. 1761) |
25 October
1755 |
1 April
1756 |
159 days | |
| 162
(157) |
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(d. 1765) |
30 April
1756 |
3 December
1756 |
217 days | ||
| 163 | Koca Ragıp Pasha
(1698–1763) |
12 January
1757 |
8 April
1763 |
6 years, 86 days | ||
| Mustafa III
(1757–1774) | ||||||
| 164 | Tevkii Hamza Hamid Pasha | 11 April
1763 |
29 September
1763 |
171 days | ||
| 165
(157) |
Köse Bahir Mustafa Pasha
(d. 1765) |
29 September
1763 |
30 March
1765 |
1 year, 213 days | ||
| 166 | Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha | 30 March
1765 |
7 August
1768 |
3 years, 130 days | ||
| 167 | Silahdar
Hamza Mahir Pasha |
7 August
1768 |
20 October
1768 |
74 days | ||
| 168 | Yağlıkçızade Mehmed Emin Pasha | 20 October
1768 |
12 August
1769 |
296 days | ||
| 169 | Moldovancı Ali Pasha | 12 August
1769 |
12 December
1769 |
122 days | ||
| 170 | İvazzade Halil Pasha
(1724–1777) |
13 December
1769 |
25 December
1770 |
1 year, 12 days | ||
| 171 | Silahdar
Mehmed Pasha |
25 December
1770 |
11 December
1771 |
351 days | ||
| 172
(166) |
Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha | 11 December
1771 |
6 August
1774 |
2 years, 238 days | ||
| Abdul Hamid I
(1774–1789) | ||||||
| 173 | İzzet Mehmed Pasha
(1723–1784) |
11 August
1774 |
7 July
1775 |
330 days | ||
| 174 | Moralı Dervish Mehmed Pasha | 7 July
1775 |
5 January
1777 |
1 year, 182 days | ||
| 175 | Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Pasha | 5 January
1777 |
1 September
1778 |
1 year, 239 days | ||
| 176 | Kalafat Mehmed Pasha | 1 September
1778 |
22 August
1779 |
355 days | ||
| 177 | Silahdar Seyyid
Mehmed Pasha |
22 August
1779 |
20 February
1781 |
1 year, 182 days | ||
| 178
(173) |
İzzet Mehmed Pasha
(1723–1784) |
20 February
1781 |
25 August
1782 |
1 year, 186 days | ||
| 179 | Hacı Yeğen Mehmed Pasha | 25 August
1782 |
31 December
1782 |
128 days | ||
| 180 | Halil Hamid Pasha
(1736–1785) |
31 December
1782 |
30 April
1785 |
2 years, 120 days | ||
| 181 | Şahin Ali Pasha | 30 April
1785 |
25 January
1786 |
270 days | ||
| 182 |  |
Koca Yusuf Pasha
(1730–1800) |
25 January
1786 |
28 May
1789 |
3 years, 123 days | |
| Selim III
(1789–1807) | ||||||
| 183 | Cenaze Meyyit Kethüda
(d. 1810) |
28 May
1789 |
2 January
1790 |
219 days | ||
| 184 |  |
Gazi Cezayirli Hasan Pasha
(1713–1790) |
2 January
1790 |
30 March
1790 |
87 days | |
| 185 | Çelebizade Şerif Hasan Pasha | 16 April
1790 |
12 February
1791 |
302 days | ||
| 186
(182) |
|
Koca Yusuf Pasha
(1730–1800) |
12 February
1791 |
1792 | 323 days | |
| 187 | Damat
Melek Mehmed Pasha |
1792 | 21 October
1794 |
2 years, 293 days | ||
| 188 | Safranbolulu İzzet Mehmet Pasha
(1743–1812) |
21 October
1794 |
23 October
1798 |
4 years, 2 days | ||
| 189 | Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha
(d. 1819) |
23 October
1798 |
24 June
1805 |
6 years, 244 days | ||
| 190 | Bostancıbaşı Hafız İsmail Pasha | 24 September
1805 |
13 October
1806 |
1 year, 19 days | ||
| 191 | Keçiboynuzu İbrahim Hilmi Pasha | 13 October
1806 |
3 June
1807 |
233 days | ||
| Mustafa IV
(1807–1808) | ||||||
| 192 | Çelebi Mustafa Pasha | 3 June
1807 |
29 July
1808 |
1 year, 56 days | ||
| Mahmud II
(1808–1839) | ||||||
| 193 |  |
Alemdar/Bayrakdar Mustafa Pasha
(1750–1808) |
29 July
1808 |
15 November
1808 |
109 days | |
| 194 | Çavuşbaşı Memiş Pasha | 16 November
1808 |
December
1808 |
15 days | ||
| 195 | Çarhacı Ali Pasha | December
1808 |
March
1809 |
90 days | ||
| 196
(189) |
Kör Yusuf Ziyaüddin Pasha
(d. 1819) |
March
1809 |
February
1811 |
1 year, 337 days | ||
| 197 | Laz Aziz Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1819) |
February
1811 |
July
1812 |
1 year, 151 days | ||
| 198 |  |
Hurşit Ahmed Pasha
(d. 1822) |
July
1812 |
30 March
1815 |
2 years, 272 days | |
| 199 |  |
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
(1780–1860) |
30 March
1815 |
6 January
1818 |
2 years, 282 days | |
| 200 | Burdurlu Dervish Mehmed Pasha | 6 January
1818 |
5 January
1820 |
1 year, 364 days | ||
| 201 | Seyyid Ali Pasha | 5 January
1820 |
21 April
1821 |
1 year, 106 days | ||
| 202 | Benderli Ali Pasha
(d. 1821) |
21 April
1821 |
30 April
1821 |
9 days | ||
| 203 | Hacı
Izmirli Salih Pasha |
30 April
1821 |
11 November
1822 |
1 year, 195 days | ||
| 204 | Bostancıbaşı Deli
Abdullah Pasha |
11 November
1822 |
4 March
1823 |
113 days | ||
| 205 | Silahdar
Turnacızade Ali Pasha |
4 March
1823 |
13 December
1823 |
284 days | ||
| 206 | Mehmed Said Galip Pasha
(1763–1829) |
13 December
1823 |
15 September
1824 |
277 days | ||
| 207 | Benderli Mehmed Selim Pasha
(1771–1831) |
15 September
1824 |
26 October
1828 |
4 years, 41 days | ||
| 208 |  |
Topal İzzet Mehmed Pasha
(1792–1855) |
26 October
1828 |
28 January
1829 |
94 days | |
| 209 |  |
Reşid Mehmed Pasha
(1780–1836) |
28 January
1829 |
17 February
1833 |
4 years, 20 days | |
| 210
(199) |
|
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
(1780–1860) |
17 February
1833 |
8 July
1839 |
6 years, 141 days | |
| Abdul Mecid I
(1839–1861) | ||||||
| 211 |  |
Koca Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha
(1769–1855) |
8 July
1839 |
29 May
1841 |
1 year, 325 days | |
| 212
(199) |
|
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
(1780–1860) |
29 May
1841 |
7 October
1841 |
131 days | |
| 213
(208) |
|
Topal İzzet Mehmed Pasha
(1792–1855) |
7 October
1841 |
3 September
1842 |
331 days | |
| 214
(199) |
|
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
(1780–1860) |
3 September
1842 |
31 July
1846 |
3 years, 331 days | |
| 215 |  |
Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha
(1800–1858) |
31 July
1846 |
28 April
1848 |
1 year, 272 days | |
| 216 |  |
İbrahim Sarim Pasha
(1801–1853) |
28 April
1848 |
13 August
1848 |
107 days | |
| 217
(215) |
|
Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha
(1800–1858) |
13 August
1848 |
27 January
1852 |
3 years, 167 days | |
| 218
(199) |
 |
Mehmed Emin Rauf Pasha
(1780–1860) |
27 January
1852 |
7 March
1852 |
40 days | |
| 219
(215) |
|
Koca Mustafa Reşit Pasha
(1800–1858) |
7 March
1852 |
7 August
1852 |
153 days | |
| 220 |  |
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
(1815–1871) |
7 August
1852 |
4 October
1852 |
58 days | |
| 221 |  |
Damat
(1813–1868) |
4 October
1852 |
14 May
1853 |
222 days | |
| 222 |  |
Mustafa Naili Pasha
(1798–1871) |
14 May
1853 |
30 May
1854 |
1 year, 16 days | |
| 223 |  |
Kıbrıslı
(1813–1871) |
30 May
1854 |
24 November
1854 |
178 days | |
| 224
(215) |
|
Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha
(1800–1858) |
24 November
1854 |
4 May
1855 |
161 days | |
| 225
(220) |
|
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
(1815–1871) |
4 May
1855 |
1 December
1856 |
1 year, 211 days | |
| 226
(215) |
|
Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha
(1800–1858) |
1 December
1856 |
2 August
1857 |
244 days | |
| 227
(222) |
|
Mustafa Naili Pasha
(1798–1871) |
2 August
1857 |
23 October
1857 |
82 days | |
| 228
(215) |
|
Koca Mustafa Reşid Pasha
(1800–1858) |
23 October
1857 |
7 January
1858 |
76 days | |
| 229
(220) |
|
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
(1815–1871) |
11 January
1858 |
8 October
1859 |
1 year, 270 days | |
| 230
(223) |
|
Kıbrıslı
(1813–1871) |
8 October
1859 |
24 December
1859 |
77 days | |
| 231 |  |
Mütercim
(1811–1882) |
24 December
1859 |
27 May
1860 |
155 days | |
| 232
(223) |
|
Kıbrıslı Mehmed Emin Pasha
(1813–1871) |
27 May
1860 |
6 August
1861 |
1 year, 71 days | |
| Abdul Aziz
(1861–1876) | ||||||
| 233
(220) |
|
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
(1815–1871) |
6 August
1861 |
22 November
1861 |
108 days | |
| 234 |  |
Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha
(1814–1869) |
22 November
1861 |
6 January
1863 |
1 year, 45 days | |
| 235 |  |
Yusuf Kamil Pasha
(1808–1876) |
6 January
1863 |
3 June
1863 |
148 days | |
| 236
(234) |
|
Keçecizade Mehmed Fuad Pasha
(1814–1869) |
3 June
1863 |
5 June
1866 |
3 years, 2 days | |
| 237
(231) |
|
Mütercim
(1811–1882) |
5 June
1866 |
11 February
1867 |
251 days | |
| 238
(220) |
|
Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha
(1815–1871) |
11 February
1867 |
7 September
1871 |
4 years, 208 days | |
| 239 |  |
Mahmud Nedim Pasha
(1818–1883) |
7 September
1871 |
31 July
1872 |
328 days | |
| 240 |  |
Midhat Pasha
(1822–1883) |
31 July
1872 |
19 October
1872 |
80 days | |
| 241
(231) |
|
Mütercim
(1811–1882) |
19 October
1872 |
15 February
1873 |
119 days | |
| 242 |  |
Ahmed Esat Pasha
(1828–1875) |
15 February
1873 |
15 April
1873 |
59 days | |
| 243 |  |
Şirvanlı Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha
(1828–1874) |
15 April
1873 |
14 February
1874 |
305 days | |
| 244 |  |
Hüseyin Avni Pasha
(1820–1876) |
14 February
1874 |
25 April
1875 |
1 year, 70 days | |
| 245
(242) |
|
Ahmed Esat Pasha
(1828–1875) |
25 April
1875 |
21 August
1875 |
118 days | |
| 246
(239) |
|
Mahmud Nedim Pasha
(1818–1883) |
21 August
1875 |
11 May
1876 |
264 days | |
| 250
(231) |
|
Mütercim Mehmed Rüşdi Pasha (1811–1882) | 12 May
1876 |
19 December
1876 |
221 days | |
| Murad V
(1876) | ||||||
| Abdul Hamid II
(1876–1909) | ||||||
| Promulgation of Constitution | ||||||
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First Constitutional Monarchy (1876–1878)
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Legislature | Sultan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||
| 250
(231) |
|
Mütercim
(1811–1882) |
12 May
1876 |
19 December
1876 |
221 days | — | Abdul Hamid II
(1876–1909) |
| 251
(240) |
|
Midhat Pasha
(1822–1883) |
19 December
1876 |
5 February
1877 |
48 days | — | |
| 252 |  |
İbrahim Edhem Pasha
(1819–1893) |
5 February
1877 |
11 January
1878 |
340 days | I
(1876) | |
| II
(1877) | |||||||
| 253 |  |
Ahmed Hamdi Pasha
(1826–1885) |
11 January
1878 |
4 February
1878 |
24 days | ||
| 254 |  |
Ahmed Vefik Pasha
(1823–1891) |
4 February
1878 |
18 April
1878 |
73 days | ||
| Constitution suspended | |||||||
İstidbat (1878–1908)
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Sultan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| 254 | |
Ahmed Vefik Pasha
(1823–1891) |
4 February
1878 |
18 April
1878 |
73 days | Abdul Hamid II
(1876–1909) |
| 255 |  |
Mehmed Sadık Pasha
(1826–1901) |
18 April
1878 |
28 May
1878 |
40 days | |
| 256
(231) |
|
Mütercim
(1811–1882) |
28 May
1878 |
4 June
1878 |
7 days | |
| 257 |  |
Saffet Pasha
(1814–1883) |
4 June
1878 |
October
1878 |
119 days | |
| 258 |  |
Tunuslu
(1820–1890) |
October
1878 |
28 July
1879 |
300 days | |
| 259 |  |
Ahmed Arifi Pasha
(1830–1896) |
28 July
1879 |
September
1879 |
35 days | |
| 260 |  |
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
18 October
1879 |
9 June
1880 |
235 days | |
| 261 |  |
Kadri Pasha
(1832–1884) |
9 June
1880 |
12 September
1880 |
95 days | |
| 262
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
12 September
1880 |
2 May
1882 |
1 year, 232 days | |
| 263 |  |
Abdurrahman Nureddin Pasha
(1833–1912) |
2 May
1882 |
12 July
1882 |
71 days | |
| 264
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
12 July
1882 |
30 November
1882 |
141 days | |
| 265
(254) |
|
Ahmed Vefik Pasha
(1823–1891) |
1 December
1882 |
3 December
1882 |
2 days | |
| 266
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
3 December
1882 |
24 September
1885 |
2 years, 295 days | |
| 267 |  |
Kâmil Pasha
(1833–1913) |
25 September
1885 |
4 September
1891 |
5 years, 344 days | |
| 268 |  |
Ahmed Cevat Şakir Pasha
(1851–1900) |
4 September
1891 |
8 June
1895 |
3 years, 277 days | |
| 269
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
9 June
1895 |
3 October
1895 |
116 days | |
| 270
(267) |
|
Kâmil Pasha
(1833–1913) |
3 October
1895 |
7 November
1895 |
35 days | |
| 271 |  |
Halil Rifat Pasha
(1820–1901) |
7 November
1895 |
9 November
1901 |
6 years, 2 days | |
| 272
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
13 November
1901 |
15 January
1903 |
1 year, 63 days | |
| 273 |  |
Mehmed Ferid Pasha
(1851–1914) |
15 January
1903 |
22 July
1908 |
5 years, 189 days | |
| 274
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
22 July
1908 |
6 August
1908 |
15 days | |
| Young Turk Revolution | ||||||
Second Constitutional Monarchy (1908–1920)
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Political Party | Legislature | Sultan | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| 274
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
22 July
1908 |
6 August
1908 |
15 days | Independent | — | Abdul Hamid II
(1876–1909) | |
| 275
(267) |
|
Kâmil Pasha
(1833–1913) |
5 August
1908 |
14 February
1909 |
193 days | Independent | |||
| III
(1908) | |||||||||
| 276 |  |
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
(1855–1922) |
14 February
1909 |
14 April
1909 |
59 days | Union and Progress | |||
| 277 |  |
Ahmet Tevfik (Okday) Pasha
(1845–1936) |
14 April
1909 |
5 May
1909 |
21 days | Independent | |||
| Mehmed V
(1909–1918) | |||||||||
| 278
(276) |
|
Hüseyin Hilmi Pasha
(1855–1922) |
5 May
1909 |
12 January
1910 |
252 days | Union and Progress Party | |||
| 279 |  |
İbrahim Hakkı Pasha
(1862–1918) |
12 January
1910 |
30 September
1911 |
1 year, 261 days | Union and Progress Party | |||
| 280
(260) |
|
Mehmed Said Pasha
(1838–1914) |
30 September
1911 |
22 July
1912 |
296 days | Union and Progress Party | |||
| IV
(1912) | |||||||||
| 281 |  |
Ahmed Muhtar Pasha
(1839–1919) |
22 July
1912 |
29 October
1912 |
99 days | Independent | |||
| — | |||||||||
| 282
(267) |
|
Kâmil Pasha
(1833–1913) |
29 October
1912 |
23 January
1913 |
86 days | Freedom and Accord Party | |||
| 283 |  |
Mahmud Şevket Pasha
(1856–1913) |
23 January
1913 |
11 June
1913 |
139 days | Independent | |||
| 284 |  |
Said Halim Pasha
(1865–1921) |
12 June
1913 |
4 February
1917 |
3 years, 237 days | Union and Progress Party | |||
| V
(1914) | |||||||||
| 285 |  |
Talât Pasha
(1874–1921) |
4 February
1917 |
14 October
1918 |
1 year, 252 days | Union and Progress Party | |||
| Mehmed VI
(1918–1922) | |||||||||
| 286 |  |
Ahmed İzzet (Furgaç) Pasha
(1864–1937) |
14 October
1918 |
11 November
1918 |
28 days | Union and Progress Party | |||
| 287
(277) |
|
Ahmet Tevfik (Okday) Pasha
(1845–1936) |
11 November
1918 |
4 March
1919 |
113 days | Independent | |||
| — | |||||||||
| 288 |  |
Damat
(1853–1923) |
4 March
1919 |
2 October
1919 |
212 days | Freedom and Accord Party | |||
| 289 |  |
Ali Rıza Pasha
(1860–1932) |
2 October
1919 |
8 March
1920 |
158 days | Independent | |||
| VI
(1919) | |||||||||
| 290 |  |
Salih Hulusi (Kezrak) Pasha
(1864–1939) |
8 March
1920 |
5 April
1920 |
28 days | Independent | |||
| Constitution suspended | |||||||||
Last Grand Viziers (1920–1922)
| Grand Vizier | Term of office | Sultan | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||
| 290 | |
Salih Hulusi (Kezrak) Pasha
(1864–1939) |
8 March
1920 |
5 April
1920 |
28 days | Mehmed VI
(1918–1922) |
| 291
(288) |
|
Damat
(1853–1923) |
5 April
1920 |
21 October
1920 |
199 days | |
| 292
(277) |
|
Ahmet Tevfik (Okday) Pasha
(1845–1936) |
21 October
1920 |
4 November
1922 |
2 years, 14 days | |
| End of the Ottoman Empire | ||||||
Prime Minister of the Government of the Grand National Assembly (1920–1923)
Following the end of the Second Constitutional Era in 1920, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of diarchy, with the government based in Constantinople and the government based in Ankara both asserting themselves as the legitimate Turkish government.
| Prime Minister | Term of office | Political party | Cabinet | Legislature | Speaker | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||||
| 1 |  |
Gazi Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha
(1881–1938) |
3 May
1920 |
24 January
1921 |
266 days | Association for the Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia | 1 | Atatürk | I
(1920) |
Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) Pasha
(1920–1923) | |
| 2 |  |
Mustafa Fevzi (Çakmak) Pasha
(1876–1950) |
24 January
1921 |
19 May
1921 |
1 year, 166 days | Association for the Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia | 2 | Çakmak I | |||
| 19 May
1921 |
9 July
1922 |
3 | Çakmak II | ||||||||
| 3 |  |
Hüseyin Rauf (Orbay)
(1881–1964) |
12 July
1922 |
4 August
1923 |
1 year, 23 days | Association for the Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia | 4 | Orbay | |||
| 4 |  |
Ali Fethi (Okyar)
(1880–1943) |
14 August
1923 |
27 October
1923 |
74 days | Association for the Defence of Rights of Anatolia and Rumelia | 5 | Okyar | |||
| Declaration of the Republic of Turkey | |||||||||||
See also
References
- Archivum Ottomanicum, p. 240, at Google Books
- Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire, p. 235, at Google Books
Sources
- Aktaş, Necati; Kaplan, Mustafa (2003). Osmanlı fermanları. Osmanlı Arşivi. ISBN 9789751934925.
- Dânişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971). Osmanlı devlet erkânı: Sadr-ı-a'zamlar (vezir-i-a'zamlar), şeyh-ül-islâmlar, kapdan-ı-deryalar, baş-defterdarlar, reı̂s-ül-küttablar. Türkiye Yayınevi.
- Imber, Colin (2009). The Ottoman Empire, 1300-1650: The Structure of Power. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-01406-1.
- Necipoğlu, Gülru (2005). The Age of Sinan: Architectural Culture in the Ottoman Empire. London: Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-86189-253-9.
- Somel, Selcuk Aksin (2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6606-5.
- Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı; Karal, Enver Ziya (1954). Osmanlı tarihi: cilt. Uzunçarşılı, İ.H. 1. kısım. II. Selim'in tahta çıkışından 1699 Karlofça andlaşmasına kadar (1973) 2. kısım. XVI. yüzyıl ortalarından XVII. yüzyıl sonuna kadar (1954). Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi.
- Yücel, Yaşar (1992). Türkiye tarihi (IV.): Osmanli dönemi. Türk Tarih Kurumu. ISBN 978-975-16-0257-2.
- Yücel, Yaşar (1991). Türkiye tarihi (II.). Istanbul.
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State organisation of the Ottoman Empire | ||||||||||||
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| Central system |
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