Fluoride battery

Fluoride-ion batteries and fluoride shuttle batteries are batteries using the shuttle of fluoride ions (as ionic charge carrier) in the electrolyte during the discharge and charge processes. They employ the following reactions in the electrode:[1][2][3]

Discharge process

Cathode side: xe− + MFx → M + xF−
Anode side: xF− + M' → M'Fx + xe−


Charge process

Cathode side: xF− + M → MFx + xe−
Anode side: xe− + M'Fx → M' + xF−

where M and M' are denote metals that can form metal fluorides. These battery systems contain extremely higher theoretical capacities than other battery systems.[1][3][4]

History

In 2011 a modern technology for these batteries were reported with their results using solid electrolytes.[1][5] A problem with their fluoride-ion battery is that they required operation at high temperature, a limitation to overcome low ionic conductivity at room temperature.[6] In addition to the low ionic conductivity at room temperature, the capacity and the cyclability of the battery system were too low to use it in industries.[6] In 2017, a liquid electrolyte based on glyme (glycol ethers) for the battery was reported and showed its abilities as a rechargeable battery at room temperature.[2] The battery system was named as "Fluoride shuttle battery".[2] The liquid electrolytes showed the performances in a rechargeable battery with cyclabilities.[2][3][4] Further, the battery performances were improved by the modifications of the compositions of the electrolyte[7][8][9] and the electrode.[10][11][12] After the achievements, the researches about these batteries were obviously activated. In 2018, another team of researchers also reported a room-temperature battery using liquid electrolyte.[13][14] In 2020, although the results of the battery test were not still shown, it was announced that it will be researching a battery for electric vehicles that would offer a seven times higher energy density compared to commercial lithium-ion batteries of the time.[15]


References
  1. Anji Reddy, M.; Fichtner, M. (2011). "Batteries based on fluoride shuttle". Journal of Materials Chemistry. 21 (43): 17059. doi:10.1039/c1jm13535j. ISSN 0959-9428.
  2. Konishi, Hiroaki; Minato, Taketoshi; Abe, Takeshi; Ogumi, Zempachi (2017). "Electrochemical Performance of a Bismuth Fluoride Electrode in a Reserve-Type Fluoride Shuttle Battery". Journal of the Electrochemical Society. 164 (14): A3702–A3708. doi:10.1149/2.0931714jes. ISSN 0013-4651.
  3. Minato, Taketoshi; Umeda, Kenichi; Kobayashi, Kei; Araki, Yuki; Konishi, Hiroaki; Ogumi, Zempachi; Abe, Takeshi; Onishi, Hiroshi; Yamada, Hirofumi (2021-09-01). "Atomic-level nature of solid/liquid interface for energy conversion revealed by frequency modulation atomic force microscopy". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics. 60 (SE): SE0806. doi:10.35848/1347-4065/abffa2. ISSN 0021-4922. S2CID 235817341.
  4. Taketoshi Minato, Hiroaki Konishi, Asuman Celik Kucuk, Takeshi Abe, Zempachi Ogumi. "Development of Fluoride Shuttle Battery Using Organic Electrolyte" (PDF). Ceramics.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. Capacity, Fluoride Shuttle Increases Storage (2021-04-16). "KIT - KIT - Media - Press Releases - Archive Press Releases". www.kit.edu. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
  6. Borfitz, Deborah (2019-01-14). "What the Fluoride-Ion Battery 'Breakthrough' Really Means".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. Konishi, Hiroaki; Minato, Taketoshi; Abe, Takeshi; Ogumi, Zempachi (2019-04-25). "Influence of Electrolyte Composition on the Electrochemical Reaction Mechanism of Bismuth Fluoride Electrode in Fluoride Shuttle Battery". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C. 123 (16): 10246–10252. doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.9b00455. hdl:2433/243871. ISSN 1932-7447. S2CID 146057087.
  8. Konishi, Hiroaki; Minato, Taketoshi; Abe, Takeshi; Ogumi, Zempachi (November 2018). "Improvement of cycling performance in bismuth fluoride electrodes by controlling electrolyte composition in fluoride shuttle batteries". Journal of Applied Electrochemistry. 48 (11): 1205–1211. doi:10.1007/s10800-018-1241-z. ISSN 0021-891X. S2CID 104542892.
  9. Konishi, Hiroaki; Takekawa, Reiji; Minato, Taketoshi; Ogumi, Zempachi; Abe, Takeshi (September 2020). "Effect of anion acceptor added to the electrolyte on the electrochemical performance of bismuth(III) fluoride in a fluoride shuttle battery". Chemical Physics Letters. 755: 137785. Bibcode:2020CPL...75537785K. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137785. S2CID 224884471.
  10. Konishi, Hiroaki; Kucuk, Asuman Celik; Minato, Taketoshi; Abe, Takeshi; Ogumi, Zempachi (April 2019). "Improved electrochemical performances in a bismuth fluoride electrode prepared using a high energy ball mill with carbon for fluoride shuttle batteries". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 839: 173–176. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.03.028. hdl:2433/243347. S2CID 107544523.
  11. Konishi, Hiroaki; Minato, Taketoshi; Abe, Takeshi; Ogumi, Zempachi (2020-04-30). "Electrochemical Performance of BiF 3 ‐BaF 2 Solid Solution with Three Different Phases on a Fluoride Shuttle Battery System". ChemistrySelect. 5 (16): 4943–4946. doi:10.1002/slct.202000713. ISSN 2365-6549. S2CID 219043873.
  12. Shimoda, Keiji; Minato, Taketoshi; Konishi, Hiroaki; Kano, Gentaro; Nakatani, Tomotaka; Fujinami, So; Celik Kucuk, Asuman; Kawaguchi, Shogo; Ogumi, Zempachi; Abe, Takeshi (August 2021). "Defluorination/fluorination mechanism of Bi0.8Ba0.2F2.8 as a fluoride shuttle battery positive electrode". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. 895: 115508. doi:10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115508. S2CID 237722139.
  13. Jones, Simon C.; Grubbs, Robert H.; Miller, Thomas F.; Brooks, Christopher J.; Ahmed, Musahid; Rosenberg, Daniel; Hightower, Adrian; Nair, Nanditha G.; Darolles, Isabelle M. (2018-12-07). "Room-temperature cycling of metal fluoride electrodes: Liquid electrolytes for high-energy fluoride ion cells" (PDF). Science. 362 (6419): 1144–1148. Bibcode:2018Sci...362.1144D. doi:10.1126/science.aat7070. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 30523107. S2CID 54456959.
  14. "Fluoride-ion battery runs at room temperature". Chemical & Engineering News. Retrieved 2019-02-08.
  15. "Next goal for Toyota's battery research: Fluorid-ion batteries for a range of 1.000 km". eeNews Europe. 2020-08-18. Retrieved 2021-11-11.
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