Finland men's national ice hockey team

The Finnish men's national ice hockey team, or Leijonat / Lejonen ("The Lions" in Finnish and Swedish), as it is called in Finland, is governed by the Finnish Ice Hockey Association. Finland is one of the most successful national ice hockey teams in the world and a member of the so-called "Big Six", the unofficial group of the six strongest men's ice hockey nations, along with Canada, United States, the Czech Republic, Russia and Sweden.

Finland
Nickname(s)Leijonat / Lejonen
(The Lions)
AssociationFinnish Ice Hockey Association
Head coachJukka Jalonen
AssistantsKari Lehtonen
Mikko Manner
Ari-Pekka Selin
CaptainMarko Anttila
Most gamesRaimo Helminen (331)
Most pointsRaimo Helminen (207)
Team colors   
IIHF codeFIN
Ranking
Current IIHF1 1 (30 March 2022)[1]
Highest IIHF1 (2022)
Lowest IIHF7 (2005)
First international
Finland  1–8  Sweden
(Helsinki, Finland; 29 January 1928)
Finland  2–1  Estonia
(Helsinki, Finland; 20 February 1937)
Biggest win
Finland  20–1  Norway
(Hämeenlinna, Finland; 12 March 1947)
Biggest defeat
Canada  24–0  Finland
(Oslo, Norway; 3 March 1958)
IIHF World Championships
Appearances63 (first in 1939)
Best result Gold: (1995, 2011, 2019)
World Cup / Canada Cup
Appearances7 (first in 1976)
Best result 2nd: (2004)
Olympics
Appearances18 (first in 1952)
Medals Gold: (2022)
Silver: (1988, 2006)
Bronze: (1994, 1998, 2010, 2014)
International record (W–L–T)
692–337–156
Medal record
Olympic Games
2022 BeijingTeam
1988 CalgaryTeam
2006 TurinTeam
1994 LillehammerTeam
1998 NaganoTeam
2010 VancouverTeam
2014 SochiTeam
World Cup / Canada Cup
2004 Toronto
1991 Hamilton
World Championship
1995 Sweden
2011 Slovakia
2019 Slovakia
1992 Czechoslovakia
1994 Italy
1998 Switzerland
1999 Norway
2001 Germany
2007 Russia
2014 Belarus
2016 Russia
2021 Latvia
2000 Russia
2006 Latvia
2008 Canada

Finland won the world championship title in 2019, their third after 1995 and 2011. A duo of silver medals (1988, 2006) remained the country's best Olympic results until winning gold in 2022. At the Canada/World Cup, their best achievement is also a silver medal which they won in 2004. The Finns achieved a breakthrough in 2022, winning their first ever Olympic gold after defeating Russia.

History

Finland's first appearance in an elite ice hockey competition was at 1939 Ice Hockey World Championships in Switzerland. The result was shared last place with Yugoslavia. 10 years later, Finland came to 1949 Ice Hockey World Championships at Sweden. The Finns finished 7th place by winning the Consolation Round. Finland's first appearance at the Winter Olympics occurred in 1952 in Oslo.

In the 1974 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships two players were suspended for doping. They were the Swede Ulf Nilsson and the Finn Stig Wetzell who failed a drug test for the forbidden substance ephedrine. Both players were suspended for the rest of the tournament. Nilsson failed the test after Sweden's game against Poland, which Sweden won 4–1. The game was awarded to Poland as a 5–0 forfeit. The Finn, Wetzell, failed the test after Finland's match against Czechoslovakia, which Finland won 5–2, which was also awarded to Czechoslovakia as a 5–0 forfeit. The Finns were able to defeat Czechoslovakia again on the last day, which would have earned their first medal in history, if not for the points lost in the forfeited win.

Finland was close again to winning the first medal of its history in the 1986 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, when it led 4–2 in the final minute of the medal round match against Sweden. However, in the last minute of the match Anders "Masken" Carlsson first narrowed the goal to the end and even leveled the match with the help of the Finns' mistake. The match finally ended in a 4–4 draw, Finland's ranking in the tournament was fourth place.

At the 1992 Men's Ice Hockey World Championships, Finland's success and silver medal came as a surprise to many Finns, as the team was not expected to much because of inexperience and the lack of success at the (1992 Albertville Winter Olympics) in the same year. The medal achieved in the tournament was the first World Championship medal and the second value medal after (1988 Calgary Winter Olympics).

In the 1995 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships, Finland achieved its first ever gold in international ice hockey. Finland reached the final with a 5–0 victory over France in the quarterfinals, and a 3–0 victory over the Czech Republic in the semi-finals. In the finals, the Finns faced off against their hockey rivals and host of the 1995 tournament, Sweden. In the first period of the final, left wing Ville Peltonen scored a natural hat trick, and then assisted on Timo Jutila's first period goal to give Finland a 4–0 lead, on the way to an eventual 4–1 victory.

At the 1998 Olympic men's ice hockey tournament, Team Finland came away with bronze, after defeating the Canadian national team 3–2. Teemu Selänne led the tournament in goals scored (4) and total points achieved (10). The tournament was the first in which players from the National Hockey League (NHL) were allowed to participate, allowing national teams to be constructed using the best possible talent from each country. The 1998 Olympic tournament therefore came to be known as the Tournament of the Century.

Finland at the 2006 Winter Olympics semi-final match against Russia

At the 2006 IIHF World Championship, Finland achieved third place after winning the bronze medal game against Canada. Petteri Nummelin was named to the Media All-Star team.

At the 2006 Winter Olympics, Finland won a silver medal, coming close to winning in the final but losing 3–2 to Sweden. Finland's goaltender Antero Niittymäki was named the MVP of the tournament (only 8 goals against in the whole tournament) and Teemu Selänne was voted best forward. The format was changed from the 1998 and 2002 tournaments, to a format similar to the 1992 and 1994 tournaments. The number of teams was reduced from 14 to 12. The 12 teams were split into two groups in the preliminary stage, which followed a round robin format. Each team played the other teams in their group once. The top four teams from each group advanced to the quarter-finals.

At the 2007 IIHF World Championship, Finland lost the finals to the Canadian team. The final marked the second time that Finland and Canada met in the gold medal game of a World Championship, the first time being in 1994. However, only a year before, in 2006 Finland had defeated Canada 5–0 in the bronze medal game. In 2007, Canada were looking on form, being undefeated coming into the playoff round, while Finland had registered two losses in the run-up to the finals. Rick Nash scored on the powerplay at 6:10 into the first period on a one-timer from the point from a pass by Cory Murphy off of Matthew Lombardi, to put Canada up 1–0. Near the middle of the period, Eric Staal scored in similar fashion also on the powerplay, assisted by Justin Williams, and Mike Cammalleri. 9:11 into the second period, Colby Armstrong scored to give the Canadians a 3–0 lead. This goal ended up as the game winner. Finland had some discipline difficulty in the first two periods, taking 6 minutes apiece in penalties in both periods. Finland started to bring up the pressure in the last ten minutes, and Petri Kontiola scored a nice glove-side goal on Ward at 51:08 assisted by Ville Peltonen, to put the Finns on the board. With only 3 minutes left Antti Miettinen scored to bring Finland within one, 3–2. However, just one minute later Rick Nash scored on a skillful breakaway to put the game away, 4–2 final for team Canada. The Canadians were outshot 22–18, but the Canadian goaltender, Cam Ward, kept them in the game as he was solid between the pipes. They also were able to capitalize on the powerplay, which ended up being decisive in the Canadian win. Kari Lehtonen was voted Tournament's best goaltender.

At the 2008 IIHF World Championship, Finland achieved third place winning the bronze medal game 4–0 against rivals Sweden.

At the 2010 Winter Olympics, Finland came away with the bronze, winning 5–3 against Slovakia. During the tournament, Teemu Selänne became the all-time leader for points scored in the Olympics.[2][3] He notched an assist in his second game of the tournament for 37 career points, surpassing Valeri Kharlamov of the Soviet Union, Vlastimil Bubník of Czechoslovakia, and Harry Watson of Canada.[2][3]

At the 2011 IIHF World Championship, Finland won its second world title, beating the Swedish national team by a score of 6–1. As two highly ranked neighboring countries, Sweden and Finland have a long-running competitive tradition in ice hockey. Before the game, mainstream media in both countries titled the match "a dream final".[4][5] After a goalless first period, Sweden opened the game with a 1–0 goal by Magnus Pääjärvi in the second period at 27:40. Seven seconds before the period's end, Finland's Jarkko Immonen scored to tie the game 1–1. Finland took the lead early in the third period, scoring two goals at 42:35 and 43:21 by Nokelainen and Kapanen. Sweden took a time-out before the last period's half but did not manage to regroup, and the tournament was decided by a clear 6–1 victory to Finland by Janne Pesonen's, Mika Pyörälä's and Pihlström goals.[6] Team Finland's Jarkko Immonen led the tournament in both goals and points scored with 9 and 12 respectively.

In recent years, Finland has been consistently ranked among the best teams in international hockey. Currently the team is ranked third (26 May 2019) in the IIHF World Ranking. The Finns won their third World Championship title at the 2019 IIHF World Championship in Slovakia.

At the 2022 Winter Olympics, Finland won the gold medal for the first time, going undefeated and beating the ROC in the final.[7][8][9]

Tournament record

Olympic Games

GamesGPWLTGFGACoachCaptainFinish
1920 AntwerpDid not participate
1924 Chamonix
1928 St. Moritz
1932 Lake Placid
1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen
1948 St. Moritz
1952 Oslo82602160Risto LindroosAarne Honkavaara7th
1956 Cortina d'AmpezzoDid not participate
1960 Squaw Valley63215523 Joe WirkkunenYrjö Hakala7th
1964 Innsbruck83501833 Joe WirkkunenRaimo Kilpiö6th
1968 Grenoble84312825 Gustav BubníkMatti Reunamäki5th
1972 Sapporo63302725Seppo LiitsolaLasse Oksanen5th
1976 Innsbruck63303020Seppo LiitsolaSeppo Lindström4th
1980 Lake Placid73313125Kalevi NumminenTapio Levo4th
1984 Sarajevo62313126Alpo SuhonenAnssi Melametsä6th
1988 Calgary85213414Pentti MatikainenTimo Blomqvist Silver
1992 Albertville84312911Pentti MatikainenPekka Tuomisto7th
1994 Lillehammer87103810 Curt LindströmTimo Jutila Bronze
1998 Nagano63302019Hannu AravirtaSaku Koivu Bronze
2002 Salt Lake City42201210Hannu AravirtaTeemu Selänne6th
2006 Turin8710298Erkka WesterlundSaku Koivu Silver
2010 Vancouver6421913Jukka JalonenSaku Koivu Bronze
2014 Sochi6422410Erkka WesterlundTeemu Selänne Bronze
2018 Pyeongchang532169Lauri MarjamäkiLasse Kukkonen6th
2022 Beijing660228Jukka JalonenValtteri Filppula Gold
2026 Milan / CortinaTo be determined
Totals
GamesGoldSilverBronzeTotal
181247

World Championship

United States and Finland go head-to-head at the 2005 IIHF World Championship
YearLocationCoachCaptainResult
1939Zürich / Basel,   SwitzerlandRisto TiitolaErkki Saarinen13th place
1949Stockholm,  SwedenRisto LindroosKeijo Kuusela7th place
1951Paris,  FranceRisto LindroosKeijo Kuusela7th place
1954Stockholm,  SwedenRisto LindroosMatti Rintakoski6th place
1955Krefeld / Dortmund / Cologne, West Germany Aarne HonkavaaraMatti Rintakoski9th place
1957Moscow,  Soviet UnionAarne HonkavaaraYrjö Hakala4th place
1958Oslo,  NorwayAarne HonkavaaraYrjö Hakala6th place
1959Prague / Bratislava,  Czechoslovakia Joe WirkkunenYrjö Hakala6th place
1961Geneva / Lausanne,   Switzerland Derek HolmesErkki Koiso7th place
1962Colorado Springs / Denver,  United States Joe WirkkunenTeppo Rastio4th place
1963Stockholm,  Sweden Joe WirkkunenEsko Luostarinen5th place
1965Tampere,  Finland Joe WirkkunenRaimo Kilpiö7th place
1966Ljubljana,  Yugoslavia Augustin BubníkLalli Partinen7th place
1967Vienna,  Austria Augustin BubníkMatti Reunamäki6th place
1969Stockholm,  Sweden Augustin BubníkJuhani Wahlsten5th place
1970Stockholm,  SwedenSeppo LiitsolaLasse Oksanen4th place
1971Bern / Geneva,   SwitzerlandSeppo LiitsolaLasse Oksanen4th place
1972Prague,  CzechoslovakiaSeppo LiitsolaLasse Oksanen4th place
1973Moscow,  Soviet Union Len LundeVeli-Pekka Ketola4th place
1974Helsinki,  FinlandKalevi NumminenVeli-Pekka Ketola4th place
1975Munich / Düsseldorf,  West GermanySeppo LiitsolaSeppo Lindström4th place
1976Katowice,  PolandSeppo LiitsolaLasse Oksanen5th place
1977Vienna,  AustriaLasse HeikkiläPertti Koivulahti5th place
1978Prague,  CzechoslovakiaKalevi NumminenSeppo Repo7th place
1979Moscow,  Soviet UnionKalevi NumminenJuhani Tamminen5th place
1981Gothenburg / Stockholm,  SwedenKalevi NumminenJuhani Tamminen6th place
1982Helsinki / Tampere,  FinlandAlpo SuhonenJuhani Tamminen5th place
1983Düsseldorf / Dortmund / Munich, West Germany Alpo SuhonenPekka Rautakallio7th place
1985Prague,  CzechoslovakiaAlpo SuhonenAnssi Melametsä5th place
1986Moscow,  Soviet UnionRauno KorpiKari Makkonen4th place
1987Vienna,  AustriaRauno KorpiPekka Järvelä5th place
1989Stockholm / Södertälje,  SwedenPentti MatikainenTimo Blomqvist5th place
1990Bern / Fribourg,   SwitzerlandPentti MatikainenArto Ruotanen6th place
1991Turku / Helsinki / Tampere,  FinlandPentti MatikainenHannu Virta5th place
1992Prague / Bratislava,  CzechoslovakiaPentti MatikainenPekka TuomistoSilver
1993Dortmund / Munich,  GermanyPentti MatikainenTimo Jutila7th place
1994Bolzano / Canazei / Milano,  Italy Curt LindströmTimo JutilaSilver
1995Stockholm / Gävle,  Sweden Curt LindströmTimo JutilaGold
1996Vienna,  Austria Curt LindströmTimo Jutila5th place
1997Helsinki / Turku / Tampere,  Finland Curt LindströmTimo Jutila5th place
1998Zürich / Basel,   SwitzerlandHannu AravirtaVille PeltonenSilver
1999Oslo / Lillehammer / Hamar,  NorwayHannu AravirtaSaku KoivuSilver
2000Saint Petersburg,  RussiaHannu AravirtaRaimo HelminenBronze
2001Cologne / Hanover / Nuremberg,  GermanyHannu AravirtaPetteri NummelinSilver
2002Gothenburg / Karlstad / Jönköping,  SwedenHannu AravirtaRaimo Helminen4th place
2003Helsinki / Tampere / Turku,  FinlandHannu AravirtaSaku Koivu5th place
2004Prague / Ostrava,  Czech RepublicRaimo SummanenOlli Jokinen6th place
2005Innsbruck / Vienna,  AustriaErkka WesterlundVille Peltonen7th place
2006Riga,  LatviaErkka WesterlundVille PeltonenBronze
2007Moscow / Mytishchi,  RussiaErkka WesterlundVille PeltonenSilver
2008Quebec City / Halifax,  Canada Doug SheddenVille PeltonenBronze
2009Bern / Kloten,   SwitzerlandJukka JalonenSami Kapanen5th place
2010Cologne / Mannheim / Gelsenkirchen,  GermanyJukka JalonenSami Kapanen6th place
2011Bratislava / Košice,  SlovakiaJukka JalonenMikko KoivuGold
2012Helsinki,  Finland / Stockholm,  SwedenJukka JalonenMikko Koivu4th place
2013Stockholm,  Sweden / Helsinki,  FinlandJukka JalonenLasse Kukkonen4th place
2014Minsk,  BelarusErkka WesterlundOlli JokinenSilver
2015Prague / Ostrava,  Czech RepublicKari JalonenJussi Jokinen6th place
2016Moscow / Saint Petersburg,  RussiaKari JalonenMikko KoivuSilver
2017Cologne,  Germany / Paris,  FranceLauri MarjamäkiLasse Kukkonen4th place
2018Copenhagen / Herning,  DenmarkLauri MarjamäkiMikael Granlund5th place
2019Bratislava / Košice,  SlovakiaJukka JalonenMarko AnttilaGold
2021Riga,  LatviaJukka JalonenMarko AnttilaSilver
2022Tampere / Helsinki,  FinlandJukka Jalonen

Canada Cup / World Cup

Year Coach Captain Finish Rank
1976 Lasse Heikkilä Veli-Pekka Ketola Round-robin 6th
1981 Kalevi Numminen Veli-Pekka Ketola Round-robin 6th
1987 Rauno Korpi Jari Kurri Round-robin 6th
1991 Pentti Matikainen Jari Kurri Semi-final
Year GP W OW T OL L GF GA Coach Captain Finish Rank
1996 4 2 0 2 17 16 Curt Lindström Jari Kurri Quarter-final 5th
2004 6 4 0 1 0 1 17 9 Raimo Summanen Saku Koivu Final
2016 3 0 0 0 3 1 9 Lauri Marjamäki Mikko Koivu Group stage 8th

Euro Hockey Tour

EHT Medal table

Gold Silver Bronze Medals
9 7 6 22

Tournament summary

Finland's Euro Hockey Tour (EHT) Cup medal table

As of the 2018 Channel One Cup:

Tournament Gold Silver Bronze Medals
Karjala Tournament129223
Channel One Cup3101730
Sweden Hockey Games73717
Czech Hockey Games67518
Total28232777

Euro Hockey Challenge

  • 2011 
  • 2012 
  • 2013 
  • 2014 
  • 2015 
  • 2016 
  • 2017 
  • 2018 

Other tournaments

Team

Current roster

The roster for the 2022 Winter Olympics was announced on 20 January 2022.[10]

Head coach: Jukka Jalonen

No. Pos. Name Height Weight Birthdate Team
2DVille Pokka1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)90 kg (200 lb) (1994-06-03)3 June 1994 (aged 27) Avangard Omsk
3DNiklas Friman1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)94 kg (207 lb) (1993-08-30)30 August 1993 (aged 28) Jokerit
4DMikko Lehtonen1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)89 kg (196 lb) (1994-01-16)16 January 1994 (aged 28) SKA Saint Petersburg
12FMarko Anttila2.03 m (6 ft 8 in)108 kg (238 lb) (1985-05-27)27 May 1985 (aged 36) Jokerit
13DValtteri Kemiläinen1.84 m (6 ft 0 in)88 kg (194 lb) (1991-12-16)16 December 1991 (aged 30) HC Vityaz
15FMiro Aaltonen1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)84 kg (185 lb) (1993-06-07)7 June 1993 (aged 28) HC Vityaz
20FNiko Ojamäki1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)84 kg (185 lb) (1995-06-17)17 June 1995 (aged 26) HC Vityaz
24FHannes Björninen1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)89 kg (196 lb) (1995-10-19)19 October 1995 (aged 26) Jokerit
25FToni Rajala1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)76 kg (168 lb) (1991-03-29)29 March 1991 (aged 30) EHC Biel
28FJoonas Nättinen1.89 m (6 ft 2 in)90 kg (200 lb) (1991-01-03)3 January 1991 (aged 31) Severstal Cherepovets
29GHarri Säteri1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)90 kg (200 lb) (1989-12-29)29 December 1989 (aged 32) HC Sibir Novosibirsk
35GFrans Tuohimaa1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)87 kg (192 lb) (1991-08-19)19 August 1991 (aged 30) HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk
38DJuuso Hietanen1.78 m (5 ft 10 in)83 kg (183 lb) (1985-06-14)14 June 1985 (aged 36) HC Ambrì-Piotta
40DPetteri Lindbohm1.90 m (6 ft 3 in)93 kg (205 lb) (1993-09-23)23 September 1993 (aged 28) Jokerit
42DSami Vatanen1.79 m (5 ft 10 in)84 kg (185 lb) (1991-06-03)3 June 1991 (aged 30) Genève-Servette HC
45GJuho Olkinuora1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)91 kg (201 lb) (1990-11-04)4 November 1990 (aged 31) Metallurg Magnitogorsk
51FValtteri Filppula1.82 m (6 ft 0 in)86 kg (190 lb) (1984-03-20)20 March 1984 (aged 37) Genève-Servette HC
55DAtte Ohtamaa1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)92 kg (203 lb) (1987-11-06)6 November 1987 (aged 34) Oulun Kärpät
60FMarkus Granlund1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)85 kg (187 lb) (1993-04-16)16 April 1993 (aged 28) Salavat Yulaev Ufa
65FSakari Manninen1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)71 kg (157 lb) (1992-02-10)10 February 1992 (aged 29) Salavat Yulaev Ufa
70FTeemu Hartikainen1.86 m (6 ft 1 in)91 kg (201 lb) (1990-05-03)3 May 1990 (aged 31) Salavat Yulaev Ufa
71FLeo Komarov1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)93 kg (205 lb) (1987-01-23)23 January 1987 (aged 35) SKA Saint Petersburg
80FSaku Mäenalanen1.92 m (6 ft 4 in)94 kg (207 lb) (1994-05-24)24 May 1994 (aged 27) Oulun Kärpät
81FIiro Pakarinen1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)90 kg (200 lb) (1991-08-25)25 August 1991 (aged 30) Jokerit
82FHarri Pesonen1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)88 kg (194 lb) (1988-08-06)6 August 1988 (aged 33) SCL Tigers

Uniform evolution

Retired jerseys

Finland men's national retired numbers
No. Player Position Career Year of retirement
5Timo JutilaD1979–19992018
8Teemu SelänneRW1987–20142015
11Saku KoivuC1992–20142015
14Raimo HelminenC1982–20082010
16Ville PeltonenLW1991–20142015
17Jari KurriRW1977–19982007
26Jere LehtinenRW1992–20102015
44Kimmo TimonenD1991–20152018

Notable players

List of head coaches

References

  1. "IIHF Men's World Ranking". IIHF. 30 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
  2. "Ice hockey: Selanne sets Olympic scoring record". Vancouver. 19 February 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
  3. "Selanne's 37th point tops Games mark". ESPN. Associated Press. 20 February 2010. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  4. Anrell, Lasse (14 May 2011). "Drömfinal". Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  5. "Jääkiekossa unelmafinaali Leijonat–Tre Kronor". Helsingin Sanomat (in Finnish). Sanoma. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  6. Aykroyd, Lucas (15 May 2011). "It's gold for Finland!". IIHF. Archived from the original on 18 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
  7. Blinder, Alan (19 February 2022). "Finland beats Russia, 2-1, for the gold in men's hockey". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  8. Ellis, Steven (20 February 2022). "Finland Defeats ROC to Win Men's Olympic Hockey Gold". The Hockey News. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  9. "Finland claims first-ever hockey gold at Beijing Olympics". Yle News. 20 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  10. "For Finnish men, gold is the goal". International Ice Hockey Federation. 20 January 2022. Retrieved 20 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  11. "Jalonen Leijonien seuraava päävalmentaja". mtv3.fi (in Finnish). 7 June 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2013.
  12. "IS: Marjamäki on Leijonien uusi päävalmentaja". mtv3.fi (in Finnish). 28 August 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2015.
  13. "Jukka Jalonen palaa Leijonien päävalmentajaksi". iltalehti.fi (in Finnish). 4 October 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.