Fascism in Russia

Fascism in Russia has a history that goes back to the 19th century.

History

Before the Soviet Union
See also: Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality and Black Hundreds

In 1833, during the reign of Nicholas I of Russia, Russian Minister of Education Sergey Uvarov sent a circular letter to educators proposing the policy Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality or Official Nationality based on the principle that the Orthodox religion and Autocracy are unconditional bases of the existence of Russia.[1] As well as being supported by Nicholas I of Russia, it was also supported by noted Russians such as Nikolai Nadezhdin, Nikolai Gogol and Mikhail Pogodin as well as the Russian press and the motto "For Faith, Tsar and Fatherland" became widely used.[2][3] The Black Hundreds was an ultra-nationalist movement in the early 20th century that based their ideology on the slogan Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Nationality and grew in Russia out of groups like the Union of the Russian People, the Russian Monarchy Party and the Society of Active Struggle Against Revolution. They were noted for extremism and incitement to pogroms, nationalistic Russocentric doctrines, and different xenophobic beliefs and anti-semitism.[4][5]

Joseph Stalin
Main article: Red fascism

In 1922, following the Russian Revolution and the March on Rome, Italian anarchist Luigi Fabbri described the term Red fascism to describe Communists who argued for the use of the methods of fascism to attain their goals.[6] Bruno Rizzi,[7] Wilhelm Reich,[8] Franz Borkenau[9] and Otto Rühle[10][11] all felt that, under Stalin, the Soviet Union became a Red fascist state.

After World War II

The labelling of the Russia, or indeed any country, fascist is complicated by the aftermath of World War II and appeals to the sense of righteousness of fighting Nazi Germany.[12][13][14]

1980s

In the 1980s, the group Pamyat ("Memory") was supporting the Black Hundreds ideology, which is close to fascism.[4]

After the breakup of the Soviet Union

The Liberal-Democratic Party of Russia, founded in 1990, is considered to be fascist.[4] The Russian National Unity was a fascist group created in 1990.[4]

Fascism in post Soviet Russia
Main article: Rashism

The characteristics of Putinism appear to meet the requirements laid out by Robert Paxon for fascism, namely "an obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy and purity".[12][13][14]

Fascist groups in the 1930s and 1940s (émigrés)

Post WW2 fascist groups
Former

Use of fascist as an insult
Main article: Fascist (insult)

Political commentators on both the Left and the Right accused their opponents of being fascists, starting in the years before World War II. In 1928, the Communist International labeled their social democratic opponents as social fascists,[15] while the social democrats themselves as well as some parties on the political right accused the Communists of having become fascist under Joseph Stalin's leadership.[16] In light of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, The New York Times declared on 18 September 1939 that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is red fascism."[17]

See also

References
  1. Hosking, Geoffrey (1998). Russia: people and empire, 1552-1917. Harvard University Press. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-674-78119-1.
  2. Russian modernity : politics, knowledge, practices. David L. Hoffmann, Yanni Kotsonis. Houndsmills: Macmillan Press. 2000. p. 55. ISBN 0-312-22599-7. OCLC 41540245.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  3. Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2005). Russian identities : a historical survey. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 134–139. ISBN 978-0-19-534814-9. OCLC 62269402.
  4. "fascism - Russia | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-04-06.
  5. Laqueur, Walter (1993). Black hundred : the rise of the extreme right in Russia (1st ed.). New York: Harper Collins Publishers. ISBN 0-06-018336-5. OCLC 26974540.
  6. Fabbri, Luigi (1922). Preventive Counter-revolution. p. 41.
  7. Gregor, A. James. The Fascist Persuasion in Radical Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-64553-7. OCLC 1175621198.
  8. Corrington, Robert S. (2003). Wilhelm Reich : psychoanalyst and radical naturalist (1st ed.). New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-25002-2. OCLC 51297185.
  9. Dullin, Sabine; Pickford, Susan (2011-11-15). "How to wage warfare without going to war?". Cahiers du monde russe. Russie - Empire russe - Union soviétique et États indépendants. 52 (52/2-3): 221–243. doi:10.4000/monderusse.9331. ISSN 1252-6576.
  10. Otto Rühle, "The Struggle Against Fascism Begins with the Struggle Against Bolshevism", the American Councillist journal Living Marxism, 1939, Vol. 4, No. 8.
  11. Memos, C. (2012) "Anarchism and Council Communism on the Russian Revolution Archived 2020-12-06 at the Wayback Machine." Anarchist Studies, 20(2).
  12. Paxton, Robert O. (2004). The anatomy of fascism (1st ed.). New York: Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4094-9. OCLC 54788933.
  13. Inozemtsev, Vladislav. "Putin's Russia: A Moderate Fascist State by Vladislav Inozemtsev". Center for Transatlantic Relations. Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  14. Snegovaya, Maria. "Is it Time to Drop the F-Bomb on Russia? Why Putin is Almost a Fascist". Retrieved 2022-03-18.
  15. Haro, Lea (2011-12-01). "Entering a Theoretical Void: The Theory of Social Fascism and Stalinism in the German Communist Party". Critique. 39 (4): 563–582. doi:10.1080/03017605.2011.621248. ISSN 0301-7605.
  16. Saldern, Adelheid von (2002). The challenge of modernity : German social and cultural studies, 1890-1960. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. p. 78. ISBN 0-472-10986-3. OCLC 49305258.
  17. "Editorial: The Russian Betrayal". The New York Times. 18 September 1939.

Further reading


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