Daniël Goulooze

Daniël Daan Goulooze (28 April 1901 – 10 September 1965) was a Dutch Jewish construction worker who was a committed communist and resistance fighter.[1] In 1925, he became a member of the Communist Party of the Netherlands (CPN) and by 1930 had become an executive member of the organisation. In 1934, he formed Pegasus publishing house that published many left-wing writers and intellectuals in the Netherlands, some for the first time. In 1935–1936, Goulooze formed the Dutch Information Service (DIS), an organisation that supplied information to the Soviet Union.[2] Goulooze become the liaison between the organisation and the CPN.[2] In 1937, he went to the Soviet Union, where he received intelligence training at the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute in Moscow.[2] Upon returning, he became the liaison officer of Communist International (Comintern), his main duty being to maintain on-going radio contact with Soviet intelligence.[3][4][5]

Daniël Goulooze
Portrait of Daan Goulooze, taken in 1955
Born(1901-04-28)28 April 1901
Amsterdam, Netherlands
Died10 September 1965(1965-09-10) (aged 64)
Amsterdam, Netherlands
NationalityDutch
Occupationconstruction worker, Comintern agent
OrganizationCommunist Party of the Netherlands, Comintern, Red Orchestra

As the war progressed and the Comintern, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) and the French Communist Party were progressively destroyed, the DIS designed to send intelligence to Moscow, became increasingly important to Soviet intelligence as the only organisation in Western Europe, where they could maintain contact with Soviet agents on the ground.[6] Such was the level of communication Goulooze conducted with Soviet intelligence, that he maintained four separate and active wireless telegraphy sets and one in reserve.[1] His signals were eventually detected by the German Funkabwehr and he was arrested and sent to Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Goulooze survived the war. In 1948 he was expelled from the CPN.[3] Goulooze used the Daan alias disguise his identity.

Life

Goulooze was the son of Daniël Goulooze, a blacksmith, and Baukje Goulooze née Visser, a housemaid, and was the oldest of six children, who grew up in Amsterdam in a working-class family.[5] His grandparents on his father's side came from Zeeland and on his mother side from Friesland in the northern part of the Netherlands.[5] His father was a member of the National Federation of Metal Workers union that was affiliated with the National Labor Secretariat (NAS, Nationaal Arbeids-Secretariaat) trade union federation.[5] He was also an admirer of the Dutch politician and later social anarchist Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis.[5] After the invasion of the Netherlands, his father was interred at the Ferdinand Domela Nieuwenhuis camp and died at the age of seventy in 1943.[5]

On March 1929, Goulooze entered into a free marriage with Lydia Wolters.[5] In October 1938, Goulooze and Wolters split up.[7] Goulooze entered into his second free marriage to Petronella Alida van de Plaats (1911-1949).[7] Plaats suffered from poor health. The couple had a son together in 1939, called, Zane, whom the couple were devoted to.[7] To protect them, Goulooze moved them to Gooi at the start of the war.[7]

Anarchism

After leaving school, Goulooze was apprenticed to a carpenter and attended an evening school to supplement his knowledge of carpentry.[5] Politically, as a youth, Goulooze was leftist and this was visible by his youth membership of the (NLR). He subsequently worked in the drawing school of the Dutch shipbuilding company, Nederlandsche Scheepsbouw Maatschappij in construction.[5] In 1916, Goulooze joined the Social-Anarchist Youth Organisation (SAJO, Sociaal-Anarchistische Jeugd Organisatie).[8] This was an organisation that was established in several cities including Amsterdam, that consisted of several dozen young rebellious people who refused to do their military service, instead, spending their time going on rambles, and making music as well as planning bombings.[9]

In 1919, Goulooze was elected treasurer.[5] In September 1920, Goulooze took over administration for publishing the organisations magazine, De Opstandeling (The Insurgent).[10] Around this time, Goulooze became part of a group of young men and women, that formed around Dutch communist and chemigrapher Jan Postma.[11]

Postma would go camping with the group, and they would hold discussions and debate politics, communism, trade unionionism and the Russian Revolution.[11] Postma strongly supported trade unionism, the soviet revolution, dictatorship for the proletariat and the group initially shared his enthusiasm, but some eventually rejected his views.[11] Goulooze for the most part, found himself in agreement with Postma and this, in turn, developed into a lifelong friendship.[11] The heated debates eventually led to a group withdrawing from the SAJO that included Goulooze, leaving to join the Federation of Social Anarchists of which Potsma was a member.[11]

On the 22 July 1922, Goulooze became the administrator for the Social Anarchists magazine, De Toekomst.[12]

Nomad

The first real decision he made was whether to accept military service during conscription or refuse it.[13] As an anarchist, Goulooze was anti-militaristic and while it was accepted for members of his peer group to refuse the service and wait to be arrested by the Military police, he decided to ignore the conscription order and evade arrest.[13] Goulooze became a nomad, living on his wits, constantly on his guard.[13] During this period, he worked in Antwerp, among other places.[13] For several years he managed to avoid being arrested. In 1929 when he moved into his own apartment with his wife, he refused to be added to the Electoral roll.[13] However, it became expedient in the early 1930s[5] to rebuild his legal existence and he was finally arrested. However, when he was undergoing his medical examination for conscription, he was rejected due to a minor foot disorder, making the whole exercise moot.[13]

Living a nomadic life didn't stop Goulooze from taking part in a number of political actions in the 1920s and early 1930s.[14] In 1923, Goulooze was responsible for the transportation and distribution of the special newspaper De Spelbreker, not only in Amsterdam, but in the rest of the country.[14] The De Spelbreker newspaper was created by the Committee of Action, a group of the Dutch labour movement, made up of Communists, Syndicalists and Anarchists, who wanted to protest the 1923 Fleet Act and the 25th anniversary of Queen Wilhelmina of the Netherlands.[14] During this period, Goulooze was also working for the NAS. His name appeared in De Arbeid, the legal body of trade union on 17 November 1923.[14]

In the same year, the NAS split into two groups. On one side were 8,000 members who left to found the IWA-affiliated Dutch Syndicalist Trade Union Federation (NSV, Dutch: Nederlands Syndicalistisch Vakverbond) that was chaired by Bernard Lansink.[15] On the other was a group who wanted to join the Red International of Labour Unions (RILU), although many in the federation favoured the anarcho-syndicalist International Workers' Association (IWA).[15] Goulooze sided with the NSV and became the organiser of a youth recruitment office at a Local Labour Secretariat (PAS, Plaatselijke Arbeids Secretariaten) in Amsterdam.[15]

Communist Party of Netherlands

In June 1924, the Federation of Social Anarchists group came to an end.[14] At the time, Goulooze rejected the ideas of anarchism, along with the group around Potsma. He became fully communist, as it was the only political alternative that suited his worldview. Goulooze believed that the anarchists weren't capable of an effective struggle against capitalism.[16] Unwilling to join the CPN, he, along with Postma, instead joined the BKSP on 24 January 1925.[17] Potsma would go on to become editor of De Kommunist, the magazine of the BKSP. [17] Six months later, the BKSP party leadership split, David Wijnkoop along with most of the leadership was forced to resign and a large sector of BKSP opted to rejoin the Communist Party of Holland ("Communistisch Party Holland") (CPH).[18] By 1925, Goulooze had become an active communist and in 1926, Goulooze became a member of the CPH.[19] Due to his age, Goulooze became an active member of the Young Communist League (CJB, 'Communistische Jongeren Beweging).[20] Goulooze became a popular and later important member of the CJB.[20] Under Goulooze and in agreement with the political line take by the Young Communist International (KJI, Kommunist Jeugd Internationale) the CJB decided to take direct action, instead of the usual discussion of politics.[20] Under orders from Moscow, it was rearranged into business divisions and the magazine De Jonge Communist (The Young Communist) was renamed to De Jonge Arbeider (The Young Worker).[20] As the CJB was a small organisation, Goulooze tried to create a leadership role that resulted in him negotiating with several companies during spontaneous youth strikes.[21] At the same time, a plan grew to send a delegation to the Soviet Union.[21] Seven young people were delegated from suitable companies and the delegation left at the end of August 1926.[21] When the group returned, a detailed brochure What did 7 young workers in Soviet Russia see? was published that described their impressions. This was the first of many trips to the Soviet Union he would take.[21]

A new academy

When he returned, Goulooze established a new academy that offered a three-week course to train a cadre of CJB communists.[21] The leaders of the academy were made up of Henriette Roland Holst, Gerrit Mannoury and Henk Sneevliet and its initial enrollment consisted of sixteen students, aged sixteen to twenty-five.[21] When the academy came to public notice, Goulooze defended it existence, but also took an active part in running the different CJB departments that included canvassing, leafletting, pasting up posters and demonstrating.[22] On June 1928 in Amsterdam at the CPH party congress, the congress erupted in open warfare. Goulooze was immediately elected as secretary of the board, where he represented the CJB.[23] On 17 August 1928, Goulooze attended the World Youth Peace Congress as a representative of the CJB, that was hosted in Eerde.[24]

Propaganda efforts

During this period Goulooze acted to ensure that communist propaganda in the form of the newspapers Op de bon and Het Panster reached every part of the Royal Netherlands Army.[25] A special propaganda stunt was the publication of military booklet by the officer Jan Zonderland, that contained a worker's oath.[26] The case gained national attention, due the commotion from baggage searches in barracks to remove it; that it came to the notice of the national press, the daily newspaper Het Leven.[27]

Reforming the International Workers Aid

In 1930, the International Workers Aid (IAH, Internationale Arbeiders hulp) that existed to provide aid to strikers and strengthen cultural ties with the Soviet Union,[28] became embroiled in a disagreement amongst its members, that degenerated into a fight.[28] Goulooze was ordered to take over the reconstruction of the IAH and oversee the election of a new board.[28]

CPN Board member

The Great Depression exacerbated the political problems faced by the CPN.[29] The Comintern believed it would result in revolution in the Netherlands.[29] Members of the CPN were in favour of the Comintern attitude, that saw Social Democrats, the main political fulcrum of the ruling class, as the main obstacle to the establishment of a proletarian revolution.[30] The Comintern classed them as social fascists who had to be fought at all costs; they were the enemy.[29] Goulooze, who was centrist, rejected this view.[29] as did the Young Communist League that took a more moderate position.[29] At a meeting at his house on 1 February 1930, Richard Gyptner of the Young Communist International, castigated him for his approach.[31] After a long discussion, the Young Communist League board decided to support the Comintern position.[31] At that point, Goulooze ended his association with the Young Communist League and he was tasked along with four others to organise a conference of CPN members.

In service to the Comintern

In February 1930, a new board was elected at the conference and the membership achieved unity on the basis of political guidelines received from the Comintern.[32] At the age of 24, Goulooze became a member of the CPN and was elected as a CPN board member.[32] He became the secretary of the youth organisation, a position he held for four years.[33] Goulooze was then subsequently elected organisational secretary of the CPN.[34] During this period, it was requested by the party leadership that Goulooze should write on his thoughts and views, now he had a better understanding of the internal functioning of the party. He tried to identify those who are not following the Stalinist line and advocated for stronger control of party members.[35]

Publishing

Goulooze was given the task of publishing communist brochures and books.[36] His love of writing up to that point was known in the Party and he achieved a level of published work for the organisation that hasn't been reached since.[36] In 1927, he wrote De grondslagen van het communisme, de taak van de (the foundations of communism, the task of the communist youth), followed by the 104 page essay on the 1928 KJI Congress.[36] Goulooze considered reading and studying a revolutionary act.[37] Over the next several years he built up publishing arm of the CPN and imported communist literature from abroad. He also opened a number of communist bookshops.[37] In 1933, he established the Amstel Agency, a publishing house that was run by Lydia Wolters, his wife. The publishing work was done in his own house.[37] During the early 1930s, he made numerous trips abroad to arrange contracts with writers.[37] In 1932, he published a book by N. Bogdanow, Het eerste meisje; een romanticische geschiedenis (The first girl; a romantic history), about life for members in the Komsomol.[38] In March 1934, as the work of publishing at his house was becoming too stressful due to the success of the business, Goulooze established the formal Pegasus publishing house, located at 29 Nieuwe Prinsengracht in Amsterdam.[38] During the course of his work as director, he formed relationships with many leading left-wing intellectuals and new writers and academics in the country.[39] During the period he worked there, Goulooze published The ABC of Communism written by Nikolai Bukharin and Yevgeni Preobrazhensky and the Marxist Library in 24 volumes. These were classic works by writers like Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. These books were generally not available in the Dutch language beforehand, so they sold in large quantities.[40] Among the most important people who ran his publishing house was Hein Kohn, the main driving force in the publishing house as well as Nel Schuitemaker, Martien Beversluis and Menno Poldervaart.[41]

In 1933, after the uprising in the Dutch De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser De Zeven Provinciën, the government banned a whole series of left-wing organisations including the CPN.[42] This brought huge scrutiny to the CPN and Goulooze as secretary was made responsible for the security of the organisation. Over the next few months, he built a network of trusted people that were committed to identifying and stopping infiltration by the police, the CIA[5] and other intelligence agencies.[42] Through that work, he became familiar with many members of the Belgian and French Communist parties and the Comintern.[43]

Reichstag fire

On 30 January 1933, Hitler became Chancellor of Germany and following the Reichstag fire on 27 February 1933, strengthened his power. The communists and the CPN believed Hitler would fail,[44] in the expectation that they would come to power.[44] Instead, Hitler used the fire as a pretext to launch an attack on Communist and Bolshevist groups in Germany in an attempt to destroy them.[45] At the time, Goulooze was in Berlin and met Georgi Dimitrov, who had been arrested, after being seen talking to Marinus van der Lubbe, who was accused of starting the fire. Goulooze provided information to Dimitrov that ensured his release. Goulooze used the opportunity to print The Brown Book of the Reichstag Fire and Hitler Terror, in the Netherlands that placed the blame for the fire with the Nazis.[46] In the summer of 1933, Goulooze provided assistance to Johann Wenzel, a GRU agent and radio operator who was part of a Soviet espionage group that operated in Western Europe.[47] Wenzel travelled to the Netherlands with Theodor Bottländer, a German official of the AM Apparat department of the Central Committee of the KPD, to obtain information on Marinus van der Lubbe.[47]

International Red Aid

The International Red Aid (IRA) was an international social service organization established by the Communist International in 1922.[48] When the Nazi's came to power at the end of January 1933, hundreds of German communists made a direct appeal to the IRA for help.[49] In 1933, it became clear the IRA was insufficient in design and strength to deal with the number of people who were applying for help.[49] The CPN instructed Jan Postma to expand the organisation.[49] At the end of 1933, it was given a higher workload when it moved to larger rooms at the Bloemgracht in Amsterdam.[5] It was manned by Piet de Smit who did the secretarial work, Anton Winterink, who was part of the editorial work, and Friedl Baruch, who became the KPD liaison.[5] Goulooze along with Winterink and many others members of the CPN were involved in raising aid money to buy food and clothing for the refugees[50] at a time when police were actively hostile to the refugees and the banned CPN.[50] The CPN had many enemies outwith the Dutch state and the police, that included enemy agents posing as communists seeking help but there to infiltrate the CPN. That led to the arrest of many genuine communists. Potsma worked closely with Goulooze and became responsible for checking the reliability of each refugee in turn.[51] Goulooze's job was to protect the organisation particularly from espionage attempts and the police.[5]

In 1934, the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) established an underground bureau, known as a Abschnittsleitungen in Amsterdam.[52] Goulooze arranged for communists who were working on KPD assignments to travel between the Netherlands and Germany.[53] In the summer of 1939, the relationship between the CPN and KPD deteriorated due to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact.[53] By May 1940 and the German invasion of the Netherlands, the relationship between the two organisation had completely broken down.[54] Goulooze was the only person to maintain contact with the illegal KPD leadership in Amsterdam.[54]

Comintern

In the period immediately after the Nazis seized power on 30 January 1933, Goulooze made several trips to the Soviet Union, Prague and Paris in context of reorganising the Comintern.[54] In the same year, the International Liaison Department (OMS) of the Comintern[55] was transferred from Berlin to Amsterdam[56] under the command of Osip Piatnitsky in Amsterdam. [57] The OMS was a part legal, part illegal organisation whose purpose was to carry out administrative policy including arranging travel for officials, to develop and maintain a communication system between the Comintern and the Soviet Union using radio communications and couriers, as well as managing funding for the Comintern organisation and to care for wealthy communists.[57] Goulooze provided the addresses where the Comintern radio transmitters could be housed in Amsterdam.[56] In 1934, Bulgarian Communist leader Georgi Dimitrov was elected secretary of the Comintern and Goulooze became further involved in the daily running of the organisation.[54] In 1935, with permission from the CPN, he started working primarily for the Comintern, but remained director of the Pegasus publishing house, that he used for cover.[1]

Dutch Information Service

By 1937, he was completely devolved from the CPN executive.[54] In the same year, Goulooze was ordered by Dimitrov to disband the current OMS in Amsterdam and create a new OMS, with the infrastructure to support communications with Moscow,[56] including new radio operators, electricians and couriers that were to be recruited from the CPN.[56][58] It was completely separate from the former German Comintern.[56][58] Goulooze was provided help by Wenzel, who moved to the Netherlands, in early 1937.[59] Wenzel was an expert radio engineer and they discussed plans for the construction of a radio network in the Netherlands.[59]

As a publisher Goulooze, was able to travel widely without restrictions, that enabled him to meet a wide variety of people, and select particular people for particular jobs.[54] In the same year, he received intelligence training at the Marx–Engels–Lenin Institute in Moscow.[2] In 1938, Goulooze was able to employ a radio engineer Frans, and send him to Moscow for wireless telegraphy training in December 1938. When the radioman returned, he built a radio transmitter that was based on the Hartley oscillator, by April 1939.[60] Goulooze knew nothing of how wireless telegraphy worked, so delegated the ciphering and radio transmssion to his employees.[60][lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2]

Non aggresion pact
The Winterlink Group in the Netherlands. It was also known as Group Hilda

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact signed in August 1939, defined neutrality between the ideological rivals of Germany and the Soviet Union. However, it created considerable ideological difficulties for the CPN and the Comintern.[61] The Comintern pursued no policy other than what the Soviet government planned. It labeled the global conflagration as an imperialist conflict and rejected the pact.[62] With the coming of World War II, the ideology of Popular Front and United front were abandoned by communist parties in Europe, and the politics of proletarian class struggle once again became predominant.[63] The French Communist Party were no longer called to defend the French homeland when France declared war on Germany, so was declared a proscribed organisation. [63] The French government began to persecute all communists in France, leaving the French Comintern, the KPD and Communist Party is disarray.[63] This resulted in Goulooze's organisation becoming increasingly important to Soviet intelligence as the only organisation in Western Europe that could maintain contact with agents on the ground.[64] In the Netherlands, the leadership of the CPN was expanded to cope with the supposed increased work, in fact it was to attempt to balance opposing ideologies on the board.[65] The leadership of the CPN eventually began to disagree with the leadership of the Comintern, their viewpoint becoming diametrically opposed. While the CPN viewed the war as a fight between opposing ideologies, the Comintern believed it was a true power struggle between nations.[66]

Soviet intelligence

In October 1939, Anatoly Gurevich, a Ukrainian GRU agent who was part of an Soviet espionage group that operated in Germany, and Belgium, visited Goulooze to request help to build his espionage network in Belgium.[67] Gurevich asked that a temporary wireless telegraphy link be established for his use, while he established his own wireless telegraphy link in Belgian and this was provided by Goulooze and used, until January 1940.[67] In July 1940, Gurevich again visited Goulooze, his second visit, to request the reserve cypher code,[lower-alpha 3] that Goulooze had received from his visit to the Soviet Union, the year before.[67]

Occupation

After the occupation of the Netherlands by the Wehrmacht that began on 10 May 1940, a meeting was held by the CPN on 15 May 1940, where it was realised that many of the members would not survive the war and party would itself have to operate illegally.[66] The secretariat was reformed with many members put in reserve with Paul De Groot, Jan Dieters and Lou Jansen forming the triumvirate that gradually brought the illegal CPN into action.[68] During that month, De Groot planned to run the illegal CPN from Moscow and was in contact with Goulooze to arrange passage by ship, but the plan was abandoned, when De Groot and Goulooze visted the Soviet trade representative in Netherlands who rejected the idea. [68] De Groot then expounded the idea of editing and printing an illegal newspaper from Vichy France. Goulooze explored the idea with French and Belgian communists but the plan was found to be impratical and was abandoned.[68] De Groot instructed Goulooze to contact the Comintern executive in Moscow, to make a request for the sectretariat to move to Moscow but on 21 June 1940, Dimitrov rejected the idea, informing De Groot that the group had stay in the Netherlands.[68] Dimitrov forwarded detailed instructions to the secretariat on how to resist the occupation.[68]

During the first months of the occupation, individual leaders of the CPN lacked a cohesive approach to resisting the occupation and took a wait-and-see approach on the politcal front.[69] Goulooze used to time he was contact with the CPN leadership to call for more political activity.[69]

During this period Goulooze was reporting to the Comintern. [69] The reports were create by the CPN party leadership. Due to the limited radio contact, he would first send the reports in an abbreviated form, as well as forwarding each compeleted report to Moscow by courier.[69] In October 1940, the secretariat complained to Goulooze about a summary letter that Goulooze had written, that was critical of the secretariat. [70] In a meeting the CPN leadership decided to replace him[70] after holding a vote, that resulted in "no confidence". The sectretariat had withdrawn from Amsterdam, leaving the OMS in the city.[70] Goulooze had stated in the letter than they should have maintained more contact with the OMS in city. The secretariat failed to understand that Goulooze was employed by the Comintern executive directly from Moscow, and had no control over him. De Groot contacted the Comintern executive, who dismmised the idea of replacing him and demanded from that point forward all messages meant for the executive go through Goulooze.[70]

Collaboration

On 24 June 1940, the Dutch government withdrew the CPN publication ban and on 26 June an issue of the "Volksagblad" was written.[66] In an article, Paul de Groot opined that German agression was caused by English imperialism and the Dutch bourgeoisie, stating that the Dutch people had no "emnity" towards the German people and that the Dutch people had "only an interest in friendship and peace with the German people".[66] The article went on by stating:


"It is in the highest interest of the Dutch population that they provide support, neither directly nor indirectly, to the warfare of the Allies, but that they observe a true neutrality towards Germany. Restoring peace and friendship with the German people is the first step that the Dutch people can and must take in the interest of restoring general peace. This also means that the Dutch working people must adopt a correct attitude towards the German occupation of our country"[71]

Goulooze read the "Volksagblad" article and vehemently oppposed its printing.[71] Goulooze managed to make contact with a Comintern representative, who contacted the Comintern executive in Moscow. They forbade its printing. However, the article was released.[71] At the time, there was some panic in the CPN at the release of the article and how it would be viewed.[71] It did not prevent the CPN and its organs from being banned by the Germans.

Expansion

At the beginning of the occupation, Goulooze had recruited one radio engineer, known as Frans.[72] In April 1940, the engineer had built a radio transmitter for use by a women in south Amsterdam and by February 1941, she had been trained to use it.[73] In total, five radio operators were eventually recruited by Goulooze by the end of 1941.[72] To ensure a high level of security, Goulooze separated the encryption/decrytion of messages by the cypher clerks from the radio transmission process and used couriers to move messages around, with messages hidden in matchboxes, flashlight batteries or rolled in cigarette cases.[74] It resulted in the radio operator's never knowing what the contents of their message were and the cypher clerks not knowing who transmitted the telegrams.[74] At the same time, the people in his network were employeed in legitimate roles designed to disguise their illegal activity, for example as municipal workers.[74]

Goulooze used low-power shortwave radio transmitters that used the 30-metre band (10.100–10.150 MHz) and that were capable of long-distance traffic.[75] The transmission of telegrams took place at different times. As the war progressed, Goulooze passed on messages from the KPD, the CPN and the Comintern. Information on military activity, e.g. armaments, deployment of units along with industrial activity, e.g. production figures, was increasingly also collected and forwarded.[75]

Request for help

In the summer of 1941, Eugen Fried contacted Goulooze to request his help to expand his radio network in Brussels,Belgium.[76] Goulooze sent his Frans to Brussels in August 1941. Frans was show a self-built transmitter by the young person who was hosting that refused to work. A new transmitter was delivered by courier to Frans three weeks later and managed to make a connection to Moscow.[77]

CPN Resolve

As the CPN recovered after being banned, a second meeting of the triumvirate was arranged in July 1940, where they updated and prepared new manifestos. [7] They decided to force a general strike in the large metal companies in November and protest against the persecution of Jews.[7] At the end of November, the CPN published an edition of the De Waarheid.[7] Goulooze considered the actions too late and was annoyed that the newspaper didn't mention the CPN itself.[78] Goulooze, who was in communication with the comintern, was critical of the strike.[79] The comintern sent intructions to direct the goals of the CPN, i.e. not to see their work as proleterian revolution but as a national liberation struggle.[80] The editorials that later appeared in the future versions of the De Waarheid, made the point in clear language, stating it was not about communism, it was about national liberation and return of democratic freedoms.[80] Despite the friction between Goulooze and the executive, the CPN leadership stil used Goulooze to pass messages to the Comintern.[81]

Red Orchestra

Much more important for the Soviet Union than the CPN and the triumvirate, was the work done by Goulooze for the KPD.[81]

In 1942, Goulooze arranged with Soviet intelligence to recruit new radio operators. These were agents that were part of Operation Pickaxe[82] and dropped by aircraft sent from RAF Tempsford. On 22–23 June 1942 dropped Jan Kyrut in the central Netherlands.

Literature
  • Harmsen, Ger (1967). Daan Goulooze. Uit het leven van een communis. Amboboeken (in Dutch). Utrecht: Ambo. OCLC 12739298.
  • Voerman, Gerrit, historicus (2001). De meridiaan van Moskou : de CPN en de Communistische Internationale, 1919-1930 (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Veen. ISBN 9789020456387. OCLC 1169809112.
  • Stutje, Jan Willem (2000). De man die de weg wees : leven en werk van Paul de Groot 1899-1986 (in Dutch). Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij. ISBN 9789023439080.
  • Engelen, D. (1998). Geschiedenis van de Binnenlandse Veiligheidsdienst (in Dutch). Den Haag: Sdu Uitgevers. ISBN 9789012086479. OCLC 48671178.
  • Pelt, Wilhelmus Franciscus Stanislaus (1990). Vrede door revolutie : de CPN tijdens het Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (1939-1941) (in Dutch). 's-Gravenhage: SDU. ISBN 9789012065016. OCLC 1024184540.
  • Harmsen, Ger (1986). "Voor de derde maal Daan Goulooze. Nabeschouwing, aanvullingen en correcties". Bulletin Nederlandse Arbeidersbewegin (in Dutch). Nijmegen. 8: 25–40.
  • Mellink, A.F. (December 1987). "Voorspel en verloop van de juli-conferentie 1945". Bulletin Nederlandse Arbeidersbewegin (in Dutch). Nijmegen. 15: 28–33.
  • Constandse, A.L. "De Gids. Jaargang 130 The life of a communist". De Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren (in Dutch). Taalunie, de Vlaamse Erfgoedbibliotheken en de Koninklijke Bibliotheek (KB), nationale bibliotheek van Nederland. Retrieved 18 May 2021.

Notes
  1. A full description of the cypher used is contained on pp260-263 in Harmsen.
  2. The encryption used was 5-figure based substitution cypher, with a subtractor and key phrase.
  3. A new cypher code that was kept in reserve, for emergency use.

References
  1. Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936–1945 (pdf). Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 281. ISBN 978-0-89093-203-2.
  2. Kesaris, Paul. L, ed. (1979). The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936–1945 (pdf). Washington DC: University Publications of America. p. 70. ISBN 978-0-89093-203-2.
  3. "SECTION II. NEWS ON ARCHIVES, HOLDINGS AND INSTITUTIONS". The International Newsletter of Communist Studies. Bochum: Ruhr University Bochum. XIX (26): 11–13. 2013. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
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Bibliography
  • Harmsen, Ger (1980). Rondom Daan Goulooze : uit het leven van kommunisten. Sunschrift, 152. (in Dutch) (2 ed.). Nijmegen: SUN. ISBN 9789061681526. OCLC 71392888.
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