Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia

Notes:

• The lax stops are aspirated; the tense ones are unaspirated, but pronounced with tense vocal folds and can therefore be described as glottalized. In all Urmian dialects tense /k/ is sometimes pronounced as an ejective [kʼ], and in varieties spoken in Georgia, other tense consonants are also sometimes pronounced as ejectives.[2]
• Lax /t/ is laminal alveolar while tense /t͈/ is apical alveolar.[3]
• /d/ is pronounced laminal in plain contexts but apical in emphatic words.[4]
• The distinction between tense and lax is neutralized after a fricative. Aspiration is also not always pronounced at the end of words.[5]
• North of Urmia, in the Tabriz dialect, and in most parts of the Caucasus, the affricates are realized as palato-alveolar, i.e. [tʃʰ]. South of Urmia the offset is most commonly [s] or [z] if voiced, but in free variation with a palato-alveolar offset.[6]
• In many northern dialects, /c/ and /c͈/ are pronounced as palato-alveolar affricates, often merging with /tʃ/ etc., but there is considerable variation.[7]
• /h/ is pronounced [ɦ] intervocalically.[4]

• Murre-van den Berg, Hendrika Lena (1999). From a Spoken to a Written Language: The Introduction and Development of Literary Urmia Aramaic in the Nineteenth Century. Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten. ISBN 978-90-6258-981-4.
• Khan, Geoffrey (2016). The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of the Assyrian Christians of Urmi (4 vols). BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-31393-4.
• Yaure, L. (April 1957). "A Poem in the Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Urmia". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 16 (2): 73–87. doi:10.1086/371377.
• 'The Missionaries' Assistants: The role of the Assyrians in the development of written Urmia Aramaic' in Journal of the Assyrian Academy Society, 10 (2), 1996

• Catholic Catechism in Urmia Aramaic. Gorgias Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-61719-622-5.