Chalcogenidotetrelate

Chalcogenidotetrelates are chemical compound containing a group 14 element, known as a tetrel, and a group 16 element known as a chalocogen. Chalcogenidotetrelates are a class of chalcogenidometalates. The chalcogen atom has two bonds to the group 14 atom, which would normally have four bonds in a +4 oxidation state. The group 14 elements are carbon, silicon, germanium, tin and lead. Flerovium compounds like this are unknown due to its short life. Carbon differs significantly from the other elements in seldom having four bonds to chalcogens, and so has few compounds in this class such as orthocarbonates.[1]

Properties

Chalcogenidotetrelates form numerous structures, from zero-dimensional simple tetrahedra, clusers or supertetrahedra, one-dimensional chains, two-dimensional layers or three-dimensional networks, which may also be porous.[2]

Structures

The ortho-chalcogenidotetrelate anions [TE4]4– (T is a tetralate and E is a chalcogen) are tetrahedral in arrangement. A supertetrahedron can fuse 4 or 10 of these into a larger tetrahedral adamantane cluster [T4E10]4− eg [Ge4Se10]4−.[3] Dimers that share a corner have formula [T4E7]6−, and sharing an edge yield [T4E6]4−.[2]

Natural occurrence

Chalcogenidotetrelates encompass the most common minerals on earth, and other terrestrial planets in the form of silicates and carbonates. Feldspar, olivine, pyroxene and calcite are common. Other chalcogenidotetrelate minerals containing sulfur and other elements are known.

Production

Chalcogenidotetrelates may be produced by heating together the chalgogen compounds of the desired ingredients. A high temperature flux of a molten salt may be used. Or solutions in amines or organic solvents may crystallise at low temperatures.[2]

Use

Chalcogenidotetrelates are researched to find ion-conductors, ion exchange materials, semiconductors, photovoltaics, photoluminescence, photocatalysts and non-linear optical materials.[2]

Related materials include the chalcogenidotrielates, and organo-functionalized chalcogenidotetrelates, which have one or more organic groups attached to the tetrel atom.[2]

Subtypes
chalcogen chalcogenidotetrelate chalcogenidocarbonate chalcogenidosilicate chalcogenidogermanate chalcogenidostannate chalcogenidoplumbate
oxygen tetrelate carbonate silicate germanate stannate plumbate
sulfur sulfidotetrelate sulfidocarbonate sulfidosilicate sulfidogermanate sulfidostannate sulfidoplumbate
selenium selenidotetrelate selenidocarbonate selenidosilicate selenidogermanate selenidostannate selenidoplumbate
tellurium telluridotetrelate telluridocarbonate telluridosilicate telluridogermanate telluridostannate telluridoplumbate

Mixed chalcogen compounds or ions are also known.[2]

References
  1. Dornsiepen, Eike; Geringer, Eugenie; Rinn, Niklas; Dehnen, Stefanie (February 2019). "Coordination chemistry of organometallic or inorganic binary group 14/16 units towards d-block and f-block metal atoms". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 380: 136–169. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2018.09.001.
  2. Heine, Johanna; Dehnen, Stefanie (December 2012). "From Simple Chalcogenidotetrelate Precursors to Complex Structures and Functional Compounds". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 638 (15): 2425–2440. doi:10.1002/zaac.201200319.
  3. "Non-Classical Chalcogenido Metalates". Philipps-Universität Marburg. Retrieved 2021-07-17.

Further reading
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