Bunmei-kaika

3 generations of Kakegawa Hiroshige "Tokyo Meisho Nei Ginza Doriwazukuri railway carriage commutation map" (1882)

The term "Bunmei-kaika" was first used by Yukichi Fukuzawa as a translation of "civilization" in his "Outline of Civilization" in 1875. The term "civilization opening" was first used by Yukichi Fukuzawa in his "Outline of Civilization" (1875) as a translation of "civilization.

A famous phrase that symbolizes this era is "If you bang your head, you will hear the sound of the opening of civilization. It can be seen that changes in food culture, such as the one in Kanagaki Robun's "Angurakunabe" ("Beef casserole is not for the open-minded"), were also incorporated into the lives of the masses (see below).

The new Meiji government promoted a series of policies such as the promotion of new industries, wealthy country, strong military, and the elimination of Asia and Europe, as well as the encouragement of Western architecture (→western building, pseudo-western architecture), haircutting, Western clothing, and western food. However, it has also been pointed out that this westernization was limited to urban areas and a few intellectuals, and that in some rural areas, lights were Rape seed oil until the Shōwa period. Traditional lighting equipment of Japan#Andon|Ganto]], the benefits of westernization such as Post and telegraph did not reach us, and the traditions and customs of the late Edo period continued for a long time. For a long time, the traditions and customs of the late Edo period continued, and the changes in life were far more gradual.

Since the opening of Japan to the outside world, Japanese customs have been reported from a curious perspective by foreigners who visited Japan. In order not to be misunderstood about the new Japan, the new Meiji government, which aimed to westernize the country, called Japan's indigenous customs and beliefs "bad" and "old", and took policies to enlighten the people's "lost mongrel".[1] In accordance with the policy of the new government, local governments took the initiative to eliminate the traditional lifestyle culture and folk customs, and many folk customs were reduced or discontinued due to the effects of the policy of civilization. For example, with the introduction of the solar calendar in 1872, the Double Seventh Festival (disambiguation), Bon Festival, and Lunisolar calendar Bon Festival, Lunisolar calendar, and Hatsubon were improved. In addition, along with the Abandonment of Buddhism, Yamabushi and other forms of blessing prayer and Shamanism were officially disallowed by the Ministry of Education in 1873. In addition, Tattoos and Iomantes were banned, affecting Ainu culture and Category:Ryukyuan culture. In 1872, the Tokyo Prefecture issued the Offense and Offense Ordinance, which established detailed regulations to equalize customs, such as nudity in the open air and haircutting by women without a reason being considered a misdemeanor.

In addition, part of the rapid Westernization was a sense of crisis over the fact that the Western powers were actively managing colonies at the time, siphoning off vast amounts of wealth from Asian countries.In this context, Western military technology was actively introduced as part of the wealthy and powerful military policy mentioned above, and even the meals (military food) served in the military were westernized in order to strengthen the strength and stamina of the soldiers. However, the Imperial Japanese Armed Forces, which had just been established at that time, were a group of second and third generation soldiers from rural areas, and some of them, who had been brought up on rice and Japanese food Japanese cuisine, some of them showed a sense of rejection to the foreign Western cuisine. For this reason, the navy and other naval forces devised ways to combine rice and curry, and developed eclectic dishes such as nikujaga with soy sauce flavor. The Japanese curry rice later became Yokosuka navy curry, and dishes like Nikujaga spread to areas around military ports, and by the time the Showa era came around, it was widely accepted as a common family dish.

Institutional Modernization

• conscription system (blood money)

Transportation and communication

• Railways - In 1872, Shimbashi (discontinued in 1986) opened between Yokohama and Steam locomotive steam locomotive begins service. It is called land steam, as opposed to Steamboat
• Railway carriage - In 1882 (1882), Japan's first Tokyo horse-drawn railroad opened. It was later converted to an train and became the predecessor of the current Tokyo Metropolitan Railway.
• Rickshaw
• Steamship
• telegraph
• post system - started in 1871 as a link between Tokyo and Osaka, then nationwide the following year in 1872.

Architecture & Cities

• Western-style architecture - Tsukiji Hotel Building, Ginza Bricktown.
• brick architecture.
• Gas lamps
• pseudo-western architecture

Government-owned factories

• Giyōfū architecture * pseudo-western architecture * Tomioka Silk Mill (started operation in 1872), etc. For other government-run factories, see the section on government-run model factories.

People's names

• In 1875 (1875), a decree was promulgated requiring commoners to name their surnames. Later, in 1898 (Meiji31), it led to the same surname for married couples in the old Civil Code and today's marital surname issue.

Clothing culture

• A hair-cutting order was issued in 1871 (1871). - If you tap your head, you will hear the sound of half-hair（hanpatsu）. If you tap hair（{{{2}}}）, you will hear the sound of the restoration of the monarchy. If you tap hair-head（Zangiri-atama）, you will hear the sound of civilization."
• Abandoned Sword Order
• Military uniform
• Western clothing
• Bat umbrella

Food culture

• Meat-eating (Sukiyaki, beef hot pot) - Kanagaki Robun's Ankuraku Nabe
• Milk drinking (→ Glass milk bottle) - Fukuzawa Yukichi's "Meat eating
• Start of the production of Anpan (Japanese spirit, Western culture)

Education

• Enforcement of the school system - Randoseru
• Dispatch of foreign students - Tsuda Umeko

Journalism and publishing

• Newspaper
• Meiroku magazine
• Enlightenment - Western Affairs, Gakuton nosurome
• Translation book - Sai Kokuritsu Rishi Hen (1871)

Performing Arts

• Theater Improvement Movement
• Shingeki

Calendar

• Gregorian calendar (Solar calendar) - adopted in 1873, starting on January 1. The Tenpō calendar (Lunisolar calendar) was used until December 2, 1872, after which it became the lunisolar calendar.

Foreigners for hire

• Morse - Discovered Omori Shell Mounds
• Clark - vice principal of Sapporo Agricultural School. "boys be ambitious" (Boys, be ambitious).

• Japanese civilization
• Ainu culture (in addition to the prohibition of traditional culture such as Tattoos and Iomante (bear sending), the use of surnames was mandatory)
• Ryukyu culture (traditional culture such as tattooing was banned)
• Meiji Restoration
• Foreign settlement
• Foreigners for hire
• Orientalism
• Haitō Edict
• Kaika-e
• Cultural plagiarism
• Yōmu Movement - the movement to introduce Western technology in China around the Meiji period

• Obuse (1993). Civilizational enlightenment and the people: a chapter in the spiritual history of modern Japan. new review. ISBN 4794801963.
• Obuse (1993). Civilizational enlightenment and the people: a chapter in the spiritual history of modern Japan. new review. ISBN 4794801963.