Antipater of Thessalonica

Antipater of Thessalonica (Greek: Ἀντίπατρος ὁ Θεσσαλονικεύς; c. 10 BC - c. AD 38[1]) was a Greek epigrammatist of the Roman period.

Biography

Antipater lived during the latter part of the reign of Augustus, and perhaps into the reign of Caligula.[2] He enjoyed the patronage of Lucius Calpurnius Piso (consul in 15 BC and then proconsul of Macedonia for several years), who appointed him governor of Thessalonica.

As the author of over a hundred epigrams in the Greek Anthology, Antipater is the most copious and perhaps the most interesting of the Augustan epigrammatists. There are many allusions in his work to contemporary history:

  • One poem celebrates the foundation of Nicopolis by Octavianus, after the battle of Actium
  • Another anticipates his victory over the Parthians in the expedition of 20 BC
  • Another is addressed to Gaius Caesar, who died in AD 4. None can be ascribed securely to a date later than this.

Waterwheel

Antipater is also known for being the first to mention use of the waterwheel in a poem. He tells of an advanced overshot wheel watermill around 20 BC/10 AD.[3] He praised it for its use in grinding grain and the reduction of human labour:[4]

Hold back your hand from the mill, you grinding girls; even if the cockcrow heralds the dawn, sleep on. For Demeter has imposed the labours of your hands on the nymphs, who leaping down upon the topmost part of the wheel, rotate its axle; with encircling cogs,[5] it turns the hollow weight of the Nisyrian millstones. If we learn to feast toil-free on the fruits of the earth, we taste again the golden age.

The reference is important mentioning the mill, and supports other evidence of the antiquity of use. Taking indirect evidence into account from the work of the Greek technician Apollonius of Perge, the British historian of technology M. J. T. Lewis dates the appearance of the vertical-axle watermill to the early 3rd century BC, and the horizontal-axle watermill to around 240 BC, with Byzantium and Alexandria as the assigned places of invention. A watermill is reported by the Greek geographer Strabon to have existed sometime before 71 BC in the palace of the Pontian king Mithridates VI Eupator, but its exact construction cannot be gleaned from the text (XII, 3, 30 C 556).

The first clear description of a geared watermill is offered by the late 1st century BC Roman architect Vitruvius who tells of the sakia gearing system as being applied to a watermill. Vitruvius's account is particularly valuable in that it shows how the watermill came about, namely by the combination of the separate Greek inventions of the toothed gear and the water wheel into one effective mechanical system for harnessing water power. Vitruvius' water wheel is described as being immersed with its lower end in the watercourse so that its paddles could be driven by the velocity of the running water (X, 5.2).

See also

References
  1. Smith, p. 204.
  2. Smith, p. 204.
  3. Anth. Pal. ix. 418; Wikander 2000, p. 375; Donners, Waelkens & Deckers 2002, p. 13
  4. Lewis, p. vii.
  5. The translation of this word is crucial to the interpretation of the passage. Traditionally, it has been translated as 'spoke' (e.g. Reynolds, p. 17), but Lewis (p. 66) points out that, while its primary meaning is 'ray' (as a sunbeam), its only concrete meaning is 'cog'. Since a horizontal-wheeled corn mill does not need gearing (and hence has no cogs), the mill must have been vertical-wheeled.

Bibliography

Primary Sources
  • Select Epigrams from the Greek Anthology. Translated by J. W. Mackail (London: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1890)
  • The Geography of Strabo, V (Loeb Classical Library). Translated by H. L. Jones (Cambridge MA: Harvard UP, 1928)
  • The Greek Anthology, I, II, III, IV, V (Loeb Classical Library). Translated by W. R. Paton (London: Heinemann, 1916)
  • Vitruvius: On Architecture, I, II (Loeb Classical Library). Translated by Frank Granger (London: Heinemann, 1931)

Secondary Sources
  • "Antipater of Thessalonica", William Smith (ed.) Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. I (London, 1870)
  • Donners, K.; Waelkens, M.; Deckers, J. (2002), "Water Mills in the Area of Sagalassos: A Disappearing Ancient Technology", Anatolian Studies, Anatolian Studies, Vol. 52, vol. 52, pp. 1–17, doi:10.2307/3643076, JSTOR 3643076
  • Lewis, M. J., Millstone and Hammer: the Origins of Water Power (University of Hull Press 1997) ISBN 0-85958-657-X.
  • Wikander, Örjan (2000), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400, ISBN 978-90-04-11123-3
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