Angang Constitution

The Angang Constitution[3] or Angang xianfa[4] (simplified Chinese: 鞍钢宪法; traditional Chinese: 鞍鋼憲法; pinyin: Āngāng xiànfǎ), also known as An-Steel Constitution[5] or Constitution of the Anshan Iron and Steel Complex,[6] refers to a set of basic experiences of enterprise management summarized by China's Anshan Iron and Steel Company (鞍山钢铁公司) in the early 1960s.[7] This "Constitution" was formed in 1960.[8]

Angang Constitution
Chinese鞍钢宪法[1]
Date of formationMarch 22, 1960[2]

In 1960, Ma Bin (马宾) presided over the creation of the Angang experience (鞍钢经验), namely "two participations, one reform and three-in-one unity", mass technical innovation and revolution, which was called "Angang Constitution"[9] and "Mabin Constitution" (马宾宪法) by Mao Zedong, [10] and was implemented in China.[11] Therefore, Ma was one of the key participants in the formulation of the "Angang Constitution".[12]

Basic contents

The basic contents of the Angang Constitution include carrying out a technical revolution, conducting mass mobilization (群众运动), implementing "two participations, one reform and three-in-one unity" (cadres participating in labor, workers participating in management, reforming unreasonable rules and regulations, and three combinations of workers, leading cadres and technicians), [13] insisting on placing politics in command (政治挂帅), and implementing the factory director responsibility system under the leadership of the Party Committee (党委领导下的厂长负责制).[14]

The core idea of Angang Constitution can be synthesized into "two participations, one reform and three-in-one unity" (两参一改三结合).[15]

It is worth noting that "Angang Constitution" is a vivid metaphor, it is not a constitution (like Former Soviet Union's "Magang Constitution"). [16]

Evaluations

In 1996, Cui Zhiyuan compared the Angang Constitution to Post-Fordism, arguing that the Angang Constitution was "the earliest and distinctive challenge to the rigid Ford-style division of labor system"[17] and "an institutional innovation" of the "post-Ford mode of production". "The collective ownership system (集体所有制) of the people's communes was conducive to the democratic participation of the peasants.[18] He further stated that "no matter how many mistakes there were in the implementation of the Angang Constitution, the spirit of economic democracy is still a valuable spiritual resource for China in the 21st century".[19]

Cui described the "Angang Constitution" as a model of institutional innovation and a source of "post-Ford production method" (后福特生产方式). In this regard, Chinese historian Gao Hua (高华) wrote an article criticizing that this is purely a big joke with history, because the essence of the "Angang Constitution" is the leadership of the Party Committee and highlighting politics.[20]

He Jiadong (何家栋) and Li Shenzhi said that history tells us that Angang Constitution was only a utopian blueprint at that time, not a reality in life. In reality, the corporate system is under the leadership of the party committee and putting the secretary in command (书记挂帅).[21]

See also

Magang Constitution

References
  1. L. Chun (5 December 2013). China and Global Capitalism: Reflections on Marxism, History, and Contemporary Politics. Springer. pp. 192–. ISBN 978-1-137-30126-0.
  2. "March 22, 1960, "Angang Constitution"". State Council Information Office. 2011-03-22.
  3. Y. Y. Kueh (1 January 2008). China's New Industrialization Strategy: Was Chairman Mao Really Necessary?. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 15–. ISBN 978-1-84844-140-8.
  4. Alexander F. Day (18 July 2013). The Peasant in Postsocialist China: History, Politics, and Capitalism. Cambridge University Press. pp. 76–. ISBN 978-1-107-03967-4.
  5. "Case Study of Typical Impact of "An-Steel Constitution" on External Communication". CNKI. 2020-02-03.
  6. The Chinese Economy: Translations and Studies. M.E. Sharpe. 2005. pp. 26–.
  7. "The past, present and future of migrant workers". The Paper. 2020-11-07.
  8. Chun Lin (2006). The Transformation of Chinese Socialism. Duke University Press. pp. 153–. ISBN 0-8223-3798-3.
  9. Kaidong Feng (30 August 2019). Innovation and Industrial Development in China: A Schumpeterian Perspective on China’s Economic Transformation. Routledge. pp. 189–. ISBN 978-0-429-65600-2.
  10. "The alternation of new age and old age". The Economic Observer. 2009-07-17.
  11. "Ma Bin passed away at the age of 104". Duowei News. 2017-03-29.
  12. "Ma Bin, an important participant in the Angang Constitution, passed away". Utopia. 2017-03-28.
  13. "60th anniversary of the birth of the "Angang Constitution"". Xinhua News Agency. 2020-03-26.
  14. Zhang Boshu (23 January 2016). Changing China: The Schools of Chinese Thought. China Independent Writers Publishing Inc. pp. 88–.
  15. Chenyi Yu (2020). China's Economy: Towards 2049. Springer Nature. pp. 36–. ISBN 9789811592270.
  16. "Comrade Mao Zedong's strategic guidance for China's steel industry". People's Daily. 2012-06-08. Archived from the original on 2021-01-15.
  17. Zhu Lingjun (8 June 2015). Social Capital and Party Leadership: An Attempt to Analyze the Framework of Party Sociology. Compilation and Translation Bureau. pp. 234–.
  18. Gong Yang (2003). Thoughts: China's "New Left" and its Impact. China Social Sciences Press. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-7-5004-3971-4.
  19. Gao Ruiquan (2005). Chinese Modern Spiritual Tradition: A Genealogy of Chinese Conceptions of Modernity. Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House. pp. 242–. ISBN 978-7-5325-4093-8.
  20. Modern China Studies, Issues 72-75. Center for Modern China. 2001. pp. 242–.
  21. Li Shenzhi; He Jiadong (2000). China's Road. Southern Daily Publishing House. pp. 301–. ISBN 978-7-80652-017-8.
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