Economy of Zambia

Zambia is a developing country and it achieved middle-income status in 2011. Through the first decade of the 21st century, the economy of Zambia was one of the fastest growing economies in Africa and its capital, Lusaka the fastest growing city in the Southern African Development Community (SADC).[15] Zambia's economic performance has stalled in recent years due to declining copper prices, significant fiscal deficits, and energy shortages.[16][17]

Economy of Zambia
Lusaka is the capital and largest financial district in Zambia
CurrencyZambian kwacha (ZMW)
calendar year
Trade organisations
AU, AfCFTA (signed), WTO, SADC, COMESA
Country group
Statistics
Population 17,351,822 (2018)[3]
GDP
  • $26.67 billion (nominal, 2022 est.)[4]
  • $75.690 billion (PPP, 2022 est.)[4]
GDP growth
  • 1.4% (2019) -2.8% (2020e)
  • 4.3% (2021e) 3.1% (2022e)[4]
GDP per capita
  • $1,330 (nominal, 2022 est.)[4]
  • $3,776 (PPP, 2022 est.)[4]
GDP by sector
15.7% (2022 est.)[4]
Population below poverty line
60.5% (2010)
Labour force
6.906 million(2015)
Labour force by occupation
agriculture: 85%, industry: 7%, services: 9% (2004)
Unemployment7.2% (2018)[8]
Main industries
copper mining and processing, construction, foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer, horticulture
85th (easy, 2020)[9]
External
Exports$11.111 billion (2021 est)[10]
Export goods
copper/cobalt 64%, cobalt, electricity; tobacco, flowers, cotton
Main export partners
Imports$6.899 billion (2021 est)[12]
Import goods
machinery, transportation equipment, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer; foodstuffs, clothing
Main import partners
Public finances
$21.73 billion (2019)
Revenues$3.643 billion (2015)
Expenses$5.189 billion (2015)
Economic aidrecipient: $640.6 million (2002)
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Zambian exports in 2006

Zambia is currently ranked 8th in Africa, 5th in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and 4th in the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) in terms of the ease of doing business. Furthermore, Zambia is ranked the 8th most competitive country in Africa on the Global Competitiveness Index. Recently, Zambia was ranked 7th by Forbes as the best country for doing business among 54 African countries.[18]

The government has succeeded in reducing the cost of doing business, but other important indicators of the business environment, such as restrictions on trade and government and judicial integrity have deteriorated.[19]

Zambia itself is one of Sub-Saharan Africa's most highly urbanized countries. About one-half of the country's 16 million people are concentrated in a few urban zones strung along the major transportation corridors, while rural areas are under-populated. Unemployment and underemployment are serious problems. National GDP has actually doubled since independence. But due in large part to high birth rates per capita, annual incomes are currently at about two-thirds of their levels at independence. As of 2019, Zambia's GDP per capita (current international dollars) stands at $1,305.00 .

In the area of trade, Zambia recorded a positive trade balance of US$300.6 million in 2014, as well as an increase in non-traditional exports (NTEs) over the years from US$1,381.8million in 2010 to US$3,550.3 million in 2013. Copper and cobalt are among Zambia's main exports while non-traditional exports include cotton, coffee, fresh flowers, burley tobacco, gemstones and maize (corn) among others. Zambia is also eligible to export duty-free goods to the United States under the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA). The Act allows eligible countries from sub-Saharan Africa to export over 6,400 goods to the United States.[18]

For the first time since 1989, in 2007 Zambia's economic growth reached the 6%–7% mark needed to reduce poverty significantly. Copper output has increased steadily since 2004, due to higher copper prices and the opening of new mines. The maize harvest was again good in 2005, helping boost GDP and agricultural exports. Cooperation continues with international bodies on programs to reduce poverty, including a new lending arrangement with the IMF in the second quarter of 2004. A tighter monetary policy will help cut inflation, but Zambia still has a serious problem with high public debt.[18]

In October 2021, to spur economic development, Zambia took measures to promote local development in its ambitious 2022 national budget. The Government announced an unprecedented constituency development fund (CDF) increment from ZMW 1.6 million (U$91,000) to ZMW 25.7 million (U$ 1.5million) for each constituency taking the total development fund injection into the local communities from ZMW 250 million (U$ 14.2 million) to ZMW 4 billion (U$ 228.4 million).[20][21] After winning a crucial Staff-Level IMF Deal, in early December 2021, Zambia went on to cut fuel subsidies later that month as a key step in seeking U$1.4 billion from the IMF.[22]

History

Economic policies soon after independence (1964 - 1967)
GDP per capita development of Zambia, since 1950

The British South Africa Company (BSAC, originally set up by the British imperialist Cecil Rhodes) retained commercial assets and mineral rights that it acquired from a concession signed with the Litunga of Barotseland in 1892 (the Lochner Concession). Only by threatening to expropriate the BSAC, on the eve of independence, did the incoming Zambian government manage to get the BSAC to relinquish the mineral rights. The Federation's government assigned roles to each of the three territories: Southern Rhodesia was assigned the responsibility of providing managerial and administrative skills; Northern Rhodesia provided copper revenues; and Nyasaland provided the Black labour.

After independence, Zambia instituted a program of national development plans, under the direction of a National Commission for Development Planning: the Transitional Development Plan (1964–66) was followed by the First National Development Plan (1966–71). These two plans, which provided for major investment in infrastructure and manufacturing, were largely implemented and were generally successful. This was not true for subsequent plans

The Mulungushi Economic Reforms (1968)

A major switch in the structure of Zambia's economy came with the Mulungushi Reforms of April 1968: the government declared its intention to acquire equity holdings (usually 51% or more) in a number of key foreign-owned firms, to be controlled by a parastatal conglomerate named the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO).[23] By January 1970, Zambia had acquired majority holding in the Zambian operations of the two major foreign mining corporations, the Anglo American Corporation and the Rhodesia Selection Trust (RST); the two became the Nchanga Consolidated Copper Mines (NCCM) and Roan Consolidated Mines (RCM), respectively. The Zambian government then created a new parastatal body, the Mining Development Corporation (MINDECO). The Finance and Development Corporation (FINDECO) allowed the Zambian government to gain control of insurance companies and building societies. However, foreign-owned banks (such as Barclays, Standard Chartered and Grindlays) successfully resisted takeover. In 1971, INDECO, MINDECO, and FINDECO were brought together under an omnibus parastatal, the Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation (ZIMCO), to create one of the largest companies in sub-Saharan Africa, with the country's president, Kenneth Kaunda as chairman of the board. The management contracts under which day-to-day operations of the mines had been carried out by Anglo American and RST were ended in 1973. In 1982 NCCM and RCM were merged into the giant Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines Ltd (ZCCM).

In 1973 a massive increase in the price of oil was followed by a slump in copper prices in 1975, resulting in a diminution of export earnings. In 1973 the price of copper accounted for 95% of all export earnings; this halved in value on the world market in 1975. By 1976 Zambia had a balance-of-payments crisis, and rapidly became massively indebted to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The Third National Development Plan (1978–83) had to be abandoned as crisis management replaced long-term planning.

By the mid-1980s Zambia was one of the most indebted nations in the world, relative to its gross domestic product (GDP). The IMF was insisting that the Zambian government should introduce programs aimed at stabilizing the economy and restructuring it to reduce dependence on copper. The proposed measures included: the ending of price controls; devaluation of the kwacha (Zambia's currency); cut-backs in government expenditure; cancellation of subsidies on food and fertilizer; and increased prices for farm produce. Kaunda's removal of food subsidies caused massive increases in the prices of basic foodstuffs; the country's urbanized population rioted in protest. In desperation, Kaunda broke with the IMF in May 1987 and introduced a New Economic Recovery Programme in 1988. However, this did not help him and he eventually moved toward a new understanding with the IMF in 1989. In 1990 Kaunda was forced to make a major policy volteface: he announced the intention to partially privatize the parastatals. Time, however, was running out for him. Like many African independence leaders Kaunda tried to hang on to power but unlike many he called multiparty elections and lost them (to the Movement for Multiparty Democracy (MMD))and abided by the results. Kaunda left office with the inauguration of MMD leader Frederick Chiluba as president on 2 November 1991.

Chiluba's economic reforms

Zambia's Economic System of Government is Unitary because of that the Frederick Chiluba government (1991–2001), which came to power after democratic multi-party elections in November 1991, was committed to extensive economic reform.[24]

Zambia's economic transformation into a free market system began toward the end of 1991 following a change of government. To tackle a serious economic crisis, the government agreed to introduce substantial economic reforms to secure much-needed loans from the World Bank and IMF.[19]

One of the greatest challenges was the privatization of the country's copper mines, Zambia's prime export earner. The government privatised many state industries, and maintained positive real interest rates. Exchange controls were eliminated and free market principles endorsed. It remains to be seen whether the Mwanawasa government will follow a similar path of implementing economic reform and undertaking further privatization. Zambia has yet to address issues such as reducing the size of the public sector, which still represents 44% of total formal employment, and improving Zambia's social sector delivery systems.

After the government privatized the giant parastatal mining company Zambian Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM), donors resumed balance-of-payment support. The final transfer of ZCCM's assets occurred on March 31, 2000. Although balance-of-payment payments are not the answer to Zambia's long-term debt problems, it will in the short term provide the government some breathing room to implement further economic reforms. The government has, however, spent much of its foreign exchange reserves to intervene in the exchange rate mechanism. To continue to do so, however, would jeopardize Zambia's debt relief. Zambia qualified for HIPC debt relief in 2000, contingent upon the country meeting certain performance criteria, and this should offer a long-term solution to Zambia's debt situation.

2001-2010

On 2 January 2002, MMD's Levy Mwanawasa won the Presidential election which many observers claimed had actually been won by the opposition.[25] In January 2003, the Zambian Government informed the International Monetary Fund and World Bank that it wished to renegotiate some of the agreed performance criteria calling for privatization of the Zambia National Commercial Bank and the national telephone and electricity utilities.

Foreign investors liked Mwanawasa, owing partly to his anti-corruption drive. During his presidency, Zambia received foreign investment.[26] The main driver of economic growth was minerals. Mwanawasa's policies helped to lower inflation to single digits in 2006, a record the country had not seen in over 25 years, and spread some benefits to the poor.[26][27] Tourists and white farmers diverted from Zimbabwe and helped Zambian economy.[26] The policies turned the Zambian town of Livingstone, near Victoria Falls, into a tourist hub.[28] Zambia received a relatively large amount of aid and debt relief because of liberalisation and Mwanawasa's "stolid efforts".[26] Overall, economic growth increased to about 6% per year.[26]

After Mwanawasa suffered a stroke while attending an African Union summit in Egypt on 29 June 2008, Rupiah Banda became acting president and subsequently President.[29]With divisions within the MMD, Banda promised to "unite the party and the entire nation" and to "continue implementing [Mwanawasa's] programs".[30] Though, after taking office, Banda dismantled much of the anti-corruption effort put into place by his predecessor, Mwanawasa.[31] This, compounded with the effects of the Global Financial crisis of 2007–2008 led to a sustained period of increased inflation.[27]

2011-2020

In September 2011, the social democrat, Michael Sata led the Patriotic Front (PF) to victory with a vow to improve conditions for their Zambian employees.[32] Though known to previously oppose Chinese investment, he declared his change in perspective prior to his election victory.[33] Sata died on 28 October 2014 and was succeeded by Edgar Lungu. The period, saw an infrastructure boom with the development of the Kafue Gorge Lower Power Station, two multi-purpose stadiums, Levy Mwanawasa Stadium and National Heroes Stadium, expansions of the Kenneth Kaunda International Airport, the Harry Mwanga Nkumbula International Airport and the Simon Mwansa Kapwepwe International Airport, and the Pave Zambia 2000 project[34]intended to create and repair major urban roads countrywide.

Unfortunately this came at a huge debt cost that slowed the economy and compounded by corruption and the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in weak GDP growth and a recession in 2019 and 2020 respectively. Zambia's GDP had shrunk from US$ 29 billion to US$ 19 billion and its debt grew from 16% to 140% of GDP from 2010 through 2020.[35][27] In November 2020, Zambia became Africa’s first coronavirus-era default when it opted to bow out of a US$42.5 million eurobond repayment.[36]

2021-

In August 2021, the Zambian populace ushered in a new government with a promise for jobs growth.[37] Hakainde Hichilema's United Party for National Development (UPND) government delivered an ambitious budget that included an increase in the Constituency Development Fund (CDF) from ZMW 1.6 million (US$ 91 thousand) to ZMW 25.7 million (US$ 1.5 million) for each of Zambia's 156 constituencies and its decentralization in release to these constituencies.[38] The expectation is that this will generate jobs growth in addition to the government's targeted employment of 30,000 new teachers[39] and 11,200 health workers.[40]

With a push for Zambia to be able to produce 3 million tonnes of Copper per annum within the next 10 years, the government reintroduced the deductibility of mineral royalty for corporate income tax assessment purposes.[41][42][43][44] The results of these policy changes are yet to be seen.

At the 2022 IMF-World Bank Spring Meetings, the World Bank announced it would fund projects worth US$560 million in Zambia in 2022.[45][46]

In April 2022, Zambia launched a mechanism aimed at unlocking the potential of the private sector as a driver of economic development and job creation. The Public-Private Dialogue Forum (PPDF) is meant to act as a structured mechanism for interactions between the public and the private sector in tackling bottlenecks that have hindered the growth of the private sector.[47]

Sectors

Mining

In 2019, the country was the world's 7th largest producer of copper.[48]

The Zambian economy has historically been based on the copper-mining industry. The industrialization of the copper industry is owed partly to Frederick Russell Burnham, the famous American scout who worked for Cecil Rhodes.[49] By 1998, however, output of copper had fallen to a low of 228,000 tonnes, continuing a 30-year decline in output due to lack of investment, and until recently, low copper prices and uncertainty over privatization. In 2001, the first full year of a privatized industry, Zambia recorded its first year of increased productivity since 1973. The future of the copper industry in Zambia was thrown into doubt in January 2002, when investors in Zambia's largest copper mine announced their intention to withdraw their investment. However, surging copper prices from 2004 to the present day rapidly rekindled international interest in Zambia's copper sector with a new buyer found for KCCM and massive investments in expanding capacity launched. China has become a major investor in the Zambian copper industry, and in February 2007, the two countries announced the creation of a Chinese-Zambian economic partnership zone around the Chambishi copper mine.[50][51]

Today copper mining is central to the economic prospects for Zambia and covers 85% of all the country's exports, but concerns remain that the economy is not diversified enough to cope with a collapse in international copper prices.

Production of Mineral Raw Materials 2016-2020[52][53][54][55]
Year Copper (MT) % Growth of Cu Cobalt (MT) Gold (kg) Nickel (MT) Manganese (MT) Beryllium (kg) Sulfur (elemental & industrial) (MT) Steam Coal (MT)
2016 774,290 8.82% 5,276 4.610 0 27,500 5,000 363,000 126,050
2017 799,329 3.23% 2,649 4,373 0 39,900 4,000 679,500 208,608
2018 861,946 7.83% 1,766 4,044 0 37,800 7,000 947,800 344,717
2019 796,430 -7.60% 1,271 4.522 2,500 11,970 7,000 960,300 361,648
2020 797,000 0.07% 367 3,994 5,712 12,220 2,000 917,300 448,821
2021 882,061 10.67% N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

In January 2013, the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA) approved 27 mining and exploration licences, with more rumoured to be confirmed.[56]

Zambia is the world's second biggest producer of Emeralds, with its Kafubu River area deposits (Kagem Mines) about 45 km (28 mi) southwest of Kitwe responsible for 20% of the world's production of gem-quality stones in 2004.[57] In the first half of 2011, the Kagem Mines produced 3.74 tons of emeralds.[58] In April 2022, Gemfields, the majority owner in the mine, recorded a record U$42.3 million at a sold out March/April auction and since 2009, Kagem-sourced gemstones (emerald and beryl) have netted Gemfields revenue totaling U$ 792 million with the proceeds fully repatriated to Kagem in Zambia, with all royalties due to the Zambian government paid on the full sales prices achieved at auctions.[59]

Kagem Mines Performance[60]
Year Premium Emerald

(carats)

 Emerald and Beryl

('000 carats)

2019 204,600 36,300
2020 133,900 9,400
2021 230,500 32,000

Rich deposits of Uranium have been discovered in some parts of Zambia. In 2007, the Zambian government sought scrutiny and guidance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on its developed guidelines to regulate the mining of uranium in the country.[61] In 2008, deposits were found in Kaputa District, Northern Province.[61][62] Albidon Zambia Limited also confirmed the presence of high-grade uranium mineralisation at its Njame east project near Chirundu.[61] In the Southern Province, 31km North of Siavonga, and north of Lake Kariba, there are 5 main Uranium Deposits: Mutanga, Dibwe, Dibwe East, Njame, and Gwabe explored under The Mutanga Uranium Project. The Canadian Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) listed GoviEx Uranium Inc acquired 100% of the Mutanga Project also known as the Kariba Uranium Project in 2016. In March 2022, GoviEx announced that the Project is forecast to start production in 2027 and could be the lowest capital intensive uranium project in Africa.[63]

Lumwana Mining Company Limited (LMC) who had embarked on uranium exploration in 2007 in Solwezi District[64] are currently stock piling uranium that the firm is getting as a by-product of Copper from its operations as they are yet to obtain a uranium license.[65][66] The mining of uranium in Zambia is monitored by the Zambia Environmental Management Agency (ZEMA).[65]

Agriculture

The agriculture sector represented 2.7% GDP in 2019.[67] Agriculture accounted for 85% of total employment (formal and informal) for 2000. Maize (corn) is the principal cash crop as well as the staple food. Other important crops include soybean, cotton, sugar, sunflower seeds, wheat, sorghum, pearl millet, cassava, tobacco and various vegetable and fruit crops. Floriculture is a growth sector, and agricultural non-traditional exports now rival the mining industry in foreign exchange receipts. Zambia has the potential for significantly increasing its agricultural output; currently, less than 20% of its arable land is cultivated. In the past, the agriculture sector suffered from low producer prices, difficulties in availability and distribution of credit and inputs, and the shortage of foreign exchange.

Major Crop Production Statistics and Growth[68][69][70][71][72][73]
Year Maize (MT) Cassava (MT) Sugarcane (MT) Wheat (MT) Soya Beans (MT) Sweet Potato(MT) Cotton (MT) Groundnuts (MT) Vegetables (MT) Tobacco(US$)
2010 2,800,000 1,151,000 3,700,000 172,256 111,887 252,867 107,000 164,602 364,326 147,201,182
2011 3,020,000 1,132,150 4,200,000 237,332 116,539 146,614 131,298 279,000 335,000 153,242,976
2012 2,850,000 1,107,954 4,300,000 253,522 203,038 163,484 269,501 113,026 350,000 163,890,992
2013 2,533,000 1,114,583 4,600,000 273,584 262,063 187,774 139,583 106,792 350,000 169,418,496
2014 3,351,000 919,497 4,600,000 201,504 214,179 149,355 120,314 143,591 353,586 179,120,836
2015 2,618,000 952,770 4,155,000 309,100 226,323 117,215 103,889 111,429 374,208 188,823,176
2016 2,873,000 2,222,844 4,083,000 221,644 267,490 230,248 111,902 131,562 369,542 198,525,516
2017 3,607,000 3,695,182 4,365,965 279,329 351,416 205,834 89,293 168,699 365,779 205,936,998
2018 2,395,000 4,102,300 4,630,000 171,424 302,720 183,280 88,219 181,772 369,843 213,838,216
2019 2,004,389 4,036,584 4,682,000 151,850 281,389 109,336 66,315 130,825 368,338 221,581,410
2020 3,387,469 3,931,915 4,827,104 191,620 296,866 144,706 41.441 127,172 368,003 185,000,000
2021 3,620,244 N/A N/A 205,881 411,115 N/A 31,859 175,329 N/A N/A
Cut flowers and flower buds[74] suitable for bouquets or for ornamental purposes, fresh, dried, dyed, bleached, impregnated or otherwise prepared
Year Exports (US$) Export Growth% Imports (US$)
2010 333,520 -62.05% 7,140
2011 17,364,392 5,106.40% 4,574
2012 23,820,333 37.17% 3,369
2013 32,150,400 34.97% 12,039
2014 13,623,771 -57.64% 6,645
2015 12,326,666 -9.52% 20,330
2016 10,371,243 -15.86% 31,849
2017 10,531,349 1.54% 3,065
2018 9,371,243 -6.99% 15,623
2019 8,068,641 -17.61% 17,302
2020 7,051,388 -12.60% 32,755

In 2019 Zambia produced:[75][76]

  • 4.7 million tons of sugarcane;
  • 4 million tons of cassava (18th largest producer in the world);
  • 2 million tons of maize;
  • 281 thousand tons of soy;
  • 153 thousand tons of tobacco (6th largest producer in the world);
  • 151 thousand tons of wheat;
  • 130 thousand tons of peanut;
  • 109 thousand tons of sweet potato;
  • 72 thousand tons of cotton;
  • 6,900 tons of coffee;

In addition to other productions of other agricultural products.[75]

Due to high demand for flour in neighboring Democratic Republic of the Congo DRC, Zambia increased Wheat production from 205,000 tonnes in 2020 to 400,000 tonnes 2021.[77]

Fisheries and Livestock

The Fisheries and Livestock sub-sector in Zambia contributes to employment creation, food and nutrition security, and economic growth.

Capture Fishery and Aquaculture Production[68][69]
Year Capture Fishery (MT) % Growth of Capture Fishery Aquaculture (MT) % Growth of Aquaculture
2005 65,927 5,125
2006 60,236 -8.63% 5,125 0.00%
2007 73,542 22.09% 5,120 -0.10%
2008 79,403 7.97% 5,876 14.77%
2009 84,716 6.69% 5,640 -4.02%
2010 76,396 -9.82% 9,535 69.06%
2011 69,364 -9.20% 10,291 7.93%
2012 80,638 16.25% 12,988 26.21%
2013 75,187 -6.76% 20,271 56.07%
2014 80,826 7.50% 19,281 -4.88%
2015 83,719 3.58% 22,753 18.01%
2016 83,918 0.24% 28,669 26.00%
2017 88,075 4.95% 21,567 -24.77%
2018 89,195 1.27% 29,565 37.08%
2019 91,342 2.41% 38,480 30.15%
2020 94,943 3.94% 45,670 18.69%
Livestock population 2017-2020[68]
Year Cattle Sheep Goats Pigs
2017 3,714,667 170,262 3,583,696 1,082,765
2018 3,927,432 185,105 4,008,197 1,292,287
2019 3,814,438 165,236 3,948,861 1,331,576
2020 3,885,336 174,001 3,957,252 1,166,924
Livestock products 2018-2019[68]
Year Milk (MT) Eggs (000) Hides (MT) Beef (MT) Pork (MT) Poultry (MT)
2018 1,686,400 1,642,693 345,549 6,103,281 555,270 5,111,098
2019 2,045,603 1,744,047 369,357 6,763,045 595,472 5,537,874

In livestock, Zambia produced, in 2019: 191 thousand tons of beef; 50 thousand tons of chicken meat; 34 thousand tons of pork; 453 million liters of cow's milk, among others.[78]

Energy

Energy in Zambia is the production of energy and electricity, for consumption or export. The Energy Regulation Board (ERB) has the mandate to balance and safeguard the interests of all energy stakeholders. The Energy policy is as guided by the Energy Regulation Act No. 12 of 2019, the Electricity Act No. 11 of 2019 and the Rural Electrification Act No.20 of 2003.[79]

Electricity Generation in Zambia (2000-2020)[80]
Year Total Generation

(GWh)

 Hydropower (GWh) Coal Power (GWh) Solar Power (GWh) Oil (GWh) Other Renewables

(bioelectricity) (GWh)

2000 7,760 7,670 - - 70 20
2001 7,900 7,810 - - 70 20
2002 8,110 8,020 - - 80 10
2003 8,260 8,170 - - 80 10
2004 8,460 8,380 - - 70 10
2005 8,880 8,790 - - 80 10
2006 9,660 9,570 - - 80 10
2007 9,600 9,530 - - 60 10
2008 9,490 9,430 - - 40 20
2009 9,860 9,780 - - 50 30
2010 10,410 10.330 - - 50 30
2011 11,450 11,370 - - 50 30
2012 12,310 12,230 - - 50 30
2013 13,230 13,150 - - 50 30
2014 14,350 13,900 - - 340 110
2015 14,000 12,910 290 - 700 100
2016 11,610 10,910 460 - 180 60
2017 14,320 12,370 1,140 - 660 150
2018 15,980 13,560 1,420 - 820 180
2019 16,010 13,670 1,300 120 750 170
2020 15,980 13,670 1,270 150 730 160

In 2019, Zambia generated a total of 15,013GWh of Energy. 12,427GWh was Renewable and 2,586 GWh was non-renewable. Over 99% of the Renewable energy component was Hydro electricity.[81]

With a view to diversifying the power generation profile, Zambia increased its Solar Power generation Capacity in 2019.[81]

In March 2019, the 54MW Bangweulu Solar Power Station was commissioned.[82]

In May 2019, the 34MW Ngonye Solar Power Station was commissioned.[83]

See also: List of Power Stations in Zambia


Zambia is a net importer of petroleum and in 2019, Oil & Mineral Fuels ranked top amongst the countries trade imports at a value of U$ 1.26 billion.[84]

See also: Tazama Pipeline, Indeni Petroleum Refinery and Lobito–Lusaka Oil Products Pipeline.[85]

Tourism

Zambia's tourism revenue has been generally raised from local and international tourists visiting the Victoria Falls in Livingstone, and it's associated attractions such as the Livingstone Museum and the Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park. In July 2020, the Livingstone Tourism Association reported that during the Heroes and Unity holidays the holiday site received a record number of visitors.[86] Celebrities such as Will Smith and Instagram Star and Entrepreneur Maria Solodar[87] have visited the tourist site with the latter celebrating her £3 million nuptials in a picturesque ceremony at The Royal Livingstone Hotel by the banks of the Zambezi River.[88][89]

To advance home grown tourism, in March 2021, African Eagle Hotels, a multi-national company, stated that a 2 Star and 5 Star Hotel each costing U$ 20 million and U$ 30 million would be constructed and opened at the Kasaba Bay Resort located in the Nsumbu National Park and open by 2023.[90] In October 2021, through it's national budget, the government also allocated ZMW 150 million (U$ 8.6 million) to further the development of Kasaba Bay, to spur tourism in the Northern Circuit of Zambia.[91]

Tourism Statistics 1995 - 2020[92]
Year Number of Tourists % Growth of Tourists Receipts ('000 US$) % of GNP
1995 163,000 -- --
1996 264,000 62.0% -- --
1997 341,000 29.2% 29,000 0.67%
1998 362,000 6.2% 40,000 1.1%
1999 404,000 11.6% 53,000 1.6%
2000 457,000 13.1% 67,000 1.9%
2001 492,000 7.6% 80,000 2.0%
2002 565,000 14.8% 64,000 1.5%
2003 413,000 -26.9% 88,000 1.8%
2004 515,000 24.7% 92,000 1.5%
2005 669,000 29.9% 447,000 5.4%
2006 757,000 13.2% 506,000 4.0%
2007 897,000 18.5% 599,000 4.3%
2008 812,000 -9.5% 542,000 3.0%
2009 710,000 -12.6% 474,000 3.1%
2010 815,000 14.8% 492,000 2.4%
2011 920,000 12.9% 555,000 2.4%
2012 859,000 -6.6% 518,000 2.0%
2013 915,000 6.5% 552,000 2.0%
2014 947,000 3.5% 642,000 2.4%
2015 932,000 -1.6% 660,000 3.1%
2016 956,000 2.6% 683,000 3.3%
2017 1,010,000 5.6% 653,000 2.5%
2018 1,070,000 5.9% 742,000 2.8%
2019 1,270,000 18.7% 820,000 3.5%
2020 502,000 -60.5% N/A N/A

Education

As of 2022, Zambia runs a free education policy at public early childhood and secondary schools.[93]

Finance and Banking Services
Monetary Policy[94] (Tightening: Red. Easing: Green)
Date Policy Rate Monetary Policy Committee Statement
5 November 2015 15.50% Policy Rate adjusted upward by 300 basis points to 15.50%
19 February 2016 15.50% Policy Rate maintained at 15.50%
20 May 2016 15.50% Policy Rate maintained at 15.50%
19 August 2016 15.50% Policy Rate maintained at 15.50%
16 November 2016 15.50% Policy Rate maintained at 15.50%
22 February 2017 14.00% Policy Rate Reduced by 150 basis points 14.00%,

the Overnight Lending Facility (PLF) Rate reduced to 600 basis points above the Policy Rate, and the Statutory Reserve Ratio reduced by 250 basis points to 15.50%

17 May 2017 12.50% Policy Rate Reduced by 150 basis points 12.50%
10 August 2017 11.00% Policy Rate lowered to 11.00% and Statutory Reserve Ratio reduced to 9.50%
22 November 2017 10.25% Policy Rate lowered to 10.25% and Statutory Reserve Ratio reduced to 8.00%
16 February 2018 9.75% Policy Rate cut by 50 Basis Points to 9.75%
16 May 2018 9.75% Policy Rate maintained at 9.75%
22 August 2018 9.75% Policy Rate maintained at 9.75%
21 November 2018 9.75% Policy Rate maintained at 9.75%
20 February 2019 9.75% Policy Rate maintained at 9.75%
22 May 2019 10.25% Policy Rate adjusted upwards by 50 basis points to 10.25%
21 August 2019 10.25% Policy Rate maintained at 10.25%
20 November 2019 11.50% Policy Rate adjusted upward by 125 basis points to 11.50%
19 February 2020 11.50% Policy Rate maintained at 11.25%
20 May 2020 9.25% Policy Rate cut by 225 Basis Points to 9.25%
19 August 2020 8.00% Policy Rate cut by a further 125 Basis Points to 8.00%
18 November 2020 8.00% Policy Rate held at 8.0%
17 February 2021 8.50% Policy Rate adjusted upwards by 50 basis points to 8.50%
19 May 2021 8.50% Policy Rate held at 8.50%
1 September 2021 8.50% Policy Rate held at 8.50%
24 November 2021 9.00% Policy Rate adjusted upwards by 50 basis points to 9.00%
17 February 2022 9.00% Policy Rate maintained at 9.00%

Media

Infrastructure

There are many forms of transport in Zambia. Zambia is highly dependent on road transport.

Growth

There are, however, positive macroeconomic signs, rooted in reforms implemented in the early and mid-1990s. Zambia's floating exchange rate and open capital markets have provided useful discipline on the government, while at the same time allowing continued diversification of Zambia's export sector, growth in the tourist industry, and procurement of inputs for growing businesses. Some parts of the Copper Belt have experienced a significant revival as spin-off effects from the massive capital reinvestment are experienced.


As Zambia continued on it's path to diversifying from dependence on Copper with an emphasis on growth in agriculture, in April 2022, the country's Ministry of Agriculture through the Plant Quarantine and Phytosanitary Service (PQPS) approved the first consignment of over 37 metric tons of Zambian grown avocados for export to countries in the European Union.[95]

Fintech

Zambia has a relatively quiet startup and venture capital space; however, the trend seems to be shifting as in August 2021 fintech company Union54 led the way by being the first Zambian startup accepted into Y Combinator’s summer batch of YC 2021.[96][97] In October 2021, American investment firm Tiger Global led a U$ 3 million seed round in Union54, signaling a massive win for the southern African nation in the sector.[98] And in April 2022, the Zambian company raised an additional U$12 million in a seed extension round also led by Tiger Global.[99]

Salaula
See also: Salaula

Standard economic theory and empirical data indicates that second-hand clothing import can have positive effects in a country like Zambia (one of the least developed countries in the world). The salaula market reduces the proportion of income that a family has to spend on clothing. It also helps to keep employments like repairs and alterations in business and forces tailors to proceed into more specialize production of styled garments.[100]

There is a downside to such imports, however; the massive importation of used clothing from the developed world has resulted in a near-total collapse of the Zambian indigenous textile industry. In the face of cheap used clothing, tailors' specialized production may be irrelevant - customers will buy the least expensive clothing available, irrespective of style. Those who might otherwise work at textile mills or clothing factories are left jobless, or else make significantly less money in the salaula resale business.

Electric Battery Value Chain

Zambia and Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), two countries, that have more than 70% of the world’s Cobalt reserves and a abundance of Copper, Nickel and Manganese have resolved to set up a Zambia-DRC-Executive Battery Council to oversee the implementation of the cooperating agreement for the electric vehicle battery value chain. The Executive Council's Executive Committee will be composed of President Hakainde Hichilema, his DRC counterpart Felix Tshisekedi, the Deputy Secretary General of the African Economic Community for the United Nations, as well as the President of AFREXIM Bank, as a financial partner. Also issued was a communiqué by the two heads of state that indicated that the two countries will also harmonize policies for the initiative. Zambia and the DRC signed the MOU in Lusaka Zambia on 29 April 2022.[101][102][103][104]

Inflation
GDP per capita (current), compared to neighbouring countries (world average = 100)

Lack of balance-of-payment support meant the Zambian government did not have resources for capital investment and periodically had to issue bonds or otherwise expand the money supply to try to meet its spending and debt obligations. The government continued these activities even after balance-of-payment support resumed. This has kept interest rates at levels that are too high for local business, fuelled inflation, burdened the budget with domestic debt payments, while still falling short of meeting the public payroll and other needs, such as infrastructure rehabilitation. The government was forced to draw down foreign exchange reserves sharply in 1998 to meet foreign debt obligations, putting further pressure on the kwacha and inflation. Inflation held at 32% in 2000; consequently, the kwacha lost the same value against the dollar over the same period. In mid- to late 2001, Zambia's fiscal management became more conservative. As a result, 2001 year-end inflation was below 20%, its best result in decades. In 2002 inflation rose to 26.7%. However, in 2007 inflation hit 8%, the first time in 30 years that Zambia had seen single digit inflation.

On January 27, 2011, it was reported by the Central Statistical Office that inflation rose to 9%.[105] in 2012

Between April 2019 and April 2020 Zambia' s Annual inflation rate rose to 15.7% from 14% in March 2020. The rise of prices in food and other non- food items led to the increase in the Annual inflation rate.[106]

However, it is significant that inflation often peaks in election years, hitting a recent high of 17.9% in 2016. This suggests that a further peak is likely approaching during the 2021 general elections. The value of the kwacha against the dollar has been relatively consistent for the past two years and has yet to return to the recent high of almost 0.2 kwacha to the dollar in 2013. Nonetheless, the real effective exchange rate of the kwacha against a weighted average of foreign currencies improved from 88.5 in 2016 to 96.4 in 2017. The kwacha lost value against the dollar in September 2018 but has remained fairly consistent at 0.08 to the dollar in November to December, though further instability remains likely due to both political and economic uncertainty.[19]

Economic Statistics
Main Economic Indicators 1980-2020 (with IMF staff estimates in 2021-2022)[27][107]Inflation below 10% is in green.
Year GDP

(in Bil. US$PPP)

 GDP per capita

(in US$ PPP)

 GDP

(in Bil. US$nominal)

 GDP per capita

(in US$ nominal)

 GDP growth %

(real)

 Inflation rate

(in Percent)

 Unemployment

(in percent)[108][106]

 Government debt

(in % of GDP)

1980 7.806 1,321.44 4.246 718.80 3.85% 11.73% N/A N/A
1981 9.111 1,493.25 4.385 718.74 6.63% 14.00% N/A N/A
1982 9.392 1,491.45 4.232 672.01 -2.91% 12.50% N/A N/A
1983 9.648 1,485.51 3.653 562.44 -1.15% 19.69% N/A N/A
1984 9.825 1,467.55 3.003 448.53 -1.72% 20.02% N/A N/A
1985 10.261 1,487.63 2.848 448.53 1.24% 37.43% N/A N/A
1986 10.645 1,498.40 1.962 276.15 1.70% 47.99% N/A N/A
1987 11.071 1,513.02 2.431 332.27 1.49% 43.04% N/A N/A
1988 12.524 1,661.46 4.095 543.32 9.27% 45.82% N/A N/A
1989 12.539 1,613.97 4.365 561.83 -3.66% 113.16% N/A N/A
1990 12.933 1,613.94 4.085 509.75 -0.58% 93.87% N/A N/A
1991 13.281 1,608.16 3.690 446.78 -0.67% 85.28% N/A N/A
1992 13.863 1,629.97 3.614 424.95 2.05% 146.71% N/A N/A
1993 14.180 1,620.32 3.549 405.59 -0.08% 158.40% N/A N/A
1994 12.556 1,392.28 3.657 405.54 -13.31% 46.07% N/A N/A
1995 13.190 1,425.36 3.799 410.54 2.90% 31.46% N/A N/A
1996 14.267 1,501.48 3.599 378.71 6.22% 38.38% N/A N/A
1997 15.067 1,543.08 4.303 440.70 3.81% 21.42% N/A N/A
1998 15.177 1,512.60 3.538 352.63 -0.39% 22.66% N/A N/A
1999 16.107 1,562.42 3.405 330.28 4.65% 23.86% N/A N/A
2000 17.114 1,616.81 3.601 340.16 3.90% 24.09% 12.93% 28.89%
2001 18.430 1,696.89 3.870 356.32 5.32% 21.36% 13.51% 21.89%
2002 19.561 1,755.88 4.194 376.47 4.51% 22.24% 14.12% 21.74%
2003 21.332 1,866.96 4.902 429.01 6.95% 21.40% 14.70% 23.92%
2004 23.445 1,999.40 6.221 530.54 7.03% 17.97% 15.30% 19.26%
2005 25.930 2,152.92 8.329 691.55 7.24% 18.33% 15.90% 13.09%
2006 28.842 2,329.39 12.762 1,030.69 7.90% 9.02% 13.25% 21.61%
2007 32.096 2,519.51 14.060 1,103.69 8.35% 10.66% 10.59% 17.59%
2008 35.255 2,688.11 17.914 1,365.93 7.77% 12.45% 7.93% 16.28%
2009 38.752 2,868.81 15.332 1,135.01 9.22% 13.39% 10.56% 16.47%
2010 43.256 3,108.17 20.264 1,456.05 10.30% 8.50% 13.19% 15.95%
2011 46.612 3,249.60 23.455 1,635.17 5.57% 8.66% 10.55% 16.42%
2012 49.509 3,348.12 25.502 1,724.63 7.60% 6.58% 7.85% 20.07%
2013 53.420 3,503.86 28.042 1,839.33 5.06% 6.98% 8.61% 22.43%
2014 54.506 3,467.10 27.145 1,726.65 4.70% 7.81% 9.36% 31.91%
2015 54.473 3,360.02 21.245 1,310.46 2.92% 10.12% 10.13% 61.94%
2016 55.712 3,332.67 20.965 1,254.12 3.78% 17.87% 10.87% 58.32%
2017 58.735 3,407.31 25.874 1,500.96 3.50% 6.58% 11.63% 63.46%
2018 62.565 3,520.21 26.312 1,480.42 4.04% 6.99% 12.01% 77.96%
2019 64.602 3,526.11 23.309 1,272.24 1.44% 9.15% 12.52% 97.39%
2020 63.559 3,366.14 18.111 959.15 -2.79% 15.73% 12.85% 138.09%
2021 69.054 3,549.22 20.753 1,066.67 4.31% 20.50% 12.50% 121.48%
2022 75.690 3,776.37 26.665 1,330.37 3.14% 15.70% N/A N/A

Trade
Table Below shows Imports and Exports of Goods, Services and Primary Income (BoP)
Year Imports

(current millions US$)[109][110]

 Exports

(current millions US$)[111][110]

 Total Trade

(current millions US$)

 % Growth in Trade
1997 1,633 1,269 2,902
1998 1,507 961 2,468 -14.96%
1999 1,353 923 2,276 -7.78%
2000 1,567 891 2,458 8.00%
2001 1,824 1,076 2,900 17.98%
2002 1,885 1,146 2,961 2.10%
2003 1,994 1,283 3,277 10.67%
2004 2,582 2,108 4,690 30.13%
2005 3,181 2,842 6,023 28.42%
2006 4,337 4,567 8,904 47.83%
2007 5,967 5,262 11,229 26.11%
2008 6,818 5,661 12,479 10.02%
2009 4,509 4,906 9,415 -24.55%
2010 6,969 8,063 15,032 59.66%
2011 8,715 9,430 18,145 20.71%
2012 9,603 10,521 20,124 9.83%
2013 12,170 11,607 23,777 20.71%
2014 11,762 11,077 22,839 -3.94%
2015 9,226 8,232 17,458 -23.56%
2016 8,656 7,490 16,146 -7.52%
2017 9,947 9,154 19,101 18.30%
2018 10,628 10,010 20,638 8.05%
2019 8,485 8,303 16,788 -18.65%
2020 6,382 8,594 14,976 -10.79%
2021 6,899 11,111 18,010 20.26%
Export Earnings from Minerals[112][110]
Year Copper (millions US$) NTEs (millions US$) Cobalt (millions US$) Gold (millions US$)
2014 7,619 2,272 123.9 152.2
2015 5,234 1,849 70.7 152.8
2016 4,399 1,749 112.9 191.2
2017 6,039 1,780 138.4 154.1
2018 6,658 2,036 116.7 148.2
2019 4,995 1,919 42.7 196.4
2020 5,867 1,869 10.6 220.5
2021 8,345 2,508 5.0 209.2

Major trade enhancing infrastructure projects carried out in Zambia's history:

  • Kazungula Bridge, commissioned in May 2021 for a cost of US$259.3 million.[115]
  • Levy Mwanawasa (Chembe) Bridge, commissioned in October 2008 for a cost of US$ 1.5 million.[116]

Notable Companies

Private Wealth

Total estimated value of private wealth in Zambia is US$ 14 billion (ZMW 238 billion)[117]

See also

References
  1. "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  2. "World Bank Country and Lending Groups". datahelpdesk.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  3. "Population, total - Zambia". data.worldbank.org. World Bank. Retrieved 20 April 2020.
  4. "World Economic Outlook database: April 2022 IMF Zambia - Country Data". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  5. The World Factbook
  6. "Human Development Index (HDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  7. "Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)". hdr.undp.org. HDRO (Human Development Report Office) United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
  8. Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modelled ILO estimate) [Data file]. (2019)."World Bank, World Development Indicators". Retrieved from https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=ZM&view=chart
  9. "Ease of Doing Business in Zambia". Doingbusiness.org. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  10. "Exports of goods, services and primary income, BoP, current US$ - Zambia". WorldBank. 23 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  11. "Export Partners of Zambia". CIA World Factbook. 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  12. "Imports of goods, services and primary income, BoP, current US$ - Zambia". World Bank. 8 April 2022. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  13. "Import Partners of Zambia". CIA World Factbook. 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
  14. "Sovereigns rating list". Standard & Poor's. Retrieved 26 May 2011.
  15. "SADC Country Profile Zambia".
  16. African Development Bank, African Development Fund (2016). "Zambia Country Profile" (PDF). African Development Bank. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  17. "Overview". World Bank. Retrieved 2020-11-05.
  18. "Overview". Zambia n Embassy. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  19. "Zambia Country Report 2020" (PDF). BTI Tranformation Index. 19 May 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  20. Lusaka Times (30 October 2021). "govt-extolled-for-increased-cdf-allocation". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  21. PWC Zambia (3 November 2021). "zambia-budget-bulletin-2022" (PDF). pwc.com/zm/en/. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  22. Bloomberg (17 December 2021). "zambia-cuts-fuel-subsidies-ahead-of-imf-deal-raising-pump-price". bloomberg.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  23. Kaunda, Kenneth (1970). Mulungushi reforms. University of Zambia Library: Zambia Information Services.
  24. Chiluba, Frederick (1995). Democracy: The challenge of change. University of Zambia Library: Lusaka: Multimedia. ISBN 9982300539.
  25. "Zambia's Fourth Democratic Elections: A Country of Minority Governments-By Tiens Kahenya, UPND Secretary General". Africaliberalnetwork.org. Archived from the original on 14 June 2008. Retrieved 15 September 2009.
  26. Zambia: Why Africa needs more cabbage The Economist
  27. IMF (19 April 2022). "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects April 2022". imf.org. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  28. Levy Mwanawasa The Telegraph
  29. James Butty, "Zambian President Has Had a History of Hypertension, Says Information Minister", VOA News, 2 July 2008.
  30. "Zambia's ruling party picks candidate". www.iol.co.za. Sapa-AFP. 5 September 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  31. Bearak, Barry (20 June 2011). "Frederick Chiluba, Former President of Zambia, Dies at 68". The New York Times.
  32. "Zambia Swears in Opposition Leader as New President", VOA News, 25 September 2011.
  33. Shapi Shacinda, "Sata warms to Chinese investment in Zambia", Reuters, 8 September 2008.
  34. Lusaka Times (16 January 2013). "president-sata-to-launch-pave-zambia-2000-project-to-deal-with-unemployment". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  35. Lusaka Times (14 February 2021). "pf-has-shrunk-zambias-gdp-and-upnd-and-its-leader-hh-is-not-an-option-to-fix-the-economy". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  36. cnbc (23 November 2020). "zambia-becomes-africas-first-coronavirus-era-default-what-happens-now". cnbc.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  37. reuters (15 August 2021). "zambian-opposition-leader-hichilema-heads-closer-victory-presidential-vote-2021-08-15". reuters.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  38. Lusaka Times (31 October 2021). "govt-extolled-for-increased-cdf-allocation". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  39. Lusaka Times (3 April 2022). "recruitment-of-a-record-30000-teachers-to-be-advertised-on-monday-education-minister". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  40. Lusaka (31 March 2022). "government-describes-the-process-of-recruitment-of-health-workers-as-overwhelming". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  41. Lusaka Times (23 December 2021). "government-targets-copper-production-of-up-to-1-3-million-metric-tonnes-for-the-2022". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  42. Price Waterhouse Coopers Zambia (17 April 2022). "Zambia Budget Bulletin 2022" (PDF). pwc.com/zm/en/. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  43. Deloitte (17 April 2022). "Zambian National Budget Highlights 2022". deloitte.com/za/en/. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  44. Lusaka Times (31 October 2021). "Zambia Chamber of Mines welcomes 2022 Budget". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  45. ecofinagency (25 April 2022). "zambia-world-bank-to-fund-projects-worth-us-560-mln-this-year". ecofinagency.com. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  46. times (25 April 2022). "World Bank to give Zambia U$ 560 million this year". times.co.zm. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  47. zambianbusinesstimes (27 April 2022). "president-hichilema-launches-public-private-dialogue-forum-aimed-at-promoting-economic-development". zambianbusinesstimes.com. Retrieved 28 April 2022.
  48. USGS Copper Production Statistics
  49. Juang, Richard M. (2008). Africa and the Americas: culture, politics, and history : a multidisciplinary encyclopedia, Volume 2 Transatlantic relations series. ABC-CLIO. p. 1157. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7.
  50. https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070204/ap_on_re_af/africa_china;_ylt=Ag7Ko8DJwcAtG7.pjmxQbE5n.3QA;_ylu=X3oDMTA4NTMzazIyBHNlYwMxNjk2
  51. "China's Trade in Africa Carries a Price Tag". New York Times. August 21, 2007.
  52. world-mining-data (24 April 2022). "World_Mining_Data___Data_Section". world-mining-data.info. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  53. zambiainvest (31 December 2016). "copper-production-2016-iif". zambiainvest.com. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  54. investingnews (24 April 2022). "base-metals-investing/copper-investing/copper-production-country". investingnews.com. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  55. Reuteers (23 February 2021). "zambia-copper-output". reuters.com. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  56. Zambia: Approved Exploration Licences to Boost Mining, Africa: AllAfrica.com, 2013
  57. Behling, Steve and Wilson, Wendell E. (January 1, 2010) "The Kagem emerald mine: Kafubu Area, Zambia", The Mineralogical Record  – via HighBeam (subscription required) Archived May 10, 2013, at the Wayback Machine
  58. "What is Kagem Zambian Emerald?". Sharon Gulezian Jewelry. Retrieved 2021-05-19.
  59. Lusaka Times (20 April 2022). "gemfields-achieves-record-revenue-for-sold-out-march-april-auction". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  60. gemfields (24 April 2022). "Reports/20211231%20GGL%20Annual%20Report" (PDF). gemfields.s3.amazonaws.com. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  61. lusakatimes (6 April 2008). "gold-copper-uranium-discovered-in-kaputa-in-the-northern-province". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  62. lusakatimes (8 August 2007). "zambias-uranium-system-better-than-central-us's". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  63. zambianbusinesstimes (28 February 2022). "uranium-mining-set-to-start-in-zambia". zambianbusinesstimes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  64. lusakatimes (31 December 2007). "lumwana-mine-embarks-on-uranium-explorations". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  65. lusakatimes (30 March 2017). "lumwana-mine-not-exporting-uranium-just-stock-pilling-yaluma". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  66. zambianbusinesstimes (14 April 2022). "uranium-production-at-lumwana-could-start-once-prices-improve". zambianbusinesstimes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  67. "Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (% of GDP) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2021-10-20.
  68. iapri (31 December 2021). "Agri_Status_Report_021" (PDF). www.iapri.org.zm. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  69. iapri (18 December 2020). "2020_Zambia_Agriculture_Status_Report" (PDF). iapri.org.zm. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  70. FAO (23 April 2022). "data-QCL-Zambia-Crops Primary". fao.org. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  71. nationmaster (23 April 2022). "zambia-unmanufactured-tobacco-net-production". nationmaster.com. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  72. oec (23 April 2022). "raw-tobacco-reporter-zmb-compareExports". oec.world. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  73. opendataforafrica (25 April 2022). "agriculture-statistics-2017". zambia.opendataforafrica.org. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  74. trendeconomy (14 November 2021). "Zambia-0603-cut flowers and buds". trendeconomy.com. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  75. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (16 July 2021). "Zambia production in 2019". fao.org. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
  76. researchgate (22 December 2019). "338404073_Zambia_Agriculture_Status_Report_2019". researchgate.net. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  77. daily-mail (19 April 2022). "wheat-production-doubles". daily-mail.co.zm. Retrieved 22 April 2022.
  78. Livestock production in Zambia in 2019, by FAO
  79. ERB (17 April 2022). "Zambia: Energy Regulation". erb.org.zm. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  80. ourworldindata (25 April 2022). "energy-country-zambia". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  81. IRENA (29 September 2021). "Zambia: Energy Profile" (PDF). irena.org. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  82. Jean Marie Takouleu (20 March 2019). "Zambia: Bangweulu's Solar Park (54MW) Recently Delivered by NEOEN and IDC". afrik21.africa/en/. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  83. Africa, ESI (2 May 2019). "Zambia: 34MW Ngonye Solar PV comes online". esi-africa.com/. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  84. globaledge (21 January 2022). "countries-zambia-tradestats". globaledge.msu.edu. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  85. Lusaka Times (21 April 2022). "zambia-seeks-stake-in-angola-oil-refinery-project". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  86. Lusaka Times (9 July 2020). "over-4200-tour-vic-falls-over-the-heroes-and-unity-holidays". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  87. "russias-wedding-of-the-year-maria-solodar-marries-joan-schnelzauer-in-3m-ceremony-in-zambia". 247newsaroundtheworld.com. 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  88. Lusaka Times (5 October 2021). "self-made-millionaire-maria-solodar-has-3million-wedding-ceremony-in-front-of-victoria-falls". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  89. Lusaka Times (15 March 2017). "will-smith-bungee-jumping-at-victoria-falls-bridge". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  90. Lusaka Times (20 March 2021). "five-star-hostels-to-be-built-at-kasaba-bay". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  91. Deloitte (17 April 2022). "Zambian National Budget Highlights 2022". deloitte.com/za/en/. Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  92. worlddata.info (23 April 2022). "africa-zambia-tourism". worlddata.info. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  93. Lusaka Times (3 January 2022). "treasury-has-today-released-k1-284-billion-for-farmers-and-free-education-to-public-schhols". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  94. boz (30 April 2022). "monitory-policy-decisions". boz.zm. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  95. Daily Mail (19 April 2022). "37mt-of-avocados-europe-bound". daily-mail.co.zm. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  96. techcrunch (6 August 2021). "the-first-zambian-startup-to-get-into-yc-is-developing-africas-first-card-issuing-api". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  97. ycombinator (21 April 2022). "companies/black-founders". ycombinator.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  98. techcrunch (27 October 2021). "tiger-global-leads-3m-round-in-zambias-union54-for-its-card-issuing-api". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  99. techcrunch (18 April 2022). "zambian-card-issuing-startup-union54-raises-12m-led-by-tiger-global". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  100. Hansen, Karen Tranberg. 2004. Helping or hindering? Controversies around the international second-hand clothing trade. Anthropology Today 20 (4):3-9.
  101. Lusaka Times (30 April 2022). "zambia-and-drc-sign-cooperating-agreements-to-start-manufacturing-electric-batteries". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  102. china.org (30 April 2022). "Zambia, DRC seal agreement on manufacturing electric vehicle batteries". china.org.cn. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  103. ZNBC (29 April 2022). "zambia-drc-executive-battery-council-coming". znbc.co.zm. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  104. allafrica (29 March 2022). "Zambia: Global Shift Towards Green Energy Opportunity for Mineral-Rich Nations". allafrica.com. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  105. Zambia Annual Inflation Accelerates to 9% in December, State Agency Says, Bloomberg L.P.: bloomberg.com, 2011
  106. Zambia Statistics Agency (30 April 2020). "The Monthly Bulletin" (PDF). zamstats.gov.zm. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
  107. "Report for Selected Countries and Subjects". Retrieved 2018-09-04.
  108. World Bank (8 February 2022). "Unemployment ZM % of Total Workforce". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  109. theworldbank (8 April 2022). "Imports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$) - Zambia". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  110. boz (31 March 2022). "monetary-and-financial-statistics". boz.zm. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  111. theworldbank (8 April 2022). "Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$) - Zambia". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
  112. oxfamamerica (24 April 2022). "COPPER_FOR_DEVELOPMENT_REPORT" (PDF). webassets.oxfamamerica.org. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
  113. (Chinese) 记者重走我国援建的坦赞铁路：年久失修常晚点 新华社-瞭望东方周刊 2010-08-04
  114. "Tanzania‐Zambia Railway: a Bridge to China?". New York Times. 29 January 1971.
  115. Lusaka Times (12 May 2021). "zambia-botswana-applauded-for-kazungula-bridge-commissioning". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 21 April 2022.
  116. Lusaka Times (12 October 2008). "rb-commissions-bridge". lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  117. henleyglobal (30 April 2022). "africa-wealth-report-2022". henleyglobal.com. Retrieved 1 May 2022.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.