Yabloko

The Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko (RUDP Yabloko) (Russian: Росси́йская объединённая демократи́ческая па́ртия «Я́блоко», tr. Rossíyskaya obyedinyónnaya demokratícheskaya pártiya "Yábloko", IPA: [ˈjabləkə] (listen)) is a social-liberal[15] political party in Russia. The party consequently participated in the elections of deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation of all eight convocations. Until 2003 Yabloko was represented by a faction in the State Duma and later until 2007 by individual deputies. In March 2002 the party became a full member of the Liberal International, and since November 1998, it had been in observer status.[16] The founder of the party Grigory Yavlinsky is an honorary vice-president of the Liberal International and winner of the Prize for Freedom.[17][18] Since 2006 Yabloko has been a member of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). As of 2021 the party was represented by factions in 4 regional parliaments of Russian Federation. In addition, members of the party were deputies of 13 administrative centers of the subjects of the Russian Federation, 183 representatives of the party were municipal deputies in Moscow, 84 in St. Petersburg .

Not to be confused with the Ukrainian party Yabluko, or with Izzy Yablok.
Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko"
Российская объединённая демократическая партия «Яблоко»
LeaderNikolay Rybakov[1]
FounderGrigory Yavlinsky
Yury Boldyrev
Vladimir Lukin
Founded16 October 1993 (1993-10-16)
HeadquartersMoscow
Ideology
Political positionCentre[8][9] to
centre-left[10][11][12][13][14]
National affiliationFree Russia Forum
European affiliationAlliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
International affiliationLiberal International
Colours  Green
  Red
Seats in the Federation Council
0 / 170
Seats in the State Duma
0 / 450
Governors
0 / 85
Seats in the Regional Parliaments
12 / 3,928
Ministers
0 / 31
Website
eng.yabloko.ru

The party also declares the protection of the rights of LGBT people in Russia.[19][20][21]

History

The party dates back to the early 1990s. Originally established as a public organization in 1993, it transformed into a political party in 2001. In 1993-2003, the party had a small faction in the State Duma; in 2003 four single-mandate deputies passed from Yabloko to the Duma: one of them joined United Russia, three joined the informal group of independent democrats.[22] After the tightening of Russian legislation by 2011 only 7 registered political parties remained in Russia, among which was Yabloko. In 2011 the party managed to obtain the right to state funding, which allowed further functioning of the organization. As a result of the 2016 elections, the party is not receiving any state funding any further.

Emergence of the Party (1993-2002)

The immediate predecessor of the Yabloko party was the electoral bloc Yavlinsky-Boldyrev-Lukin, formed for the legislative elections of 1993. "Yabloko" is an acronym of the names of its founders: "Я" (Ya) for Grigory Yavlinsky; "Б" (B) for Yury Boldyrev, and "Л" (L) for Vladimir Lukin, with the full name meaning "Apple" in Russian.

The bloc included several political parties: the Republican, the Social Democratic and the Russian Christian Democratic Union - New Democracy. The Yabloko bloc in the 1993 elections received 7.86% of the vote, as a result of which the Yabloko faction was created in the State Duma In January 1995 Yabloko was transformed into a public association after holding a founding congress. Yavlinsky became the head of the central council. Already during this period there were some changes in the leadership. In 1994 part of the representatives of the Republican Party, headed by Vladimir Lysenko, left the bloc.[23] At the same time the Regional Center Party from St. Petersburg joined Yabloko as a regional organization. In September 1995, due to disagreements on some fundamental issues, Yuri Boldyrev left the association as well.

The Yabloko public association was able to form factions based on the results of the elections to the State Duma in 1995 and 1999. In 1995, in the elections to the State Duma of the 2nd convocation, the Yabloko association received 6.89% of the vote. In the elections of the State Duma of the III convocation in 1999 Yabloko association made an alliance with Sergei Stepashin, including him as number three of the party list. According to the results of the vote count, the party received 5.93% of the votes.

Yabloko during the entire period of president Yeltsin became the "democratic opposition" to the president's policies. For example, Yabloko opposed privatization conducted by Anatoly Chubais, and offered an alternative program in 1998, which stated that privatization was carried out in an economically senseless and socially detrimental way, passing control of sold organizations to the “directors” with a number of backdrop nominal owners.

During the 1996 elections Yavlinsky was offered to join the government. As a condition to join Yabloko’s leader demanded an end to hostilities in Chechnya and to make serious adjustments to the socio-economic policy. In addition, he demanded the resignation of Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin, head of the Security Service of the President of the Russian Federation Alexander Korzhakov, First Deputy Prime Minister Oleg Soskovets, Defense Minister Pavel Grachev, head of the presidential administration Nikolai Yegorov, director of the FSS Mikhail Barsukov. Since these conditions were not accepted, the entry of Yavlinsky and his team didn’t enter the government .

Some members of the Yabloko faction nevertheless accepted the proposals of the executive branch: for example, Mikhail Zadornov and Oksana Dmitrieva became members of the government, for which they were expelled from the party. Also, Yabloko left Ivan Grachev and Vyacheslav Igrunov.

In May 1999, the Yabloko faction voted for the impeachment of the president. The bulk of the State Duma deputies supported the accusation of the president of unleashing war in Chechnya and 24 deputies voted for the impeachment of Yeltsin on charges of an armed dispersal of the Supreme Council in October 1993. Yabloko, however, refused to support other articles of accusations, including the article proposed by the Communist Party of the Russian Federation about the "genocide of the Russian people." Yabloko criticized presidential and government policies and regularly voted against draft state budgets submitted by the Cabinet of Ministers to the Duma .

On August 16, 1999, 18 members of the Yabloko faction, including Yavlinsky , voted for the appointment of Vladimir Putin as Prime Minister, 4 members abstained, 8 voted against, 15 did not vote. In May 2000, 4 deputies of the Yabloko faction voted for the appointment of Mikhail Kasyanov as prime minister, 8 members voted against and 4 abstained. Yabloko also supported a bill developed with the participation of faction deputy Mikhail Zadornov on the introduction of a flat income tax instead of a progressive taxation scale

Since Putin was never supported by a majority of Yabloko members , the party found itself in fierce opposition to the government, criticizing the government during the remaining term of the State Duma of the third convocation, especially as parliamentary elections approached.

In December 2001 on the basis of the all-russian political public organization Yabloko and the Party of Social Liberalism[24] was officially created the Russian Democratic Party Yabloko, which advocates the European path of development of the Russian Federation and is a member of a number of international and European organizations. Since November 1998, the Yabloko association has had observer status with the Liberal International and participated in its events. At the 51st Congress of the Liberal International, held on March 21–23, 2002 in Budapest , the Yabloko party was accepted into the ranks of this international organization as a full member.

On April 26, 2002, the Russian Democratic Party Yabloko (Reg. No. 5018) was registered by the Ministry of Justice. Grigory Yavlinsky was elected chairman of the party.

Political party (2002 to present)

According to the deputy chairman of Yabloko, Sergei Ivanenko, in 2002 the party had 20,000 members.

In June 2003, the Yabloko faction voted for a vote of no confidence in the government, which, however, was not approved by the Duma.

Since 2003 Yabloko's position has worsened. In the 2003 State Duma elections, the Yabloko party received 4.3% of the vote (less than the 5% threshold) and did not receive seats in the State Duma on party lists (only 4 candidates from the party went through single-mandate constituencies). Interestingly, the fact that Vladimir Putin called Grigory Yavlinsky at night, during the counting of votes, with congratulations on the victory, became widely known.[25]

After the joining of Green Russia and Soldiers' Mothers in 2006, the name of the party was changed to the Russian United Democratic Party "Yabloko" (RODP "Yabloko"). Since 2006, the Yabloko party has become part of the European party Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe (ALDE). Sergei Mitrokhin became party chairman in 2008.

In the 2007 elections, 1.59% of voters voted for Yabloko and,the party did not enter the State Duma again. In 2008 the party had 58,540 members . In the 2011 elections according to official data from the CEC, 3.43% of voters (2.25 million people) voted for Yabloko. In these elections, the party more than doubled its result, but still did not get into the State Duma. However, this result gave Yabloko possibility for state funding. In 2012 Yabloko leader Grigory Yavlinsky was not registered by the Central Election Commission as a candidate for the presidential elections.

In 2021 the party had 16,100 members.

In the elections to the State Duma of 2021, Grigory Yavlinsky for the first time in the history of the party refused to run for deputies, and the federal list of candidates was headed by Yabloko chairman Nikolai Rybakov.,[26] 1.34% of voters voted for Yabloko (750 000 people). On October 14, 2021 the Federal Political Committee of the party decided to withdraw from the election candidates who supported the idea of Smart Voting Alexei Navalny. A number of Yabloko members criticized the party’s policies and demanded the leadership to resign.[27]

On October 26, 2021 the members of the Arkhangelsk regional branch of Yabloko published a statement, in which they demanded that the central political committee of the party be dismissed due to the adoption of the so called “Yavlinsky blacklist”, which lead to suspension of the activities of the branch.[28] On November 19, 2021 the federal bureau of Yabloko appointed the re-registration of party members prior to the upcoming party congress in December [29]

Russian invasion of Ukraine and Stance on war in Ukraine

On February 13, 2022, Yabloko published a petition against a possible war with Ukraine.[30] Yabloko is opposing Russia's 2022 attack on Ukraine and has been taking part in protests against the war.[31] After the beginning of the invasion, the Federal Political Committee of the party declared

“Yabloko expresses its categorical protest against the outbreak of hostilities against Ukraine. This war is Russia's war with the objective course of history, a war against time, a tragic fall from the reality of the modern world. The consequences of this war will last for a very long time, but now, first of all, it is a tragedy, suffering and death of people, and this will never be corrected. The reason for the tragedy is lies, cruelty and absolute indifference to the people of the Russian authorities. The Yabloko party considers the war with Ukraine to be the gravest crime. We believe that this war is contrary to the national interests of Russia and destroys the future of Russia.”

On February 28, 2022, the Yabloko factions in the parliaments of Moscow, St. Petersburg, the Pskov region and Karelia tried to initiate appeals from their legislative assemblies to President Putin with a call to immediately stop hostilities on the territory of Ukraine and start peace negotiations with international mediation, withdraw military units to places of permanent deployment, to exchange prisoners on the principle of “all for all” . A number of members of the Yabloko party in various regions were detained for participating in anti-war protests . [31]

Organizational Structure

RUDP Yabloko consists of regional branches, one per subject of the federation, regional branches from local branches, one per urban district or municipal district, local branches from primary branches, one per urban settlement or rural settlement.

  • The supreme body is the Congress, between Congresses - the Federal Council, between the Federal Councils - the Political Committee, the executive body is the Bureau, the highest official is the Chairman, the highest control body is the Party Arbitration, the highest audit body is the Control and Auditing Commission.
  • The supreme body of the regional branch is the Conference, between Conferences is the Regional Council, the executive body of the regional branch is the Bureau of the Regional Council, the highest official of the regional branch is the Chairman of the regional branch, the audit body of the regional branch is the Control and Audit Commission of the regional branch.
  • The supreme body of the local branch is the Conference, between Conferences - the Council of the Local Branch, the executive body of the local branch - the Bureau of the Council of the local branch, the highest official of the local branch is the Chairman of the local branch.
  • The supreme body of the primary branch is the General Meeting, between General Meetings is the Council of the primary branch, the highest official of the primary branch is the Chairman of the primary branch.

Leadership

The first chairman of the party (1993-2008) was Grigory Yavlinsky.

In 1995 Vladimir Lukin and Yuri Boldyrev were elected vice-chairmen (he left Yabloko in the same year). Since 1996 Vladimir Lukin has become the first deputy chairman of the party, and Sergey Ivanenko and Vyacheslav Igrunov have been the deputies. In 2000-2001, Vladimir Lukin was again the only deputy chairman of the party. In 2001-2004, Lukin served as the first deputy chairman of the party, while the deputy chairman were Alexei Arbatov, Igor Artemiev, Sergei Ivanenko and Sergei Mitrokhin. In 2004-2008, the first deputy chairman of the party was Sergei Ivanenko, deputy chairmen were Alexei Arbatov, Igor Artemiev, Sergei Mitrokhin. The posts of deputy chairman until 2007 were also presented by Sergey Popov, Galina Khovanskaya, Irina Yarovaya. After joining the party of the Green Russia movement, the post of deputy chairman of the party in 2006-2008 was held by Alexei Yablokov.

At the XV Party Congress on June 21-22, 2008, Sergei Mitrokhin was elected the second chairman of Yabloko. In 2008-2015, the posts of deputy chairmen of the party were abolished.

The next party leadership elections were held at the XVIII Congress of Yabloko on December 19-20, 2015. Emilia Slabunova became the third chairman of the Yabloko party, and Alexander Gnezdilov, Sergei Ivanenko and Nikolai Rybakov were elected as her deputies.

At the XXI Congress on December 15, 2019, Nikolai Rybakov was elected the new chairman of the party. Sergey Ivanenko, Boris Vishnevsky and Ivan Bolshakov became his deputies.

No. Leader Took office Left office
1
Grigory Yavlinsky 16 October 1993 21 June 2008
2
Sergey Mitrokhin 21 June 2008 20 December 2015
3
Emilia Slabunova 20 December 2015 15 December 2019
4
Nikolay Rybakov 15 December 2019 Incumbent

Federal Political Committee

The Federal Political Committee is the collegiate governing body of the party. It formulates the party's position on major political issues between congresses; makes submissions to the party's federal bureau on key personnel appointments; makes decisions on the volumes and main directions of financing the activities of the party; organizes the work of the federal council of the party and convenes its meetings. The Federal Political Committee has the right to convene extraordinary congresses of the Party.

Federal Bureau

The Federal Bureau of the Party is the permanent governing body of the party. The Federal Bureau makes political decisions and makes statements on behalf of the party in accordance with the decisions of the Political Committee, approves the estimates of income and expenses of the party, the procedure for receiving and spending funds and the report on their implementation in accordance with the decisions of the Political Committee, exercises the rights of a legal entity on behalf of the party and performs its duties in accordance with the party charter, and also exercises other powers in accordance with the party charter.

  • Babushkin Andrey Vladimirovich - Chairman of the public human rights charitable organization Committee "For Civil Rights", member of the Presidential Human Rights Council
  • Boldyreva Galina Vasilievna - Chairman of the Volgograd regional branch of the party, President of the Volgograd regional public organization Club "Ecology"
  • Bolshakov Ivan Viktorovich - political scientist, head of the analytical department of the party
  • Vishnevsky Boris Lazarevich - Deputy of the Legislative Assembly of St. Petersburg, publicist, political scientist, member of the Federal Political Committee, Candidate of Technical Sciences
  • Golov Anatoly Grigoryevich - head of the Social Democratic faction of the party, co-chairman of the Union of Consumers of Russia
  • Goncharenko Alexander Ilyich - Chairman of the Altai Regional Branch of the Party, Honorary President of the Public Monitoring Commission of the Altai Territory, laureate of the Moscow Helsinki Group Prize in the field of human rights protection
  • Goncharov, Kirill Alekseevich - Deputy Chairman of the Moscow Regional Branch of the Party
  • Goryachev Valery Sergeevich - lawyer, head of the central apparatus of the party, executive secretary of the Bureau of the party
  • Grishin Grigory Alexandrovich - Deputy Chairman of the Saratov regional branch of the party, candidate of philological sciences
  • Dorokhov Vladimir Yurievich - Chairman of the Tula regional branch of the party
  • Efimov Alexander Vladimirovich - member of the regional council of the Volgograd regional branch of the party
  • Ivanenko Sergey Viktorovich - Deputy Chairman of the Party, member of the Federal Political Committee of the Party, Candidate of Economic Sciences
  • Kolokolova Olga Arkadievna - Chairman of the Perm regional branch of the party
  • Kruglov Maxim Sergeevich - head of the Yabloko faction in the Moscow City Duma, deputy chairman of the Moscow regional branch of the party, candidate of political sciences
  • Mutsolgov Ruslan Adamovich - Chairman of the regional branch of the party in the Republic of Ingushetia
  • Petlin Maxim Anatolyevich - Deputy Chairman of the Sverdlovsk regional branch of the party
  • Rybakov Nikolai Igorevich - Chairman of the Party, member of the Bureau of the Party
  • Talevlin Andrey Alexandrovich - ecologist, deputy chairman of the Chelyabinsk regional branch of the party
  • Tsepilova Olga Dmitrievna - Chairman of the faction "Green Russia" of the party, candidate of sociological sciences
  • Cherepanova Anna Fedorovna - deputy of the City Duma of Veliky Novgorod, chairman of the Novgorod regional branch of the party
Control and Audit Commission
  • Zinatullin Ruslan Mansurovich - Chairman of the regional branch of the party in the Republic of Tatarstan
  • Kushpita Dmitry Yurievich - Chairman of the Vladimir regional branch of the party, former deputy of the Council of People's Deputies of Vladimir
  • Monin Vadim Vladimirovich
  • Shkred Tatyana Valerievna
  • Lysenko Kirill Evgenievich

Over the entire history of the of the party, a number of prominent party members were excluded, who became prominent politicians on their own: Oksana Dmitriyeva, Alexei Navalny, Maxim Reznik, Maxim Katz, Ilya Yashin.

The period of Sergei Mitrokhin was marked not only by the exclusion of members but also by the suspension of the powers of the of the regional branches. It was the case in party regional branches in Omsk, Belgorod (for cooperation with United Russia party), Bryansk (for the removal of the chairman of the local branch - candidate for governor of the region Andrei Ponomarev - from the elections in the interests of the current governor of the region Nikolai Denin, later accused of corruption), Krasnodar (for violating party discipline), St. Petersburg and a number of other branches.

In 2020, the Federal leadership of Yabloko decided to exclude the chairman of the Novosibirsk branch Svetlana Kaverzina and three of her associates from the party. The leadership considered that they "did not comply with the decision of the party bureau and publicly declared their disagreement with it, which caused political damage to the party". In addition to Kaverzina, Anton Nelidov, Mikhail Ryazantsev and Vyacheslav Udintsev lost their membership in the party.[33]

Also in 2020 the Federal Bureau of Yabloko expelled other 16 people from the party, including Maxim Katz, co-founder of the City Projects Foundation. The decision of the bureau announced that Katz tried to gain control over the Moscow branch of the party by creating an "artificial majority" of his supporters who voted unanimously. Katz announced his intention to appeal the bureau's decision.[34]

In 2021, mass expulsions from the party as part of the “fight against katzism”[35][36] and for signing open appeals of party members to the Congress continued.[37] At least 98 members were expelled from the Moscow branch (according to one of the excluded - more than 200).[38]

The expelled members announced that they would form a new, independent from the party leadership organization, as well as that the current leadership of the party "is conducting a systematic fight against civil society", "justifies the repressions" and "accuses those who fight against them". The creation of the public movement "Yabloko" was announced, the declared aim to return the party under the control of their like-minded people or creating a new legal entity.[39]

In addition, 189 members were denied registration, and 488 were suspended , depriving them of the right to any form of participation in internal elections.[38] Many suspended party members consider this action to be inconsistent with the law on political parties and challenge it in court.[40]

Representation of Yabloko in the authorities and local self-government of the Russian Federation

Federal authorities and advisory structures under them

Authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation

Yabloko in the parliaments of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

Election results

Presidential election
Election Candidate First round Second round Result
Votes % Votes %
1996 Grigory Yavlinsky 5,550,752
7.34%
 Lost N
2000 Grigory Yavlinsky 4,351,452
5.80%
 Lost N
2004 Didn't nominate a candidate[41]
2008 Endorsed Vladimir Bukovsky Not admitted to the elections[42]
2012 Grigory Yavlinsky Not admitted to the elections[43]
2018 Grigory Yavlinsky 769,644
1.05%
 Lost N

State Duma elections
Election Party leader Performance Rank Government
Votes % ± pp Seats +/–
1993 Grigory Yavlinsky 4,233,219
7.86%
 New
27 / 450
 New 5th Opposition
1995 4,767,384
6.89%
 0.97
45 / 450
 18 4th Opposition[lower-alpha 1]
1999 3,955,611
5.93%
 0.96
20 / 450
 25 5th Opposition
2003 2,610,087
4.30%
 1.63
4 / 450
 16 5th Opposition
2007 1,108,985
1.59%
 2.71
0 / 450
 4 6th Extra-parliamentary
2011 Sergey Mitrokhin 2,252,403
3.43%
 1.84
0 / 450
 0 5th Extra-parliamentary
2016 Emilia Slabunova 1,051,335
1.99%
 1.44
0 / 450
 0 6th Extra-parliamentary
2021 Nikolay Rybakov 753,280
1.34%
 0.65
0 / 450
 0 7th Extra-parliamentary
  1. Some members of the party (Mikhail Zadornov as Minister of Finance in 1997-1999, Oksana Dmitriyeva as Minister of Labour and Social Protection in Apr.-Sep. 1998) participated in the government on an individual basis, for which they were expelled from the party.

Regional parliamentary elections

Regional parliaments of Russia in which Yabloko is represented.

Regional Parliament Election year & Amount of Seats Current seats Next Election
# Position
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
 Republic of Karelia 4 3 2
3 / 36
 #2[lower-alpha 1] 2026
 Khabarovsk Krai 0 0 1
1 / 36
 #4 2024
 Kostroma Oblast 0 1 1
1 / 36
 #3[lower-alpha 1] 2025
 Pskov Oblast 1 0[lower-alpha 2] 1[lower-alpha 3] 2[lower-alpha 4] 1
1 / 36
 #4 2026
 Saint Petersburg 6 2 2
2 / 50
 #3 2026
 Moscow 0 0 4 5[lower-alpha 5] 4[lower-alpha 6]
4 / 45
 #3 2024
  1. Tied with other parties.
  2. In 2015, Lev Schlossberg was deprived of authority by a court and by vote of fellow deputies.
  3. In 2016, Lev Schlossberg won his seat back
  4. In September 2019, another member of the Pskov legislature joined Yabloko
  5. In 2021, Vladimir Ryzhkov won the by-elections to the Moscow City Duma.
  6. On December 28, 2021 , deputy Darya Besedina was expelled from the party.

See also

Further reading
  • Hale, Henry (2004). "Yabloko and the Challenge of Building a Liberal Party in Russia". Europe-Asia Studies. 56 (7): 993–1020. doi:10.1080/1465342042000294338. S2CID 153711518.
  • White, David (2006). The Russian Democratic Party Yabloko: Opposition in a Managed Democracy, Burlington: Ashgate.

References
  1. ""Яблоку" предложили не прерывать съезд" [Yabloko was offered not to interrupt the congress] (in Russian). Kommersant. 15 December 2019.
  2. White, David (2005). "Going their own way: The Yabloko Party's opposition to unification". Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics. 21 (4): 462–486. doi:10.1080/13523270500363395. S2CID 153746098.
  3. Laura Lyytikainen, ed. (2016). Performing Political Opposition in Russia: The Case of the Youth Group Oborona. Routledge. ISBN 9781317082293. According to one ex-activist of Oborona who had been also part of the movement from the beginning, the coalition between the right-wing SPS and the more social-liberal oriented Yabloko was possible because of Putin's 'antidemocratic' politics
  4. "Russia parliament elections: How the parties line up". BBC. 6 March 2012.
  5. Lewis, Paul G. (19 October 2018). Party Development and Democratic Change in Post-Communist Europe: The First Decade. Taylor & Francis US. ISBN 9780714681740 – via Google Books.
  6. "Yabloko hosts international conference on protecting women's rights". Alliance of Liberals and Democrats For Europe. 3 December 2020.
  7. Sharkov, Damien (23 February 2016). "Russian Vandals Stop Maidan Massacre Commemoration in St. Petersburg". Newsweek.
  8. Carroll, Oliver (7 February 2017). "Russia's Last Opposition Hero". Foreign Policy.
  9. "Moscow court reverses Sergei Mitrokhin election ban". Deutsche Welle. 13 August 2019. Retrieved 19 June 2020. The Moscow city court ruled that the electoral commission should immediately register Mitrokhin of the centrist Yabloko party as a candidate, according to Russian state news agencies.
  10. Gowland, David; Dunphy, Richard; Lythe, Charlotte, eds. (2006). The European Mosaic (Third ed.). Pearson Education. p. 228. ISBN 9780582473706.
  11. Cucciolla, Riccardo Mario (2019). "Introduction: The Many Dimensions of Russian Liberalism". In Cucciolla, Riccardo Mario (ed.). Dimensions and Challenges of Russian Liberalism: Historical Drama and New Prospects. Philosophy and Politics—Critical Explorations. Vol. 8. Springer Nature. p. xxxi. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05784-8. ISBN 978-3-030-05784-8. ISSN 2352-8370. S2CID 159261663.
  12. Ross, Cameron (2009). Local Politics and Democratization in Russia. ISBN 9780415336543. Retrieved 8 May 2016.
  13. "Russian women denied protest against bill decriminalising domestic violence vow to keep fighting". International Business Times UK. 27 January 2017. Retrieved 19 June 2020. The Russian United Democratic Party Yabloko, a centre-left opposition party with currently no representation in the parliament have launched a campaign against the law. They invited people to speak out on social media, using the hashtag: "I'm against the law on decriminalisation of domestic violence".
  14. Taras Kuzio, ed. (2007). Ukraine?Crimea?Russia: Triangle of Conflict. Columbia University Press. p. 111. ISBN 9783838257617. ... the centre-left Yabloko, initiated the first votes in the Russian Supreme Soviet ... of the centre-left Union of Right Forces and became an adviser to President ..
  15. "How Russia's political parties line up". BBC News. 6 March 2012. Yabloko's ideology is a mix of liberalism and social democracy.
  16. Европейские политики желают "Яблоку" победы на выборах в Госудуму, retrieved 2022-04-26
  17. "Prize for Freedom". Liberal International. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  18. "Grigory Yavlinski". Liberal International. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  19. Красовский, Алексей (2021-10-21). "Спасти рядовых членов ЛГБТ: "Яблоко" разрабатывает закон против дискриминации". Daily Storm (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  20. "Проблему дискриминации ЛГБТ обсудили на круглом столе в Москве". lgbt-grani.livejournal.com. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  21. "Алексей Мельников призвал разрешить гей-парады и легализовать гей-браки в России". lgbt-grani.livejournal.com. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  22. Shabaev, Andrey. "Российская многопартийность. Глава 4" [Russian multiparty system. Chapter 4]. partinform.ru.
  23. ""Яблоко" без "Я"". www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  24. "РОДП Яблоко Российская либеральная партия". lenta.ru. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  25. ВОРСОБИН, Владимир (2004-02-12). "Либералы после выборов: Немцов нашел "непыльную" работу". kp.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  26. Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. "Список "Яблока" для выборов: кто вошел, а кто остался | DW | 04.07.2021". DW.COM (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  27. ""Нам стыдно": Члены "Яблока" раскритиковали политику партии и потребовали ее руководство сложить полномочия". sobesednik.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  28. ""Яблоко" временно приостановило работу архангельского отделения". arh.mk.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  29. "Явлинский подаст к съезду очищенное "Яблоко" / Политика / Независимая газета". www.ng.ru. Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  30. ""Яблоко" объявило сбор подписей против войны России с Украиной". Радио Свобода (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-04-26.
  31. "Yabloko activists take part in anti-war rallies across the country". eng.yabloko.ru. 2022-02-28. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
  32. "Human Rights Defender in Russia: Svetlana Alekseevna Gannushkina". Amnesty International. 2008-12-09. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
  33. "Федеральное "Яблоко" разгоняет новосибирское отделение партии" [The federal "Yabloko" disperses ('drives away') the Novosibirsk branch of the party]. Tayga.info.
  34. "Максима Каца и 15 его сторонников исключили из "Яблока". За попытку "организовать внутри партии секту"" [Maxim Katz and 15 of his supporters were expelled from Yabloko. For trying to "organize a sect within the party"]. Meduza.
  35. "Московское "Яблоко" выгнало из партии Максима Каца" [Moscow Yabloko expelled Maxim Katz from the party]. znak.com.
  36. "Обыкновенный КАЦизм". mk.ru.
  37. ""Яблоко" в раздоре" ["Yabloko" in discord]. www.kommersant.ru (in Russian). 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  38. "Из "Яблока" исключили почти 100 членов партии. Среди них — Беседина, Гонгальский и Русакова" [Almost 100 party members were expelled from Yabloko. Among them are Besedina, Gongalsky and Rusakova]. Новая газета (in Russian). 29 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  39. "Группа исключённых из партии "Яблоко" создала движение "Яблоко"" [A group of people expelled from the Yabloko party created the Yabloko movement]. Радио Свобода (in Russian). Retrieved 2022-02-05.
  40. ""Яблоко" осталось без движения" ["Yabloko" left without movement]. www.kommersant.ru. December 29, 2021.
  41. ""Яблоко" не будет выдвигать своего кандидата на президентских выборах 2004-го года" [Yabloko will not nominate its own candidate in the 2004 presidential election]. Радио Свобода.
  42. "ЦИК не пустил Буковского на выборы" [CEC did not let Bukovsky vote].
  43. "ЦИК РФ: Явлинский выбывает из президентской гонки" [CEC of the Russian Federation: Yavlinsky drops out of the presidential race]. Росбалт.
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