List of electoral systems by country

This is a list of electoral systems by country in alphabetical order. An electoral system is used to elect national legislatures and heads of state.

Part of the Politics series
Electoral systems
Majoritarian/plurality
  • Multi-round voting
Proportional representation
Mixed systems
  • By type of representation
  • Non-compensatory mixed systems
  • Compensatory mixed systems
Other systems and related theory
 Politics portal

Maps
Head of state Lower (or unicameral) house Upper house

Single-winner system / single-member constituencies (non-proportional)

  First past the post (FPTP/SMP)
  Two-round system (TRS)
  Instant-runoff voting (IRV)

Multi-member constituencies, majoritarian (non-proportional)

  Block voting (BV) or mixed FPTP and BV
  Party block voting (PBV) or mixed FPTP and PBV

Multi-member constituencies, semi-proportional

  Limited voting (LV) or cumulative voting
  Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) or mixed FPTP and SNTV
  Modified Borda count

Multi-member constituencies, proportional

  Party-list proportional representation (list PR)
  Single transferable vote (STV)

Mixed non-compensatory (semi-proportional)

  Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) / parallel voting (FPTP and list PR)
  Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM)/ parallel voting (TRS and list PR)
  Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) / parallel voting (BV/PBV and list PR)
  Majority bonus system
  Parallel voting (SNTV and list PR)

Mixed compensatory (proportional or semi-proportional)

  Mixed-member majoritarian (MMM) with compensation / scorporo
  Additional member system / semi-proportional MMP
  Mixed-member proportional representation (MMP)
  Majority jackpot system (majority of seats reserved for largest party/coalition)

Indirect election

  Election by legislature
  Election by electoral college or local legislatures
  Partly elected by electoral college or local legislatures, partly appointed by head of state

Other

  No election
  Appointed by head of state
  Varies by federal states or constituencies
  No information/Unicameral legislature

Electoral systems by country
Country Body or office Type of electoral system Electoral system Seats per district

(if applicable)

 Total seats Electoral threshold

(if applicable)

 Notes
Albania President of the Republic indirect Elected by the Parliament through a secret vote.[1] A three-fifths majority of all members in the first three rounds, absolute majority (50% +1 vote) in the next two rounds If no candidate has attained the necessary majority in five rounds, the Parliament will be dissolved and a general election must occur within 60 days.[2]
Parliament (Kuvendi) proportional Party list PR: Open lists, D'Hondt method[3] 3–36 140[4] 1%
Algeria President single winner Two-round system[5] (TRS)
People's National Assembly proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota)[5][6] 5–37, 2 (districts representing people abroad)[7] 462[6] 5% of votes in respective district.[6]
Andorra General Council mixed Parallel: party block voting (local) and list PR (nationwide) 2 (local districts) / 14 (nationwide constituency) 28
Angola President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP) (Double simultaneous vote)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method 5 per province, 130 across country, + 3 representatives from abroad 233
Antigua and Barbuda House of Representatives majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 17
Argentina President single winner Modified Two-round system
(winner in 1st round with 45% of votes; or with 40% and a 10% lead over the second)
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method 5–70 (Renewed by halves) 257 3% of registered voters
Senate semi-proportional Limited voting with party-lists: 2 seats to most voted party or coalition in each province, 1 seat to second most voted party or coalition (limited vote with closed lists) 3 72
Armenia President single winner Since 2018, the President is elected by members of parliament.
National Assembly proportional Two-tier Party list PR: Largest remainder. Nationwide Closed list and an Open list in each of 13 election districts. Party lists run-off FPTP to ensure stable majority of 54% if it is not achieved either immediately or through building a coalition.[8][9] at least 101 5% (parties), 7% (blocs)
Australia Senate proportional Single transferable vote (STV) 6 (12 per state, renewed by halves), 2 per territory [10] 76
House of Representatives majoritarian Instant runoff voting (IRV) 1 151
Austria President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Bundesrat indirect Proportional to the distribution of seats in the state parliaments (so Party list PR) 3–12 votes 61 votes
Nationalrat proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) at district and regional levels, D'Hondt method for remaining votes at national level 183 4%
Azerbaijan President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 125
Bahamas House of Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 39
Bahrain Council of Representatives majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 1 40
Bangladesh Jatiyo Sangshad majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 350 (300 directly elected + 50 seats reserved for women)
Barbados House of Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 30
Belarus President single winner Two-round system[note 1][11][12]
House of Representatives majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 110
Belgium Chamber of Representatives proportional Party list PR (flexible lists): D'Hondt method 3–22 150 5%
Belize National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 31
Benin President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder (24 districts) 2–5 (average 35) 83
Bhutan National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 47
National Council majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 25 (20 directly elected + 5 apppointed)
Bolivia President single winner Modified Two-round system (Double simultaneous)
(winner with 50% of votes or 40% and a 10% lead over the second)[13]
Chamber of Deputies mixed MMP:
FPTP (70 seats) /
Party-list proportional representation: Closed lists: D'Hondt method (60 seats)[14]		 1 / 5–29[15] 130 3%
Senate proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method[14] 4 36
Bosnia and Herzegovina Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 3 (one each of the three major ethnic groups)
House of Representatives proportional Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method 14, 28 42
Botswana National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 63 (57 directly elected + 4 members appointed by the governing party + 2 members ex officio: the President and the Attorney General)
Brazil President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method 8–70 513 1.5%[16][17] (starting from 2022, will be 2%)[18]
Senate majoritarian Plurality block voting (BV) and First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 or 2 (alternates each election) 81
Bulgaria President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method[19] 4–14[19] 240 4%
Burkina Faso President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly of Burkina Faso proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) 2–16 127
Burundi President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 4–11 100 + 18–21 co-opted 2%
Cambodia National Assembly mixed coexistence: Party list PR: D'Hondt method / FPTP 1–18 123
Cameroon President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian Coexistence+conditional supermixed/hybrid:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member constituencies,

party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise highest party gets half, rest distributed by largest remainder (Hare quota)

 1–7 180 5%
Canada House of Commons majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 338
Cape Verde President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 2–15 72
Central African Republic President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 1 140
Chad President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian Coexistence+conditional supermixed/hybrid:

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) party with over 50% of vote gets all seats in multi-member constituencies (party block voting), otherwise List PR (largest remainder, closed list)[20]

 188
Chile President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[21][22] 3–8 155
Senate proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[21][22] 2–5 50[21]
China National People's Congress majoritarian Block approval voting: Direct election of local People's Congresses and indirect election of all higher levels of People's Congresses 2987
Colombia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Chamber of Representatives proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 2–18 162
Senate proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 100 + 2 (indigenous) 102
Comoros President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Assembly of the Union majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 1 33 (24 directly elected + 9 elected by lsland assemblies)
Democratic Republic of the Congo President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)[23]
National Assembly mixed Coexistence mixed majoritarian (MMM):

First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) in single-member districts and List PR in multi-member districts (Largest remainder)

 1–17 500
Republic of the Congo President single winner Two-round system (TRS)[24]
National Assembly majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 151
Costa Rica President single winner Modified two-round system (TRS): 40% of votes needed to win in first round
Legislative Assembly proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder method 4–20 57
Croatia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Sabor proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method, plus some reserved for minorities and Croatians living abroad 14 153 5%
Cuba National Assembly of People's Power majoritarian Two-round system, Endorsement of selected candidates 1 605
Cyprus President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
House of Representatives proportional Party list PR: Open lists (Hare quota): Largest remainder (with remainder allocated at national level) 3–20 80 (56 for Greek-Cypriots; 24 for Turkish-Cypriots (currently vacant)) and 3 observers from religious minorities 3.6% (parties), 10% (coalitions of 2 parties), 20% (coalitions of at least 3 parties), 7.2% (remaining seats distributed to parties after countrywide remainders are allocated proportionally) (lists which do not reach the threshold can receive seats in individual constituencies where they reach the quota)
Czech Republic President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: Open lists (Imperiali quota and Hagenbach-Bischoff quota) 5–25 200 5% (party), 8/11% (coalition of 2/3+ parties),
Senate majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 1 27
Denmark Folketinget proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method (135 regional seats), Sainte-Laguë method (40 leveling seats) 179 2%
Djibouti President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian Fusion / majority jackpot:

80% of seats (rounded to the nearest integer) in each constituency are awarded to the party receiving the most votes (party block voting), remaining seats are allocated proportionally to other parties receiving over 10% (closed list, D'Hondt method)

 3–28 65
Dominica House of Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 21 + 9 appointed + Speaker + 1 ex officio
Dominican Republic President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 2–36 150
Senate majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 32 (21 directly elected, 9 appointed + Speaker + 1 ex officio)
East Timor President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Parliament proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder 65
Ecuador President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Congress proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method 2–18 100
Egypt President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
House of Representatives mixed Parallel[citation needed]: Two-round system (TRS) (448 seats) / Party list PR (120 seats)[25] 596 (568 directly elected + 28 appointed)
El Salvador President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Legislative Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 3–20 84
Equatorial Guinea President single winner FPTP[26]
Chamber of People's Representatives proportional Party list 80
Eritrea National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Estonia President single winner Elected by the parliament (Riigikogu) or by special electoral body
Riigikogu proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method (12 districts) 5–14 (average 8.4) 101 5%
Eswatini National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Ethiopia House of People's Representatives majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 546
Fiji House of Representatives proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[27] 50 50 5%
Finland President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Eduskunta (and MEPs) proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method (12 districts + 1 seat Åland FPTP) 7–35 (average 16.6) (+1 seat Åland) 200
France President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 1 577
Senate Elected indirectly by approximately 150,000 officials ("grands électeurs"), including regional councilors, department councilors, mayors, city councilors in large towns, and members of the National Assembly 1 348
Gabon President single winner FPTP
National Assembly majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 143[citation needed]
Gambia President single winner FPTP
National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 58 (53 directly elected)[citation needed]
Georgia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Parliament mixed Parallel voting / superposition (MMM):

Party-list PR (closed list) + Two-round system (TRS)

 120 / 1 150 5%
Germany President single winner Federal Convention Half the member are the Bundestag, the other half is appointed by state legislatures
Bundesrat appointed by the 16 State Governments respectively 3–6 votes 69 votes
Bundestag proportional MMP: Sainte-Laguë using regional fixed lists / FPTP 299 (lists) / 1 (district) 598 + levelling seats 5% or 3 district seats
Ghana President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Parliament majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 275[citation needed]
Greece President single winner Elected by the parliament
Hellenic Parliament semi-proportional Majority bonus system (MBS): 250 seats proportionally divided via several allocations; 50 bonus seats to the party placing first (until 2019)
Party-list proportional representation: all 300 seats proportionally divided via several allocations (after the 2019 elections)		 1–18 (5 on average) 300 3%
Grenada House of Representatives majoritarian FPTP 1 15
Guatemala President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Congress of the Republic proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 29 / 1 158
Guinea President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly mixed Parallel: 76 Hare quota + 38 FPTP 76 / 1 114
Guinea-Bissau President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National People's Assembly proportional Party list (closed lists) (27 districts) 3.7 (average) 100
Guyana President single winner FPTP (Double simultaneous)
National Assembly mixed Mixed member party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota) 1-7 (districts) / 40 (national top-up) 65
Haiti President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Chamber of Deputies Two-round system (TRS) 1 99
Honduras President single winner FPTP
National Congress proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) 1–23 128
Hong Kong Legislative Council majoritarian Parallel 2 (Geographical constituencies) /
1–3 (Functional constituencies)/
40 (Election Committee)		 90
Hungary President single winner Elected by the National Assembly
National Assembly mixed Mixed-member majoritarian: 106 FPTP + 93 national list-PR (combination of parallel and positive vote transfer)[28] 1 199 5% for parties (10% for two-party coalitions, 15% for larger coalitions), 0.27% for minority lists
Iceland President single winner FPTP
Alþing proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 8–13 63 5%
India House of the People (Lok Sabha) majoritarian FPTP 1 545
Indonesia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
People's Representative Council proportional Party list PR: Open lists: Webster/Sainte-Laguë method 3–10 575 4% nationally
Regional Representatives Council semi-proportional Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) 4 136
Iran President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Majlis of Iran majoritarian Two-round block voting (25% of votes in 1st round) 1–30 290
Assembly of Experts majoritarian Block voting 1–16 88
Iraq Council of Representatives semi-proportional Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) 2–5 329
Ireland President single winner Instant runoff voting (IRV)
Dáil Éireann proportional Single transferable vote (STV) 3–5 158[29]
Seanad Éireann Indirect election:
– 11 nominated by the Taoiseach
– 6 elected by the graduates of certain Irish universities:
3 by graduates of Dublin University (constituency)|Dublin University
3 by graduates of the National University
– 43 elected from five special panels of nominees (known as vocational panels) by an electorate consisting of TDs (member of Dáil Éireann), outgoing senators and members of city and county councils		 60
Israel President single winner Elected by the Knesset
Knesset proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method 120 120 3.25%[30]
Italy Chamber of Deputies mixed 386 Party list PR, largest remainder (Hare quota) + 232 FPTP + 12 Largest remainder (Hare quota) for the Italians living abroad 2/8 630 3%
Senate mixed SMPR: 193 list-Largest remainder + 116 FPTP + 6 Largest remainder (Hare quota) for the Italians living abroad 1/49 315 3%
Ivory Coast President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian FPTP 1 225
Jamaica House of Representatives majoritarian FPTP 1 60
Japan House of Representatives mixed Parallel: FPTP (295 seats)[31] / Party list PR (Closed list) D'Hondt method (180 seats) 6-29 / 1 475
House of Councillors mixed Parallel: SNTV (73 seats) / Party list PR (Open list) D'Hondt method (96 seats) 1-5 / 48 (Per election) 242 (Half of the seats are up each election.)
Jordan Chamber of Deputies mixed Parallel: each voter has one vote for one candidate in one subdistrict of his choice in the district he lives in (like SNTV), one winner per subdistrict (like FPTP) (108 seats in 45 districts including 12 seats reserved for minorities) + 15 seats reserved for women (best losers) / Party list PR (closed lists) (27 seats) 2.4 (average) / 27 150
Kazakhstan President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Majilis proportional Party-list 98 + 9 members elected by electoral college 7%
Kenya President single winner FPTP
National Assembly of Kenya majoritarian FPTP (210 seats) (+ 12 seats appointed by parties proportional with seats already won) 1 210 elected + 12 appointed + 2 ex officio
Kiribati President single winner FPTP
House of Assembly majoritarian Modified runoff 40 + 1 delegate from Banaba Island and 1 ex officio
Kuwait National Assembly semi-proportional Single non-transferable vote (1 vote for 10 seats) 10 50
Kyrgyzstan President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Supreme Council mixed Parallel: First-past-the-post (36 seats) / Party list PR (54 seats) 90 5%
Laos National Assembly majoritarian Bloc voting 115
Latvia Saeima proportional Party list PR: Sainte-Laguë method 14–28 100 5%
Lebanon Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR (open list): D'Hondt method 5-13 128
Lesotho National Assembly mixed MMP using mixed single vote: (40 party list seats / 80 FPTP seats) 120
Liberia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
House of Representatives majoritarian FPTP 1 73
Senate majoritarian FPTP 2 per county, 1 per election 30
Liechtenstein Diet proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder (Hare quota) 10, 15 25 8%
Lithuania President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Seimas mixed Parallel: Two-round system (71 seats) / Largest remainder (70 seats) 70 / 1 141 5% (parties), 7% (coalitions)
Luxembourg Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR:Open lists:D'Hondt method 7-23 60
Macau Legislative Council proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 12 29
Madagascar President single winner Two-round system[32] (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian coexistence: FPTP (87 seats) / Party list PR (Closed list, highest averages method; 64 seats)[32][33] 1 / 2 151
Malawi President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 194
Malaysia Dewan Rakyat majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 222
Maldives President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Majlis majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 77
Mali President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 160
Malta House of Representatives proportional Single transferable vote (STV) modified with gender corrective seats 5 65 + up to 12 levelling seats (gender) Since the 2022 election, if the number of candidates elected from a gender (male/female) is less than 40%, up to 12 additional seats are added to achieve correction. Levelling seats are awarded on party-parity basis, 1-1 correction seats at a time for both parties. If more than 2 parties gain seats, the gender corrective mechanism is not used.[34]
Marshall Islands Legislature mixed coexistence: FPTP (19 seats) / Bloc voting (14 seats) 1 / 2-5 33
Mauritania President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly mixed Parallel: 106 in 46 districts; in districts with 1-2 seats : Two-round system, in larger districts: List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) + twice 20 nationally (one set of 20 reserved for women): List-PR (simple quota largest remainder; closed-list) 146
Mauritius National Assembly majoritarian Bloc voting 2–3 62 + 8 'best losers' appointed
Mexico President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Chamber of Deputies mixed Parallel: Largest remainder (Hare quota) (200 seats) / FPTP (300 seats) 40 / 1 500 2%
Senate mixed Parallel: Largest remainder (Hare quota) / winner takes 2, second takes 1 (limited (party) block voting with closed lists) 32 / 3 128 2%
Federated States of Micronesia Congress majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 14
Moldova President single winner Two-round system[35] (TRS)
Parliament proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 101 101 4%
Monaco National Council mixed Parallel: Plurality-at-large voting in single nationwide constituency (16 seats); D'Hondt method (8 seats)[36] 24 5% (For proportional seats)[36]
Mongolia President single winner Two-round system[37] (TRS)
State Great Khural majoritarian Plurality-at-large voting (76 seats, 1-3 per district) Candidates have to get at least 28% of the votes in a district to get elected. If there are unfilled seat, a runoff is held with twice the number of candidates as there are unfilled seats.[38] 1–3, 28 76
Montenegro President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Parliament proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method 5, 76 81 3%
Montserrat Legislative Council 9 9
Morocco Assembly of Representatives mixed Parallel: Largest remainder (295 seats) / list of women (30 seats) 325
Mozambique President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Assembly of the Republic proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 250 250 5%
Myanmar (Burma) People's Assembly (Pyithu Hluttaw) majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 12 per region or state 440 (25% appointed by military)
National Assembly (Amyotha Hluttaw) majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 per township 224 (25% appointed by military)
Namibia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: Hare quota + 6 appointed 72 78
Nauru Parliament semi-proportional Modified Borda Count (Dowdall system, First ranked candidate gets 1 point, second 1/2, third 1/3 and so on.)[39] 2-4[39] 19[40]
Nepal House of Representatives mixed Parallel: Party list PR: Closed lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method (110/275 members)

FPTP(165/275 members)[41][42]

 1-10 165 FPTP and 110 PR (3% of total votes for PR or at least one seat in FPTP)
Kingdom of the Netherlands House of Representatives proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method 150 150 0.67%
Senate proportional Elected by members of states-provincial using Party list PR 75 75
Aruba: Estates proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method[43] 21[44] 21 4,76% (One quota)
New Zealand House of Representatives (Parliament) proportional MMP: Sainte-Laguë method (48+ seats) / FPTP (72 district seats which also includes 7 seats reserved for Maori) 120 + overhang seats 5% or 1 district seat
Nicaragua President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 1-20 90 + 2 (former president and presidential runner-up)
Niger President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list (105 seats) + 8 from FPTP 113
Nigeria President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
House of Representatives mixed First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 per federal constituency (5 - 24 per state, plus 2 for the federal capital) 360
Senate mixed First-past-the-post (FPTP) 3 per state (plus one for the federal capital) 109
Niue Assembly mixed parallel: FPTP (14 seats) / Bloc voting (6 seats) 1 / 6 20
North Korea Supreme People's Assembly Endorsement of candidate 687
North Macedonia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 20 120
Norway Storting proportional Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë method[45] 4–19 150 + 19 leveling seats 4% for leveling seats
Pakistan President single winner Electoral college Electors consist of National Assembly, Senate and provincial assemblies
National Assembly majoritarian FPTP (272 seats) (+ 70 members appointed by parties proportional with seats already won) 1 272 elected + 70 appointed (60 women + 10 non-Muslim)
Palau President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
House of Delegates majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 16
Senate majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 13
Palestine President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Legislative Council mixed Parallel: Sainte-Laguë method (closed list; 66 seats) / Bloc voting or FPTP (66 seats) 66 / 1–9 132 2%
Panama President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly mixed coexistence: Single-member constituencies: FPTP; multi-member: Saripolo or Sartori method (Largest remainder, but remainders only for those with no seats) 1–7 78
Papua New Guinea National Parliament majoritarian Instant runoff voting (IRV) 1 109
Paraguay President single winner FPTP[46]
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 1-19 80
Senate proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 45 45
Peru President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Congress of the Republic proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder 1-35 130
Philippines President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
House of Representatives mixed Parallel: Party list (closed lists; modified Hare quota with 3-seat cap and no remainders; 57 seats in 2010, 58 in 2013, 59 in 2016, 61 in 2019) / FPTP (229 districts in 2010, 232 in 2013, 238 in 2016, 243 in 2019) 57 / 1 (2010), 58 / 1 (2013), 59 / 1 (2016), 61 / 1 (2019) 286 (2010), 292 (2013), 297 (2016), 304 (2019) 2%; parties with less than 2% of the vote may win seats if the list seats haven't been completely distributed.
Senate majoritarian Bloc voting 12 / 1 24
Poland President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Sejm proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 7–20 460 5% (8% for coalitions, 0% for national minorities)
Senate majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 100
Portugal President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Assembly of the Republic proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method 2–47 230
Romania President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method[47] 4–29[48] + 1 seat for each national minority 330 (out of which 18 seats for the national minorities, 4 for the Romanians living abroad)[48] 5% on national level or 20% in at least 4 constituencies (parties), 8-10% (coalitions)[49]
Senate proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method[47] 2–13[48] 136 (out of which 2 seats for the Romanians living abroad)[48] 5% on national level or 20% in at least 4 constituencies (parties), 8-10% (coalitions)[49]
Russia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
State Duma mixed Parallel voting: Party list (225 seats) / FPTP (225 seats)[50][51] 1, 225 450 5%
Rwanda President single winner FPTP[52]
Chamber of Deputies proportional Party list PR: Largest remainder 53 53 + 24 elected by provincial councils + 3 appointed 5%
Saint Kitts and Nevis National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 11 + 3 appointed + 1 ex officio
Saint Lucia House of Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 17
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines House of Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 15 + 6 appointed
Samoa Fono majoritarian coexistence: FPTP (35 seats) / Bloc voting (14 seats) 1 / 2 49
San Marino Grand and General Council proportional Party list using a D'Hondt method with, if no government is formed, second round with only 2 largest parties (national majority bonus/jackpot) 60
São Tomé and Príncipe President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list: closed lists (7 districts) 7.9 (average) 55
Senegal President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly mixed Parallel voting: 105 seats by First-past-the-post or Party Bloc vote, 60 seats by Proportional Representation 150
Serbia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method 250 250 5% (0.4% for minorities)
Seychelles President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly mixed Parallel: Hare quota (8 seats) / FPTP (25 seats) 9 / 1 34
Sierra Leone President single winner Two-round system[53] (TRS)
Parliament majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 112 + 12 Paramount chiefs 12.5%
Singapore President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Parliament majoritarian coexistence: Party bloc voting (79 seats) / FPTP (14 seats)[54] 4 or 5 / 1 93 elected[55] + 11 appointed (9 NMP + 2 NCMP)
Slovakia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Council of the Slovak Republic proportional Party list PR: flexible lists: Hagenbach-Bischoff 150 150 5% / 7% (coalitions of 2-3 parties) / 10% (coalitions of at least 4 parties)
Slovenia President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method (88 seats) + 2 seats by Borda Count 11/8 + 2 single-seat constituencies 90 4%
Solomon Islands National Parliament majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 50
South Africa National Assembly proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: Droop quota 400 400
South Korea President single winner FPTP
National Assembly mixed Combination of parallel voting and additional member system: FPTP (253 seats) / AMS party list (30 seats) / parallel party list (closed lists: modified Hare quota largest remainder method) (17 seats) 300 PR: 5 FPTP seats / 3%
Spain Congress of Deputies proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: D'Hondt method 1–35 350 3%
Senate semi-proportional Limited vote (3 votes for 4 seats) (208 members), appointment by regional legislatures (variable) 2–4 208 + variable number
Sri Lanka President single winner Sri Lankan contingent vote
Parliament proportional Party list PR: Open lists: Largest remainder (Hare quota) 4-20 225
Suriname National Assembly of Suriname proportional Party list PR: Open lists: (10 districts) 2-17 51
Sweden Riksdag proportional Party list PR: Open lists: Modified Sainte-Laguë 2-38 349 4% (or 12% in a constituency)
Switzerland National Council proportional Party list PR: Open lists: D'Hondt method 1-34 200
Council of States varies Varies with canton (generally Two-round system) 1–2 46
Syria President single winner Two-round system[56] (TRS)
People's Council
Taiwan (Republic of China) President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Legislative Yuan mixed Parallel: FPTP (73 seats) / Party-list PR (Hare quota) (34 seats)
Aboriginal seats: SNTV (6 seats)		 1
Aboriginal constituencies: 3		 113 5%
Tajikistan President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
Supreme Assembly of Tajikistan mixed Parallel: Party list (22 seats) / Two-round system single-member constituencies (41 seats) 63 5%
Tanzania President single winner Two-round system[57] (TRS)
National Assembly mixed Parallel: Party list (113 seats) / FPTP (264 seats) + 5 Elected Indirectly by Zanzibar's Legislature + 5 Appointed by the President + 1 Ex-officio[58] 113/1/5/6 393
Thailand House of Representatives mixed Parallel: Party list (100 seats) / FPTP (400 seats) 100/1 500
Togo President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
National Assembly of Togo majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 81
Tonga Legislative Assembly majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 9 + 9 elected by nobles + 10 members of Privy Council + 2 governors
Trinidad and Tobago House of Representatives majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 41
Tunisia President single winner Two-round system[59][60] (TRS)
Assembly of the Representatives of the People proportional Party-list PR: Closed list: Largest remainder method (Hare Quota) [61][62] 4-10 (Seats in Tunisia), 1-5 (Seats for Tunisians abroad) 217
Turkey President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Grand National Assembly proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list 1-35 600 7%
Turkmenistan President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Assembly majoritarian Two-round system (TRS) 50
Tuvalu Parliament majoritarian coexistence: Bloc voting (14 seats) / FPTP (1 seat) 2 / 1 15
Uganda President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 214 + 78 from various groups
Ukraine President single winner Two-round system (TRS).[63]
Verkhovna Rada mixed Parallel: Party list PR: Closed list: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) / FPTP[64] 225 / 1 450 5%
United Kingdom House of Commons majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 650
Northern Ireland proportional
Scotland mixed
Wales mixed
Anguilla majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP)
Bermuda
House of Assembly		 majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 36
Cayman Islands Parliament majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP/SMP) 1 18 + 2 ex officio[65]
United States President single winner Electoral college members chosen using FPTP on a per state basis, except in Maine and Nebraska, where two electors are chosen on a statewide basis, and one elector is chosen from each Congressional district on a per district basis.

48 states, including Nebraska, all use FPTP for presidential general elections, while Alaska and Maine will begin use IRV in 2020 and 2022 elections, respectively.

Party nominees chosen by delegates allocated in state primaries with varying methods by state and party.

House of Representatives majoritarian FPTP for all seats in 41 states except: Two-round system in Georgia, Mississippi[66][67][68] and Texas,[note 2][69] Nonpartisan blanket primary in Alaska, California, Louisiana[70] and Washington,[note 3][note 4] and IRV in Alaska and Maine.[71][72][73][74] 1 435 + 6 non-voting members
Senate majoritarian 2 per state, 1 per election 100
Uruguay President single winner Two-round system (TRS) Double simultaneous vote
Chamber of Representatives proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list 2-42 99
Chamber of Senators proportional Party list PR: D'Hondt method, closed list 30 31 (30 directly elected + the vice-president)
Uzbekistan President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Vanuatu Parliament semi-proportional Single non-transferable vote (SNTV) 52
Venezuela President single winner First-past-the-post (FPTP)
National Assembly mixed Parallel: Regional party list (closed list; D'Hondt method) (52 seats) / FPTP or bloc voting, and FPTP in districts reserved for indigenous peoples (113 seats) 2 (20 states)-3 (4) / 1 (68 districts), 2 (15), and 3 (4); at least 1 district per state. The three indigenous' districts comprise some whole states 165
Vietnam National Assembly 498
Yemen President single winner Two-round system (TRS)
Assembly of Representatives majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 301
Zambia President single winner Two-round system[75] (TRS)
National Assembly majoritarian First-past-the-post (FPTP) 1 150
Zimbabwe President single winner Two-round system[76] (TRS)
House of Assembly mixed Parallel: FPTP (210 seats) / Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, reserved for women, and based on vote in the districts)[77][78][note 5] 1, 6 (Women's lists) 210 + 60 reserved for women
Senate proportional Party list PR: Closed lists: Largest remainder method (Hare quota) (60 seats, 6 for each province, based on vote for national assembly). Additionally the senate consists of 2 seats for each non-metropolitan district of Zimbabwe elected by each provincial assembly of chiefs using SNTV,[80] 1 seat each for the president and deputy president of the National Council of Chiefs, 1 male and 1 female seat for people with disabilities elected on separate ballots using FPTP by an electoral college designated by the National Disability Board.[77][78] 6 (directly elected seats) 60 directly elected + 20

Key
Seats per district
Most elections are split into a number of electoral districts. In some elections, there is one person elected per district. In others, there are many people elected per district. Electoral districts can have different names, see list of electoral districts by nation.
Total number of seats
the number of representatives elected to the body in total.
Election threshold
see Election threshold
FPTP
Using the system of First Past The Post voting to pick a single winner per district
Party list
One of many Party-list proportional representation systems. Where possible, this has been replaced by the allocation system used within the party-list (e.g. D'Hondt method)
Parallel voting, hybrid systems and coexistence
Parallel voting means that two independent, simultaneous systems are used to elect representatives to the same body (e.g. local and national level). If there is interchange between the two systems (i.e. the number elected in one system affects the number elected in the other) then this is called a compensatory mixed system (e.g. mixed member proportional, additional member system). Hybrid systems, by contrast may combine parallel voting and compensatory systems (e.g. scorporo) or different systems may be used in coexistence (e.g. different methods are used used in different regions of a country[81]).

See also

Notes
  1. For a round to be declared valid, the turnout must be at least 50% of voters in the electoral register.
  2. U.S. House and Senate general and special elections in Texas require majority votes.
  3. Louisiana uses a variant of the blanket primary with the primary at the day of the general election, with a runoff if no candidate receives a majority, while California and Washington has a primary before the general election with the top-two candidates facing off in the general election regardless of whether one has a majority or not. Similarly, Alaska has a variant where instead of having two candidates being the finalists, it has four candidates to be its finalists to facing off. Several states use runoff voting in the partisan primaries.
  4. Elections in the United States commonly feature partisan primary elections run by the state (as opposed to by the parties); see Primary election#Primaries in the United States.
  5. The constitution specifies the extra 60 seats for women only for the two first parliaments. The first parliament elected with this constitution was in 2013[79]

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  25. 2015 Egyptian parliamentary election
  26. Constitution of Equatorial Guinea, Item 31: (Constitutional law No. 1/1995 of 17 January): "The President of the Republic shall be the Head of State; he shall be the symbol of national unity and shall represent the Nation. He shall be elected by a relative majority of the votes cast through direct, equal and secret universal suffrage. The law shall determine the conditions of the electoral process."
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Much of the data on Bulgaria from Central electoral committee - "Methods for determining the number of mandates in constituencies and the results of the vote" (in Bulgarian); A mathematical analysis of the system

Much of the data regarding which voting system is used is drawn from this 2002 report from the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA).

Much of the data regarding the size of the parliaments comes from this 1997 report from the same Institute.

Some of the data has been updated since then.

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