Shrine Shinto

Shrine Shinto is a form of Shinto. It is used in the following two senses

  • A pre-World War II variant of "State Shinto".
  • A form of Shinto centered on Shinto shrines after World War II, in which ritual rites are the center of belief, conducted by an organization of clergy and reverends.[1]

Today, when the term "Shinto" is used simply, it refers to Shrine Shinto. There are many shrines throughout Japan that serve as places of worship, but until 1945, all shrines belonging to Shinto were under the jurisdiction of the Shintoin, an external department of the Home Ministry. The Shinto Directive issued by the GHQ in December 1945, the Shintoin was abolished and reorganized as one Religious corporation, and a new Association of Shinto Shrines was established.

80,000 Shinto shrines under the jurisdiction of Shintoin were

  1. Those that came under the umbrella of the Association of Shinto Shrines when it was established (approx. 7,800 shrines)
  2. Those that came under the umbrella of a different umbrella organization from the Association of Shinto Shrines.
  3. Ones that became Standalone Shrines

Shinto shrines and Shinto rituals are performed in accordance with sacred texts such as Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. The Kannushi are in charge of the rituals, and hold such positions as priest, priest-in-charge, Kannushi, and priest-in-charge, and administer the rituals. The miko of Shinto shrines are not included in the Shinto priesthood. A Kagura dancer may "participate in Shinto rituals," but may not "preside over or perform Shinto rituals.

There are two universities and seven technical/vocational schools that offer training programs for the priesthood, and the length of study ranges from one to four years. There are no examples of shrines under the umbrella of an umbrella organization other than the Jinja Honcho or single shrines establishing their own qualifications for priesthood or conferring their own "ranks," and these educational institutions accept students from "shrines not under the umbrella of the Jinja Honcho" and from shrines belonging to Sect Shinto.[2][3]

Umbrella organization

Shinto was once attempted to be administered by the Shinto Secretariat, but was eventually separated from Shrine Shinto as Sect Shinto with the Shinto Secretariat as Shinto Taikyo. The Shinto shrines were then administered by the Home Ministry, but under the influence of the National Spiritual Mobilization Movement, they were separated from Shinto shrines in 1940, it became independent as a Shinto shrine. However, due to the defeat of the war soon after, it did not achieve any notable results.

After World War II, the Jinja Honcho, the successor to the Jingion, is the organization to which the largest number of shrines belong, but since the Religious corporation status is a condition for membership in principle, small shrines that do not have a juridical personality are not eligible. Therefore, small shrines without juridical personality are not allowed to belong to the Honcho. In addition, even for shrines with religious juridical personality, for example, in Higashiosaka City, more than half of the shrines with juridical personality are not members of the Jinja Honcho, including the Shiki-naisha, Ishikiri Kenjan Shrine, etc.[4] In addition, there are several Shinto shrines throughout Japan, including Kamakura-gū, Yasukuni Shrine, Fushimi Inari-taisha, Nikko Tōshō-gū, Keta Shrine, Nashiki-jinja, Shin-Kumano Shrine, Fushimi Inari-taisha, Nikko Toshogu, Keta Shrine, Ketai-sha, Tomioka Hachiman Shrine, Hizengu Shrine, and others.

There are also umbrella organizations (umbrella religious corporations) other than the Jinja Honcho. 91 Shinto Shrines belong to Seishin Meiseikai, 78 to Jinja Honkyo, 72 to Jinja Sandonkyo, 60 to Hokkaido Shrine Association, 23 to the Japan Jingu Honcho, and 15 to the Japan Shrine Kyodan.[5]

Origin of the term "Shrine Shinto."

The term Shrine Shinto is relatively new and was created to distinguish it from denominational Shinto after the Meiji era. 1868, the Restoration Government established the Department of Divinities, but to strengthen the centralized However, the State Shinto policy was not enough to strengthen the centralized system, so the Ministry of Shinto was established and a campaign for the proclamation of the Imperial Way was launched.[6]

However, on January 24, 1882, the Ministry of the Interior issued Ministerial Instruction No. B7, "Jikko-kamikami ha kyōdōshi ni kyōdōshi ni kyōsoku wo kyōsoku wo kyōdōshi no kanryūmono mono to sasaru mono" ("Shinto Priests are not a religion") and declared that Secular Shrine Theory (denominational Shinto and Buddhism) and Ritual (Shrine Shinto) were separated, and Shinto was declared non-religious as a national ritual.[7]

Although the Religion Bill of 1899 did not include Shinto or Christianity, denominational Shinto began to be referred to as national Shinto toward the end of the Meiji period.

In 1917, the Japanese Christian Church rejected the Secular Shrine Theory on the grounds that students were being forced to worship at shrines ("Resolution on Shrines"). A further complaint was filed that the coercion violated the Freedom of religion of the Constitution.[8]

The Religious Organizations Act of 1899, which did not include Shintoism or Christianity, was introduced to Congress three times but failed to pass. Shinto shrines were also included in the Shinto religion, and although they did not have the same teachings and precepts as Buddhism, they were protected by the government until the end of World War II.

Some influential scholars called it national Shinto and subdivided it into "State Shinto" and "Shrine Shinto.[9] Before World War II, the term Shrine Shinto referred to the rituals, ideology, and organization of shrines, which in modern times have been subject to government control.

See also


References
  1. 景山春樹 「神道」『世界大百科事典』 219頁。
  2. 「宗教特別専攻」,『国学院大学 令和2年(2020)入学試験要項』2019,p.8(2021.8.30閲覧)。
  3. 神職後継者専攻:神社系教団用,『皇學館大学受験生サイトCampus Vew』,出願書類のダウンロード>AO入試神職後継専攻のみ(2021.8.30閲覧).
  4. 大阪府神社庁 第六支部 東大阪市
  5. 『平成29年版　宗教年鑑』参照
  6. 文部省・学制百年史編集委員会「明治初期における宗教行政」 、『学制百年史』（1972年）「編集後記」。
  7. 武田政一 「神社」『世界大百科事典』 118頁。
  8. 『日本キリスト教会50年史』62頁。
  9. 加藤玄智（陸軍士官学校教授・東京帝国大学神道講座助教授）は1924年（大正13年）の著書『東西思想比較研究』以降、この説を展開した。

Bibliography
  • 世界大百科事典. Vol. 16巻. 平凡社. 1978年印刷 [1972-04-25]. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help); Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "和書" ignored (help)
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