Sexual abuse in the American film industry

There have been cases and accusations of sexual abuse in the American film industry reported against people related to the medium of cinema of the United States.[1]

Accusations of sexual assault in the industry go back to 1921, and during the last decades they have gained strength due to the accusations against producers, directors, actors and related publicists. Speculation about sexual assault in the industry grew in 1977, when director Roman Polanski left the United States after being convicted on charges of sexual abuse against a minor.[2]

In October 2017, the issue gained extensive media coverage after producer Harvey Weinstein was accused of sexual abuse by more than 80 women. The accusations of Weinstein led to dozens of men and women to publicly begin to denounce sexual aggressions, in what became known as the Weinstein effect and the Me Too movement.[3] Some actors in the medium joined the protest and became sensitized with the victims. The subject is of ongoing general interest to the public and continues to feed public opinion,[4][5] and moreover has served to heighten public awareness and interest in general industry trends that allow events such as these to happen. The public has begun to increasingly look at not only the constraints that women are placed in but also the way the legal system only strengthens these constraints through contracts and such in Hollywood.[6][7]

Fatty Arbuckle case

The first mediatic case occurred on September 5, 1921, when comic actor Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle was accused of sexual abuse against actress Virginia Rappe. Arbuckle had organized a party in which, it was alleged, he took advantage of Rappe's drunkenness to rape her. The aggression was so violent that Rappe died four days later. The news coverage reached such a pitch that journalist and newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst wrote columns in which he directly accused Arbuckle and added details to the event, such as that Arbuckle had raped Rappe with a bottle.[8] Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for the rape of Rappe, and after the first two trials, which resulted in hung juries, Arbuckle was acquitted in the third trial and received a formal written statement of apology from the jury. Despite Arbuckle's acquittal, the scandal was enough to end his career.[9]

Reported cases

Roman Polanski case
Main article: Roman Polanski sexual abuse case
Roman Polanski

In 1977, Samantha Geimer, then 13 years old, accused director Roman Polanski of forcing her to have sex with him. Geimer stated that the director took her to the house of actor Jack Nicholson in Los Angeles, under the pretense of wanting her as a model for a photo shoot for Vogue magazine. There, Polanski supplied her quaaludes and later photographed her topless. Both were alone in Nicholson's house, so Polanski took advantage of the situation by taking her to the master bedroom and then raping her.[2] Polanski was accused of sexual abuse of a minor, drug use, perversion and sodomy, but only convicted pursuant to a plea of unlawful sexual intercourse. The Court ordered 90 days of state prison that included a psychiatric evaluation, while deliberating the final sentence. However, Polanski requested another 90-day probation period to finish a then-current project, which was granted. After filming finished, the director returned to the United States for his evaluation period and was released after 42 days.[10] However, Polanski fled to Europe before his sentencing, after reportedly learning that the judge in the case would renege on a probation agreement and instead impose a jail sentence.[11] Polanski settled in his native France, where his French nationality prevented him from being extradited to the United States.[12] The Polanski case sparked the interest of the American media, who condemned the actions of the French authorities.

In March 2003, during the 75th Academy Awards ceremony, Polanski was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director for the film The Pianist; Polanski did not attend. Attendees at the ceremony gave the director a standing ovation, despite his being absent.[13] In September 2009, he was arrested at the Zürich Airport in Switzerland at the request of American authorities on the Samantha Geimer case. However, the following year, the Justice Department announced that Switzerland would not extradite Polanski. In December 2016, the Supreme Court of Poland rejected a request for Polanski's extradition. Polanski is a dual citizen of France and Poland, and as of 2016 lived in France, which does not extradite its citizens.[14] In 2017, Geimer herself asked to close the case, arguing that she only preferred to "turn the page."[2]

In 2010, Charlotte Lewis also accused Polanski of predatory sexual conduct against her when she was 16 years old, claiming that Polanski insisted that she sleep with him in return for casting her in the 1986 film Pirates.[15]

Woody Allen case
Main article: Woody Allen sexual abuse allegation
Woody Allen in 2015

In 1978, actress Mia Farrow and her husband André Previn adopted Soon-Yi Previn, born in Seoul. After Farrow's divorce from Previn, she began a relationship with film director Woody Allen. In December 1987, Farrow and Allen had a son, Satchel (who would later go by the name Ronan Farrow). Farrow had adopted two other children by herself: Moses in 1978 and Dylan in 1985. Allen would co-adopt them in December 1991.

In January 1992, a crisis in the relationship between Farrow and Allen appeared when Farrow discovered Allen and her oldest daughter Soon-Yi were having an affair, which the couple admitted. Later that year, on August 17, Allen issued a statement saying that he was in love with Previn and the affair still existed.[16]

The relationship between Woody Allen and Soon-Yi Previn had started in December 1991, when Soon-Yi was 21 years old. The discovery of their affair sparked a dispute over custody of the younger children Satchel (later: Ronan), Dylan and Moses, in the course of which an allegation of sexual abuse against Allen arose. While the parties were negotiating how to resolve custody of the children, they had agreed that Allen could make supervised visits to the minors, always in the presence of a caretaker designated by Mia Farrow.

On August 4, 1992, Farrow received Allen in her Connecticut holiday home and went shopping with a friend, leaving 7-year-old Dylan and 4-year-old Satchel under the care of two babysitters, who had explicit instructions never to leave the children alone, and were accompanied by another nanny and the three children of Farrow's friend Casey Pascal. Moses Farrow, who was then 14 years old, was also present. According to a later statement, although no one observed that Allen or Dylan had left the group that day, the babysitters retraced their steps and concluded that there may have been a period of 10 or 20 minutes in which they were neither with Allen nor Dylan. At this point, Allen was alleged to have taken Dylan to a crawl space behind Mia Farrow's bedroom closet and sexually abused her.

The police investigation began several days later, after a pediatrician whom Mia had taken Dylan to had informed the police (as required by law). The State Police and Connecticut Attorney's Office referred Dylan to the Child Sexual Abuse Clinic at Yale New Haven Hospital to determine if she had been sexually abused. After a six-month investigation, the hospital's Child Sexual Abuse Clinic concluded that Dylan was not sexually abused by Allen and that Dylan's statements did not refer to actual events that occurred to her. They stated that the allegation was likely a combination of emotional distress and coaching by her mother.[17] The allegation was also investigated by New York Social Services, who concluded that there was no credible evidence of abuse,[18] and by the New York Supreme Court in the custody case, which dismissed the abuse allegation.[19]

In the closing statements of the custody trials, Mia Farrow's attorney, Eleanor Alter, acknowledged the possibility that the allegation of abuse was all Dylan's fantasies, but that Dylan still believed it had actually happened.[20] In February 2014, when she was 28, Dylan repeated the assault allegation in an open letter in the New York Times blog of Nicholas Kristof,[21] a family friend, stating: "When I was seven years old, Woody Allen took me by the hand and took me to a dark attic on the second floor of our house. He told me to lie on my stomach and play with my brother's electric train. Then he abused me sexually, he spoke to me while he was doing it, whispering to me that I was a good girl, that this was our secret and he promised me that we would go to Paris and I would become a movie star."[21][22]

Although Allen has denied the allegation against him, his son Ronan defended his sister. Ronan became one of the main activists against sexual abuse and one of the first to write a report about the sexual abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein, leading to the Weinstein effect and the Me Too movement.[23] Conversely, Ronan and Dylan's older brother, Moses Farrow, who was 14 years old in 1992, wrote an open letter saying that he was in the house that day and had never lost sight of Allen and Dylan, that there was no sexual abuse, that the allegation was a fabrication by Mia Farrow and that there had never been an electric train set in the attic, as Dylan had claimed.[24]

Allen has been married to Soon-Yi since 1997, and other developments have come to light in the intervening time. Amidst the allegations against Allen, Soon-Yi released a statement to the press stating that her mother Mia Farrow had been abusive and emotionally unstable in the household. She went on to give a controversial exposé to the New York Times about the abusive household of Mia Farrow, causing some of the Farrow children to speak out against Allen and Soon-Yi.[25]

Following the 2017 accusations, actors such as Griffin Newman,[26] Elliot Page,[27] Evan Rachel Wood,[28] David Krumholtz,[29] Greta Gerwig,[30] Mira Sorvino,[31] Rebecca Hall,[32] Timothée Chalamet,[33] Rachel Brosnahan,[34] Natalie Portman,[35] Colin Firth,[36][37] Marion Cotillard,[38] Chloë Sevigny,[39] Joaquin Phoenix,[40] Hayley Atwell,[41] Peter Sarsgaard,[42] and Elle Fanning[43] publicly expressed their regret for having worked with Allen, with Newman, Hall, Chalamet and Fanning saying they would donate their earnings from Allen's film A Rainy Day in New York (2018) to charities.[33] Conversely, actors Diane Keaton,[44][45] Alec Baldwin,[46] Jeff Goldblum,[47] Cherry Jones[48] and Scarlett Johansson[49] came out in his defense. Actor Michael Caine initially said he wouldn't work again with Allen[50] but later retracted his statement, commenting that the accusations against Allen were not proved and that "You can't go on hearsay the whole time".[51]

Convictions and alleged abuses


Egan also accused former BBC America president Garth Ancier, former Disney Channel president David Neuman, and Broadway producer Gary Goddard of participating in the violations. Jeff Herman, his attorney, said: "Hollywood has a problem with the sexual exploitation of children." During 2011, photographs emerged of a party organized by Singer and director Roland Emmerich, showing a pool shared by mature and young men.[52]

Among the defendants were also child actor manager Martin Weiss, who was arrested in 2011. Despite denying committing sexual acts with minors, a recording showed that Weiss had confessed to "being with a child". The recording was made by Jason James Murphy, who stated that in 1996, when he was eleven years old and Weiss was his manager, Weiss took him to a field and asked him "if he had seen someone's penis", then abused him. Weiss was sentenced to 15 years in prison, a sentence he ultimately did not fully serve.[53] The accusations also extended to producer Marc Collins-Rector, friend of Singer, who was accused of sexually abusing boys and adolescents. Collins-Rector achieved a judicial agreement and moved to the Dominican Republic.[54]

In other cases, actor Jeffrey Jones was arrested in 2003 after forcing a 14-year-old boy to pose nude for him; Jones did not deny the accusations.[55] In the 1980s, Victor Salva (director of Jeepers Creepers) served 15 months in prison for abusing a 12-year-old boy named Nathan Forrest Winters—one of the actors in his film Clownhouse—and for forcing him to have oral sex with another 14-year-old boy. Salva had become friends with Winters' parents in order to gain their trust before inviting Winters to his house, where he sexually assaulted him. According to Winters, he was "blackballed" from working in the industry ever again, while Salva was released early from prison and has continued to work in Hollywood.[56][57] In early 2017, Wild Card actress Greice Santo and her husband R. J. Cipriani accused Edmonton Oilers owner Daryl Katz of offering money to Santo in exchange for sexual favors and film producer Michael Gelmon of defending Katz and threatening to end Santo's career.[58]

In 2004, actor and producer Brian Peck was convicted of a lewd act against a child and oral copulation of a person under 16.[59] Peck served 16 months in prison after admitting to two counts of abusing a Nickelodeon child actor. He was charged with eight counts of sexual abuse, including abuse "by anesthesia or controlled substance". Since release from prison, he has been a dialogue coach and has worked on a Disney series and other projects featuring children.

Executive producer Steven Marshall was sentenced to 7+1⁄2 years in prison for distribution of child pornography. Marshall was arrested in 2009 on charges of distribution and possession of child pornography. Marshall pleaded guilty to distribution and the possession charge was dropped. Authorities say he engaged in sending and receiving child pornography and participated in online chats detailing child abduction, bondage, rapes and murders.[60]

Bob Villard, popular headshot photographer and manager who has represented Tobey Maguire, Leonardo DiCaprio, Danny Nucci and other actors, was charged with transportation of child pornography. Villard was accused in 2001 and charged after searches of his home uncovered thousands of photographs of boys in skimpy bathing suits posed in sexually suggestive positions. He pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor and was sentenced to three years of probation. In 2005, Villard was back in court and pleaded no contest to the felony charge of committing a lewd act on a child. The victim was a 13-year-old boy who sought his services as an acting coach. Villard was given an eight-year prison sentence.[61]

In 2016, acting coach and actor Cameron Thor, best known for playing Lewis Dodgson in the 1993 Jurassic Park film, was sentenced to six years in prison for sexually assaulting 13-year-old Jordyn Ladell back in 2009.[62] Consequently, his role as Lewis Dodgson was recast with Campbell Scott for the upcoming 2022 film Jurassic World Dominion.[63]

In November 2017, actor Corey Feldman expressed interest in making a documentary that exposes pedophilia in Hollywood and the "sectors of power" within the industry.[64] Feldman alleged that he suffered sexual abuse within what he described as a "network of prostitution." Feldman said he would seek money to hire lawyers to back him up, since the material to be published would make a direct statement against "six main Hollywood producers who would seek to deny it." Feldman also said that actor Corey Haim, who was one of his friends and who died in 2010, had died without being able to confess to the public the name of the person who raped him when both were looking for a job opportunity.[64] Feldman had already participated in the 2014 documentary An Open Secret, which exhibited the sexual abuse committed during the casting and recruitment of young actors in movies or commercials by people in the film industry. The documentary also makes multiple references to the accusations against Singer,[52] and the opinions of the children's parents, who at some point saw themselves as needing to "trust" the agents for the means to improve their economic condition. Similarly, the case of photographer Bob Villard was exposed in the material. According to the statements, Villard took photographs of children and adolescents and then sold them without permission or authorization from parents through the eBay portal as erotic content.[65][66]

In 2019, Rob Cohen (director of XxX and The Mummy: Tomb of the Dragon Emperor) was accused by an unnamed woman of getting her drunk and sexually assaulting her while she was unconscious in a hotel room. Early that year, Cohen was also accused by his transgender daughter Valkyrie Weather and his ex-wife Dianna Mitzner of sexually assaulting the former when she was a toddler. Cohen denied both allegations.[67] In January 2021, Cohen was also accused by actress Asia Argento of drugging her with Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and raping her during filming of 'XxX, leading a representative of Cohen to dismiss the story as "absolutely false".[68] Back in 2018, however, Argento herself was accused by actor Jimmy Bennett of sexually assaulting him when he was 17 and she was 37.[69] In the wake of Bennett's claims, Argento was dropped from X-Factor Italy.[70]

Bill Cosby case
Main article: Bill Cosby sexual assault cases
Bill Cosby was accused of sexual abuse by around 60 women.

Since 2014, around 60 women publicly accused actor and television presenter Bill Cosby of sexually abusing them during the 1970s and 1980s. Most contended that Cosby had drugged them to facilitate the aggression. For example, former model Janice Dickinson said that one afternoon in 1982, while suffering from intense menstrual pain, Cosby recommended a "pill" that would supposedly calm the discomfort. "The last thing I remember is losing consciousness and Cosby over me as the monster he is," she told CNN. In the same article, Cosby is held responsible for raping a 15-year-old minor.[71]

In December 2015, three Class II felony charges of aggravated indecent assault were filed against Cosby in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania by Andrea Constand,[72] based on allegations concerning incidents from January 2004. Cosby's first trial in June 2017 ended in a mistrial.[73]

Cosby faced two trials (the second still ongoing) over charges of sexual abuse. In January 2018, he joked about the issue and appeared unconcerned.[74] Throughout the trial, Cosby and his lawyer relied on the image of Cosby in America's eyes and argued that the media was portraying Cosby in a light that would easily sway the jury. They also went on to say that Cosby was being discriminated against as a black man in America. Cosby furthered this notion in many interviews, maintaining that these allegations were based on his race in America.[75]

On April 26, 2018, as the result of a retrial, Cosby was found guilty of three counts of aggravated indecent assault,[76] and on September 25, 2018, Cosby was sentenced to three to ten years in state prison and fined $25,000, plus the cost of the prosecution, $43,611.[77] Cosby appealed on June 25, 2019.[78]

On June 30, 2021, Cosby was released from prison and his conviction was overturned, due to a procedural technicality. It was decided that District Attorney Kevin Steele had unjustly prosecuted Cosby, since his predecessor had agreed not to after Cosby's testimony in Constand's civil case.[79]

Later accusations

Accusations around the 89th Academy Awards
Further information: Nate Parker § Legal proceedings, and Casey Affleck § Sexual harassment allegations

There were two high-profile accusations around the time of the 89th Academy Awards.

In October 2016, following the premiere of the movie The Birth of a Nation (2016), its director and lead actor, Nate Parker, was singled out for a 1999 case in which he and his friend Jean Celestin (who co-wrote the film) were accused of drugging and sexually abusing an 18-year-old woman. The promotion of The Birth of a Nation came amidst a climate of accusations against its director, which were credited with hampering the film's success.[80]

Actor Casey Affleck was also singled out for sexual harassment. According to reports, during the filming of the movie I'm Still Here (2010), Affleck was accused of sexually harassing both the film's producer Amanda White and director of photography Magdalena Gorka. Both parties reached an out-of-court settlement in 2010.[81] Actress Brie Larson, having won the Best Actress Award at the Academy Awards a year earlier, had to present the award to Affleck for Best Actor, but did not applaud when the actor went on stage to collect the award. Later, she would say that, "whatever it was that I did onstage kind of spoke for itself".[82] In January 2018, Affleck announced that he would not present the Academy Award for Best Actress at the 90th Academy Awards ceremony, so as not to be the subject of attention during the time of the Me Too movement.[83]

Allegations in 2015 and 2016

In 2015, Linda Lewis, daughter-in-law of Loretta Young, stated publicly that Young had confided in her that the birth of her daughter Judy Lewis, widely assumed to have been the result of an affair, was the result of Young's rape at the hands of Clark Gable during filming of Call of the Wild (1935).[84]

In 2016, actress Tippi Hedren claimed in her autobiography that she had been sexually harassed by film director Alfred Hitchcock during the filming of The Birds in 1963, and that he had forbidden other male actors to approach her.[85]

At the end of 2016, it was reported that Marlon Brando had sexually abused actress Maria Schneider in 1972 during a scene in the film Last Tango in Paris (1972). According to the reports, neither Brando nor director Bernardo Bertolucci warned the actress that she would be filming a sexual scene with Brando that day, leading in turn to reports that Bertolucci had "confessed" to Schneider being raped on set, prompting Bertolucci to release a statement clarifying that a simulation and not actual intercourse had taken place.[86][87]

Harvey Weinstein case
Main article: Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse cases
The Weinstein case led dozens of victims to expose their aggressions.

The subject of sexual abuse in Hollywood acquired important significance in the world media in 2017, after producer Harvey Weinstein, founder of Miramax and the Weinstein Company, was accused by more than 80 women of having sexually assaulted them. The accusations ranged from sexual harassment to rape, with Weinstein denying any wrongdoing.[88] According to the women's reports, Weinstein invited young actresses or models to a hotel room or office on the pretext of discussing their careers, and then demanded massages or sexual intercourse. In an audio recording revealed during the ensuing scandal, Weinstein can be heard pressing model Ambra Gutierrez to accompany him to take a shower and, after her refusal, the producer insists, "I will not do anything to you, I swear it for my children."[89]

Among the actresses who claim to have suffered harassment or rape by Weinstein are Rose McGowan, Angelina Jolie, Mira Sorvino, Paz de la Huerta, Annabella Sciorra and Gwyneth Paltrow. Another, Italian actress Asia Argento, collated a list of sexual abuse accusations against Weinstein.[90] The incidents alleged in the list date from 1980 to 2015 and include 18 complaints of rape.[90] In them, it is alleged that Weinstein granted important roles in films in exchange for sexual favors. As a result, the Weinstein Company and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences decided to expel Weinstein.

Weinstein has been charged with first and third degree rape. He was sentenced to 23 years in a maximum security prison on March 11, 2020.[91] This has led to a larger conversation on what these implications of sexual assault have on other industries. In light of the scandal, others in varying industries have stepped forward to admit they have been sexually assaulted, leading to a conversation about a culture that perpetuates this. Many have begun a larger conversation on the cover-up of the abuses and the nuances that lead to it.[92]

Weinstein, however, continues to maintain his innocence, and his attorneys believe his conviction was achieved due to peer pressure. Weinstein's attorney Donna Rotunno says it was fueled by the pressure to charge a man with five accounts against him, and that emotions ran high in the courtroom, furthering the jury's pressure to convict Weinstein. Both Weinstein and Rotunno maintain that the women had consensual encounters with Weinstein, providing texts between the women and Weinstein that indicated potential consent.[93]

The accusations against Weinstein led to the disclosure of a number of victims of other sexual assaults by people in the film industry.

Kevin Spacey case
Kevin Spacey

On October 30, 2017, actor Anthony Rapp stated that in 1986, while still a minor, he had been sexually harassed by actor Kevin Spacey during a party held at Spacey's home. According to the statement, Rapp was in Spacey's bedroom watching TV when Spacey walked in drunk and laid on top of Rapp. In response to these allegations, Spacey alleged that he did not remember behaving inappropriately, and asked for forgiveness if it was so. In the same statement, Spacey publicly declared that he was gay.[94]

The accusations against Spacey were aggravated when technical staff from the Netflix television series House of Cards, in which Spacey starred, declared that the actor frequently harassed men during filming. The show's actor Roberto Cavazos also accused Spacey of harassing him, stating, "It seems that it only took being a male under 30 to make Mr. Spacey feel free to touch us."[95]

After the accusations, Spacey announced his admission to the Meadows clinic in Arizona to undergo treatment for sex addiction.[94] Netflix broke commercial ties with the actor, leading them to cancel the proposed Gore Vidal biopic Gore, which would have starring Spacey, and his participation in the forthcoming film All the Money in the World (2017) was eliminated, with actor Christopher Plummer enlisted to replace Spacey and re-shoot the scenes with Spacey's character. House of Cards later announced that its following sixth season would be the series' last, and that it would be filmed without Spacey.[96][97][98]

#MeToo
Main articles: Me Too movement, Weinstein effect, and Time's Up (organization)

The accusations against Harvey Weinstein unleashed a campaign through the hashtag Me Too, with which different people joined the list of victims of sexual abuse by actors, directors and producers. The comedian Louis C.K. and filmmaker Brett Ratner had projects canceled after receiving at least six accusations each; C.K. later confirmed the allegations against him and apologized, while Ratner denied the claims against him. The filmmaker James Toback had a total of 200 accusations of sexual harassment levied against him.

Acting coach Anna Graham Hunter made allegations against the actor Dustin Hoffman, claiming that in 1985, during the filming of the television film Death of a Salesman, the actor groped her and harassed her; for example, when she asked Hoffman what he wanted to eat at breakfast, Hoffman replied, "I'll have a hard-boiled egg and a soft-boiled clitoris." This accusation was soon followed by those of six other women. Hoffman later released an apology but denied wrongdoing, saying, "I have the utmost respect for women and feel terrible that anything I might have done could have put her in an uncomfortable situation," continuing, "I am sorry. It is not reflective of who I am,"[99][100] but has not publicly responded to the other six allegations.[99][101][102]

Other actors like Richard Dreyfuss, James Woods and Jeffrey Tambor denied the accusations against them. In January 2018, after winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, James Franco was accused by five women, including Sarah Tither-Kaplan, who claimed that when she was a student of Franco, he forced them to undress and remove the plastic protections during the filming of sexual scenes. Franco did not attend the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards ceremony afterwards.[103]

Time magazine named the "Silence Breakers" behind the Me Too movement to collectively be Time Person of the Year in 2017.[104]

Accusations of complicity and criticisms

Public opinion was against not only those who committed sexual abuse but those who covered for or silenced it. Actors such as Matt Damon and Ben Affleck admitted knowing the sexual crimes of Weinstein.[105] After actress Meryl Streep denied having knowledge of Weinstein's behavior, actress Rose McGowan, one of his victims, refuted her claim and called her a "hypocrite."[106]

On January 7, 2018, during the 75th Golden Globe Awards ceremony, the vast majority of attendees decided to wear black in solidarity with the victims.[5] The participation of some attendees was criticized, including Streep herself and Oprah Winfrey, who, after receiving the honorary Cecil B. DeMille Award, dedicated her speech to the victims of such aggressions. That same night, singer Seal declared that Winfrey had been a friend of Weinstein's and claimed that she knew about his behavior.[107]

Actor Liam Neeson criticized the social movement, alleging that the accusations against his fellow actors had turned into a witch hunt, adding, "There are some people, famous individuals, who are suddenly accused of touching a girl's knee, or something like that, and then they are dismissed from their shows."[108] In January 2018, French actress Brigitte Bardot called some of the actresses who denounced the abuses "hypocrites". In her statement, she said, "There are many actresses who provoke the producers to obtain a role, then, when speaking of them, they say they were harassed."[109]

At the 85th Academy Awards nominations ceremony on January 10, 2013, host Seth MacFarlane joked when announcing the Best Supporting Actress nominees: "Congratulations, you five ladies no longer have to pretend to be attracted to Harvey Weinstein."[110]

On January 10, 2016, the presenter of the 73rd Golden Globe Awards ceremony, Ricky Gervais, made the following comment about the movie Spotlight (about a journalist team who investigated the sexual abuse scandal in Boston): "Spotlight is the movie about how a group of sexual predators was allowed to abuse children and continue working with impunity and without punishment. Roman Polanski called it 'the best romantic comedy in history.'"[111]

On January 7, 2018, during the 75th Golden Globe Awards ceremony, presenter Seth Meyers said in reference to the movie The Shape of Water: "When I heard that the story of an innocent woman who falls in love with a water monster was filmed, I just said, 'Oh no, not another Woody Allen movie!'".

Psychology and behavior

The psychology center Cepsim in Madrid, Spain described in summary the profile of the abuser: "They are men or women with a lot of power who use it with vulnerable people to get what they want. Normally they lack empathy, which is what places us in someone else's pain and makes us not hurt or be selfish."[112] The Department of Psychology of the University of Málaga added that the rapist does not usually assimilate that he is committing a crime, since his mind is usually narcissistic. People with media power usually present themselves with a "charming" personality, so victims are not believed. The personality of abusers in show business also has atypical behaviors such as quoting actresses and models to castings or sign contracts in unusual places such as hotel rooms or private rooms. After the abuse they resort to blackmail or a direct threat to silence the victim.[112] Criminal law lawyer Alicia Ozores explained to the newspaper La Vanguardia that some abusers tried to take refuge under the argument that "they were addicted to sex", this in order to reduce a sentence and cleanse their image because sex addiction is a recognized disorder.[113] Weinstein and Spacey used the argument in response to the accusations against them. According to the psychological profile of the abuser, many stalkers and rapists did not need to resort to physical violence, since they used persuasion, deception or pressure to subdue the victim, based on their authoritative relationship.[114] In the case of child abuse itself, the rapist would be opportunistic, taking advantage of the carelessness of the parents and in this case of their desire to venture into the media.[114]

Regarding the victims, their fear is usually related to the disbelief of public opinion and to being judged by it. Usually, the society condemns the abuse but in turn questions the reason why the victim did not speak or denounce before.[112] Brazilian psychologist Flavia Dos Santos told Colombian newspaper El País that victims are usually convinced to speak when they are told that their statement reduce the amount of future incidents.[115] The victim usually feels helpless to know that his abusers are people with media power and as a result can enjoy impunity when he has public demand.[112] Many of the later behaviors of the victims, such as guilt or disbalance in interpersonal relationships, were shown in the documentary An Open Secret, where victims narrate that sexual abuse has been assumed as part of the culture in Hollywood and for that reason nobody has worried about eradicating it.[116]

Theme in the 2016 United States presidential election
Main articles: Donald Trump Access Hollywood tape and Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations

Sexual abuse as a result of having a position of power was one of the issues during the 2016 United States presidential election, particularly when in October of the same year and a month before the election, an audio recording was released that dated from 2005 in which Donald Trump, then the presidential candidate for the Republican Party, was heard expressing himself in 2005 on how he used his power to "grab women." In the recording, Trump said of women, "when you're a star, they let you do anything. Grab them by the pussy."[117]

That same day, Trump gave a statement in which he apologized for the video's content, and said that he was "not perfect." Likewise, during the third presidential debate he argued: "nobody respects women more than me."[118] Trump won the presidential election a month later and a year later the production company Brave New Films presented a video that compiled the testimonies of 16 women who publicly accused Trump of harassing or sexually assaulting them.[119]

In October 2017, former President Barack Obama and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed their sympathy with victims of sexual abuse. Obama would testify about the specific behavior of Weinstein, "Michelle and I are disgusted by the recent reports on Harvey Weinstein; any man who degrades women in that way should be condemned and held accountable, regardless of their wealth or condition."[120]

Actor Isaac Kappy, who committed suicide in 2019, participated in a podcast with anti-semitic conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, claiming Tom Hanks and Seth Green were pedophiles.[121][122][123]

See also

References
  1. "El acoso sexual en el cine, un problema "de toda la vida"" [Sexual harassment in cinema, a "lifelong" problem]. El Comercio (in Spanish). November 3, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  2. "Samantha Geimer pide cerrar el caso de violación que sufrió de Roman Polanski cuando tenía 13 años" [Samantha Geimer asks to close the case of rape she suffered from Roman Polanski when she was 13]. El Mundo (in Spanish). June 10, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  3. "Las actrices de Hollywood, unidas contra el acoso sexual: "No permaneceré en silencio"" [Hollywood actresses, united against sexual harassment: "I will not remain silent"]. Infobae (in Spanish). December 11, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  4. "Abusos en Hollywood" [Abuses in Hollywood]. La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  5. "Hollywood grita contra el acoso sexual en los Globos de Oro" [Hollywood shouts against sexual harassment in the Golden Globes] (in Spanish). RTVE. January 8, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  6. Pauly, Madison. "She said, he sued". Mother Jones. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  7. Hirshman, Linda. "Presecute Harvey Weinstein for extortion instead of rape. It's easier to prove". Washington Post.
  8. Meade, Marion (1997). Buster Keaton: Cut to the Chase. Da Capo Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-306-80802-1.
  9. "'Fatty' Arbuckle and Hollywood's first scandal". BBC News. September 4, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  10. Ryan, Harriet (1 October 2009). "Defense strategies could keep Polanski out of prison". Los Angeles Times.
  11. "Roman Polanski fails to secure no-jail guarantee in rape case". The Guardian. April 4, 2017.
  12. Dyer, Clare (29 September 2009). "How did the law catch up with Roman Polanski?". The Guardian. London.
  13. "Roman Polanski winning the Oscar® for Directing". YouTube. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  14. "Roman Polanski Extradition Request Rejected by Poland's Supreme Court". The New York Times (online ed.). New York City. December 6, 2016. Retrieved 2019-06-27.
  15. Goldman, Russell (May 14, 2010). "New Victim Accuses Roman Polanski of Sexual Abuse". ABC News. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  16. Weber, Bruce (1992-08-18). "Public Disclosures From the Private Life of Woody Allen". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  17. "Child Sexual Abuse Clinic Evaluation of Dylan Farrow" (PDF).
  18. Perez-Pena, Richard (1993-10-26). "Agency Drops Abuse Inquiry in Allen Case". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  19. "ALLEN v. FARROW | 215 A.D.2d 137 (1995) | ad2d1371310 | Leagle.com". Leagle. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  20. Span, Paula (1993-05-05). "THE TRIAL, SCREECHING TO A HALT". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  21. Monge, Yolanda (February 3, 2014). "La hija de Woody Allen rompe su silencio y acusa a su padre de abusos sexuales" [Woody Allen's daughter breaks her silence and accuses her father of sexual abuse]. El País (in Spanish). Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  22. Farrow, Dylan (February 1, 2014). "Dylan Farrow's Story". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  23. "Ronan Farrow, el 'príncipe de Hollywood' que destapó a Harvey Weinstein, ha hablado" [Ronan Farrow, the 'Prince of Hollywood' who uncovered Harvey Weinstein, has spoken]. Vanitatis (in Spanish). January 13, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  24. "A SON SPEAKS OUT By Moses Farrow". A SON SPEAKS OUT By Moses Farrow. Retrieved 2020-05-06.
  25. "Soon-Yi Previn Defends Woody Allen, Attacks Mia Farrow". Time. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  26. McHenry, Jackson (October 16, 2017). "The Tick Actor Griffin Newman Regrets Working With Woody Allen, Promises to Donate His Salary From the Film". Vulture. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  27. "Ellen Page says working with Woody Allen 'is the biggest regret of my career'". Women in the World. November 10, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  28. Wood, Evan Rachel (December 4, 2016). "That was years before I read Dylan's letter. Unfortunately, I can't say that I would again. @juicybombon". Twitter. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  29. Verhoeven, Beatrice (January 6, 2018). "'Wonder Wheel' Actor Calls Working With Woody Allen 'One of My Most Heartbreaking Mistakes'". TheWrap. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  30. Bruni, Frank; Gerwig, Greta; Sorkin, Aaron (January 9, 2018). "Greta Gerwig, Aaron Sorkin: Hollywood Must Change". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  31. Sorvino, Mira (January 11, 2018). "Exclusive: Mira Sorvino's Open Letter To Dylan Farrow". HuffPost. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  32. Levin, Sam (January 12, 2018). "Rebecca Hall says she won't work with Woody Allen again". The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  33. Harmon, Steph (January 16, 2018). "Timothée Chalamet: 'I don't want to profit from my work on Woody Allen's film'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  34. Feinberg, Scott (January 17, 2018). "Rachel Brosnahan Says She Regrets Working With Woody Allen". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  35. Cooney, Samantha (January 18, 2018). "These Actors All Worked With Woody Allen. Now They Regret It and Support Dylan Farrow". Time. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  36. Levin, Sam (January 18, 2018). "Colin Firth says he will not work with Woody Allen again". The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  37. Leszkiewicz, Anna (January 20, 2018). "Sadly, Colin Firth's words on Woody Allen have a power that women's don't". New Statesman. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  38. Richford, Rhonda (January 19, 2018). "Marion Cotillard Calls Working With Woody Allen "Odd," Says She Would Question Working With Him Again". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  39. Seetoodeh, Ramin (January 19, 2018). "Chloe Sevigny Says She Would 'Probably Not' Work With Woody Allen Again". Variety. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  40. Ryan, Patrick (January 22, 2018). "Joaquin Phoenix 'not aware' of Dylan Farrow's open letter when he worked with Woody Allen". USA Today. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  41. Hogan, Michael (January 28, 2018). "Hayley Atwell: 'It's very liberating to play someone who's unapologetically ruthless'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  42. Desta, Yohana (February 27, 2018). "Jeff Daniels, Peter Sarsgaard Join Growing Group of Actors Rejecting Woody Allen, Sort Of". Vanity Fair. Retrieved March 1, 2018.
  43. Verhoeven, Beatrice (March 10, 2018). "Elle Fanning Says She 'Regrets' If Her Decision to Work With Woody Allen 'Hurt Anyone'". The Wrap. Retrieved March 10, 2018.
  44. Brockes, Emma (May 3, 2014). "Diane Keaton: 'I love Woody. And I believe my friend'". The Guardian. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  45. "Diane Keaton defends Woody Allen over abuse allegations". BBC News. January 30, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  46. Chuba, Kirsten (January 16, 2018). "Alec Baldwin Criticizes Stars Denouncing Woody Allen: 'It's Unfair and Sad'". Variety. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  47. Desta, Yohana (November 7, 2019). "Jeff Goldblum Defends Woody Allen: "I Would Consider Working With Him Again"". Variety.
  48. Ryzik, Melena; Barnes, Brooks (January 28, 2018). "Can Woody Allen Work in Hollywood Again?". The New York Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  49. "'I love Woody and I believe him': Scarlett Johansson defends Allen".
  50. Barraclough, Leo (March 11, 2018). "Michael Caine: I Won't Work With Woody Allen Again". Variety. Retrieved March 11, 2018.
  51. Stolworthy, Jacob (January 23, 2019). "Michael Caine would work with Woody Allen again: 'You can't go on hearsay the whole time'". The Independent.
  52. "Friends in High Places: Bryan Singer and the Hollywood Elite Flocking to his Parties". LiveJournal.
  53. "'Super 8' Casting Agent Discovered to Be Convicted Child Molester". The Hollywood Reporter. November 17, 2011. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  54. "Singer Lawsuit Is Tied To Marc Collins-Rector, Infamous Child Abuser of the Dot-Com Boom". Business Insider. April 18, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  55. "Jeffrey Jones speaks out on porn charges". Entertainment Weekly. November 22, 2002. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  56. "California Registered Sex Offender Profile - Victor Salva". Megan's Law - California Sex Offender Registry. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  57. Spencer, Katie (November 7, 2017). "Former child actors reveal sexual abuse in Hollywood". Sky News. Archived from the original on November 3, 2017. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  58. Geddes, Ashley; Huncar, Andrea (April 6, 2017). "Brazilian model accuses Edmonton Oilers owner of offering money for sex". CBC.ca. Archived from the original on April 7, 2017. Retrieved April 19, 2021.
  59. http://www.washingtontimes.com, The Washington Times. "Hollywood child sex abuse in focus". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2019-01-23. {{cite web}}: External link in |last= (help)
  60. "'Growing Pains' producer sentenced for child porn". Boston.com. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  61. Chmielewski, Dawn C. (2012-01-08). "Child sexual abuse cases in Hollywood attract attention". Los Angeles Times. ISSN 0458-3035. Archived from the original on 2012-01-10. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  62. Johnson, Scott (April 27, 2016). "Acting Coach Cameron Thor Sentenced to 6 Years Over Sexual Misconduct With 13-Year-Old". The Hollywood Reporter. Los Angeles, California: Eldridge Industries. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  63. Sneider, Jeff (June 25, 2020). "Exclusive: 'Jurassic World: Dominion' Adds Campbell Scott as Key Character from Original Movie". Collider. Archived from the original on June 26, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  64. "Corey Feldman contra el mundo" [Corey Feldman against the world]. El País (in Spanish). December 21, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  65. "Child sexual abuse cases in Hollywood attract attention". Los Angeles Times. January 8, 2012. Archived from the original on January 10, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  66. "A Timeline of Child Abuse in Hollywood". Complex. May 25, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  67. Boboltz, Sara; Schulberg, Jessica (September 28, 2019). "'The Fast And The Furious' Director Rob Cohen Accused Of Sexual Assault". HuffPost. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  68. Vivarelli, Nick (January 24, 2021). "Asia Argento Accuses 'Fast And The Furious' Director Rob Cohen of Sexual Assault". Variety. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  69. Severson, Kim (August 19, 2018). "Asia Argento, Who Accused Weinstein, Made Deal With Her Own Accuser". The New York Times. New York City. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  70. Slingerland, Calum (August 27, 2018). "Asia Argento Dropped from 'X Factor Italy' After Sexual Misconduct Allegations". Exclaim!. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Exclaim! Media. Retrieved April 21, 2021.
  71. "Se acumulan las acusaciones a Bill Cosby por abusos sexuales" [Accusations pile up to Bill Cosby for sexual abuse]. El Periódico (in Spanish). December 4, 2014. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  72. Dale, Maryclaire (December 30, 2015). "Bill Cosby charged with sexually assaulting a woman". Associated Press. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
  73. Bowley, Graham; Perez-Pena, Richard; Hurdle, Jon (June 17, 2017). "Bill Cosby's Sexual Assault Case Ends in a Mistrial". The New York Times. Retrieved June 27, 2017.
  74. "Bill Cosby enfrenta clima diferente en segundo juicio" [Bill Cosby faces different climate in second trial]. El Universal (in Spanish). January 12, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  75. "Bill Cosby: A timeline of his fall from 'America's Dad' to a 'sexually violent predator'". ABC News. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  76. "Judge sets sentencing date for Cosby's sex assault case". NBC News. Retrieved January 20, 2019.
  77. "Bill Cosby Sentenced to 3 to 10 years in Prison". The New York Times. Retrieved September 25, 2018.
  78. Graham Bowley (June 25, 2019). "Bill Cosby, Calling His Trial Unfair, Files a Formal Appeal". The New York Times.
  79. Dale, Maryclaire (June 30, 2021). "Bill Cosby freed from prison, his sex conviction overturned". AP News. Retrieved December 25, 2021.
  80. "Birth of a Problem: Nate Parker's Past Haunts Birth of a Nation's Road to Oscar". Boise Weekly. October 5, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  81. "Casey Affleck habla sobre las acusaciones de acoso sexual contra él" [Casey Affleck talks about allegations of sexual harassment against him]. El País (in Spanish). March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  82. "Brie Larson Says Not Clapping for Casey Affleck at the Oscars "Speaks for Itself"". Vanity Fair. March 9, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  83. "Casey Affleck Breaks Tradition, Will Not Present Best-Actress Award at the Oscars". Vanity Fair. January 25, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  84. Petersen, Anne Helen (July 12, 2015). "Clark Gable Accused Of Raping Co-Star". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 2021-04-07.
  85. "Tippi Hedren acusa a Alfred Hitchcock de acoso sexual" [Tippi Hedren accuses Alfred Hitchcock of sexual harassment]. El País (in Spanish). October 31, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  86. Izadi, Elahe (December 5, 2016). "Why the 'Last Tango in Paris' rape scene is generating such an outcry now". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  87. Vivarelli, Nick (December 5, 2016). "Bernardo Bertolucci Responds to 'Last Tango in Paris' Backlash Over Rape Scene". Variety. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  88. Williams, Janice (October 30, 2017). "Harvey Weinstein Accusers: Over 80 Women Now Claim Producer Sexually Assaulted or Harassed Them". Newsweek. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  89. "El escalofriante audio de Harvey Weinstein acosando a una actriz" [The chilling audio of Harvey Weinstein harassing an actress]. Infobae (in Spanish). Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  90. Argento, Asia; et al. "List". Google Docs. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  91. Jan Ransom. "Harvey Weinstein's Stunning Downfall: 23 Years in Prison". The New York Times.
  92. Sisak, Michael. "Harvey Weinstein found guilty in landmark #metoo movement". Associated Press. Retrieved March 24, 2020.
  93. Day, Nate (2020-02-24). "Harvey Weinstein's attorneys surprised by verdict: Evidence 'didn't support a guilty finding on any counts'". Fox News. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  94. "Kevin Spacey se declara gay: La estrella se disculpa con el actor Anthony Rapp, que le acusa de haberle acosado cuando tenía 14 años" [Kevin Spacey declares himself gay: The star apologizes to actor Anthony Rapp, who accuses him of harassing him when he was 14]. El País (in Spanish). October 30, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  95. "Actor mexicano acusa a Kevin Spacey" [Mexican actor accuses Kevin Spacey]. El País (in Spanish). November 2, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  96. "Kevin Spacey: Netflix severs ties amid sex assault allegations". BBC News. London, England: BBC. November 4, 2017. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  97. "Trabajadores de 'House of Cards' acusan a Kevin Spacey de abusos sexuales" [Workers of 'House of Cards' accuse Kevin Spacey of sexual abuse]. El Mundo (in Spanish). November 3, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  98. Oldham, Stuart (November 3, 2017). "Kevin Spacey Fired from 'House of Cards'". Variety. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  99. Zeitchik, Steven (December 5, 2017). "John Oliver grills Dustin Hoffman about sexual harassment allegations". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 12, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  100. Rottenberg, Josh. "Dustin Hoffman apologizes after allegations that he sexually harassed a 17-year-old intern in 1985". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  101. "Five new accounts of sexual misconduct hit Dustin Hoffman". USA Today. December 14, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  102. Withers, Rachel. ""I Wanted to Choose Truth Over Shame": Three Dustin Hoffman Accusers Speak to NBC News About Their Allegations". Slate. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  103. "Cinco mujeres acusan a James Franco por comportamiento sexual indebido" [Five women accuse James Franco of sexual misconduct]. El Mundo (in Spanish). January 11, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  104. Zacharek, Stephanie; Dockterman, Eliana; Edwards, Haley Sweetland. "TIME Person of the Year 2017: The Silence Breakers". Time. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  105. "Matt Damon, criticado por unos comentarios polémicos sobre el abuso sexual en Hollywood" [Matt Damon, criticized for controversial comments about sexual abuse in Hollywood]. Fotogramas (in Spanish). December 17, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  106. ""Ella sabía": el ataque contra Meryl Streep. La actriz responde" ["She knew": The attack against Meryl Streep. The actress answers.]. Cine Premiere (in Spanish). December 22, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  107. "Seal acusa a Oprah Winfrey de saber lo que estaba haciendo Harvey Weinstein" [Seal accuses Oprah Winfrey of knowing what Harvey Weinstein was doing]. El Mundo (in Spanish). January 11, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  108. "Liam Neeson, sobre los abusos sexuales en Hollywood: "Se está convirtiendo en una caza de brujas"" [Liam Neeson, on sexual abuse in Hollywood: "It's becoming a witch hunt"]. Europa Press (in Spanish). January 15, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  109. "Brigitte Bardot llama "hipócritas" las denuncias por acoso de actrices" [Brigitte Bardot calls "hypocrites" allegations of harassment of actresses]. Milenio (in Spanish). January 17, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  110. Britzky, Haley (October 14, 2017). "The hints of Weinstein's behavior that went ignored". Axios. Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  111. "Ricky Gervais meanest Golden Globes jokes 2016". Entertainment Weekly. January 10, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  112. "El lado oscuro de Hollywood: abusos sexuales, poder, impunidad y dependencia" [The dark side of Hollywood: sexual abuse, power, impunity and dependency]. El Independiente (in Spanish). November 5, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  113. "¿Tiene la adicción al sexo algo que ver con ser un acosador?" [Does sex addiction have anything to do with being a harasser?]. La Vanguardia (in Spanish). October 26, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  114. "Abusos sexuales" [Sexual abuse] (in Spanish). Institute of Sexology of Barcelona. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  115. "¿Por qué callan las mujeres víctimas de abuso sexual?" [Why are women victims of sexual abuse silent?]. El País (in Spanish). January 25, 2018. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  116. "An Open Secret: How to watch the child abuse documentary Hollywood 'doesn't want you to see'?". The Independent. November 3, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  117. Fahrenthold, David A. (October 7, 2016). "Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  118. ""Nadie respeta a las mujeres más que yo": las respuestas en Twitter a esta frase de Trump" ["Nobody respects women more than me": Twitter responses to this phrase from Trump]. El País (in Spanish). October 20, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  119. "Un video muestra 16 acusaciones contra Trump de abuso sexual" [A video shows 16 accusations of sexual abuse against Trump]. Expansión (in Spanish). November 24, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  120. "Hillary Clinton, Obamas condemn longtime Democratic donor Harvey Weinstein". CNN. October 10, 2017. Retrieved February 8, 2018.
  121. "Who Is Isaac Kappy? New Details About The Actor Who Assaulted Paris Jackson And Accused Seth Green Of Being A Pedophile". www.yahoo.com. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  122. "Teoria da conspiração acusa Tom Hanks de ser pedófilo". R7.com (in Brazilian Portuguese). 2018-08-08. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
  123. "Isaac Kappy, Who Appeared on 'Vanderpump Rules,' Is a Conspiracy Theory Shill". Observer. 2018-08-06. Retrieved 2021-02-25.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.