Ravendel

Ravendel was a castle located about 40 kilometers south-west of Turbessel within the County of Edessa.[1]

Ravendel (Ravanda) as part of the County of Edessa

History

Ravendel[lower-alpha 1] was located in the fortified frontier zone (al-'Awasim) between the Muslims and Byzantines.

In late 1097 during the First Crusade, Ravendel was captured from its occupying Seljuk garrison by Baldwin I, with the support of the local Armenian population.[2] The castle was initially granted to the Armenian adventurer Bagrat Pakrad.[3] However, before departing for Edessa, Baldwin ordered the arrest of Bagrat, when Fer, ruler of Turbessel, had accused him of secret correspondence with the Seljuks.[4][5] Bagrat was tortured and forced to surrender Ravendel.[4][6] Ravendel was later given, along with Turbessel, to Godfrey of Bouillon, who ruled there in the summer of 1098.[7]

The castle was incorporated into the County of Edessa during the lordship of Joscelin I of Edessa, and later ruled by his son Joscelin II of Edessa. When Joscelin II was captured in 1150, his wife Beatrice of Saone ceded Ravendel along with other towns to the rule of Manuel I Komnenos.[8] In 1151, it was occupied by Joscelin II's captor Nur ad-Din, the Zengid emir of Aleppo.

After his conquest of Syria, Saladin had the castle and its town rebuilt. It was later controlled by the Mamluks, and was depopulated during the invasion of Timur in 1400.

Notes
  1. Ravendel was known as Arabic: راوندان, romanized: Rāwandān; Armenian: Արևենտան, romanized: Areventan.

References
  1. Murray 2021, p. 62.
  2. Murray 2021, p. 40.
  3. Asbridge 2004, p. 150.
  4. MacEvitt 2010, p. 61.
  5. Runciman 1989, p. 204.
  6. Edgington 2019, p. 35.
  7. Asbridge 2004, p. 253.
  8. Nicholson 1973, p. 24.

Bibliography
  • Asbridge, Thomas (2004). The First Crusade: A New History: The Roots of Conflict between Christianity and Islam. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517823-4. (registration required)
  • Edgington, Susan B. (2019). Baldwin I of Jerusalem, 1100-1118. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-4724-3356-5.
  • MacEvitt, Christopher (2010). The Crusades and the Christian World of the East: Rough Tolerance. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-4050-4.
  • Murray, Alan V. (2021). Baldwin of Bourcq: Count of Edessa and King of Jerusalem (1100-1131). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000479805.
  • Nicholson, Robert Lawrence (1973). Joscelyn III and the Fall of the Crusader States, 1134-1199. BRILL. ISBN 90-04-03676-8.
  • Runciman, Steven (1989) [1951]. A History of the Crusades, Volume I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-06161-2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) (registration required)

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