Hyaenodontidae

Hyaenodontidae ("hyena teeth") is a family of extinct predatory mammals from extinct superfamily Hyaenodontoidea within extinct order Hyaenodonta. Hyaenodontids arose during the early Eocene and persisted well into the early Miocene.[2][3][4]

Hyaenodontidae
Temporal range: early Eocene to early Miocene
skull of Hyaenodon horridus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: †Hyaenodonta
Superfamily: †Hyaenodontoidea
Family: †Hyaenodontidae
Leidy, 1869[1]
Type genus
†Hyaenodon
Laizer & Parieu, 1838
Genera
[see text]
Synonyms
list of synonyms:
  • Hyaenodontida (Haeckel, 1895)
  • Hyaenodontoidea (Trouessart, 1885)

Classification and phylogeny

Taxonomy
  • Family: †Hyaenodontidae (Leidy, 1869)
    • Genus: †Boritia (Solé, 2014)
      • †Boritia duffaudi (Solé, 2014)
    • Genus: †Neosinopa (Lavrov, 1999)
      • †Neosinopa gobiensis (Lavrov, 1999)
    • Genus: †Praecodens (Lange-Badré, 1981)
      • †Praecodens acutus (Lange-Badré, 1981)
    • Genus: †Preregidens (Solé, 2015)
      • †Preregidens langebadrae (Solé, 2015)
    • Genus: †Protoproviverra (Lemoine, 1891)
      • †Protoproviverra palaeonictides (Lemoine, 1880)
    • (unranked): †Cynohyaenodon/Quercytherium clade
      • Genus: †Cynohyaenodon (paraphyletic genus) (Filhol, 1873)
        • †Cynohyaenodon cayluxi (Filhol, 1873)
        • †Cynohyaenodon lautricensis (Lange-Badré, 1978)
        • †Cynohyaenodon ruetimeyeri (Van Valen, 1965)
        • †Cynohyaenodon smithae (Solé, 2021)
        • †Cynohyaenodon trux (Van Valen, 1965)
      • Genus: †Paracynohyaenodon (Martin, 1906)
        • †Paracynohyaenodon magnus (Crochet, 1988)
        • †Paracynohyaenodon schlosseri (Martin, 1906)
      • Genus: †Quercytherium (Filhol, 1880)
        • †Quercytherium simplicidens (Lange-Badré, 1975)
        • †Quercytherium tenebrosum (Filhol, 1880)
    • (unranked): †Eurotherium clade
      • Genus: †Alienetherium (Lange-Badré, 1981)
        • †Alienetherium buxwilleri (Lange-Badré, 1981)
      • Genus: †Cartierodon (Solé & Mennecart, 2019)
        • †Cartierodon egerkingensis (Solé & Mennecart, 2019)
      • Genus: †Eurotherium (paraphyletic genus) (Polly & Lange-Badré, 1993)
        • †Eurotherium mapplethorpei (Solé, 2021)
        • †Eurotherium matthesi (Lange-Badré & Haubold, 1990)
        • †Eurotherium theriodis (Van Valen, 1965)
      • Genus: †Paenoxyaenoides (Lange-Badre, 1979)
        • †Paenoxyaenoides liguritor (Lange-Badre, 1979)
      • Genus: †Prodissopsalis (Matthes, 1950)
        • †Prodissopsalis eocaenicus (Matthes, 1952)
    • (unranked): †Leonhardtina clade
      • Genus: †Leonhardtina (Matthes, 1952)
        • †Leonhardtina godinoti (Solé, 2014)
        • †Leonhardtina gracilis (Matthes, 1952)
        • †Leonhardtina meridianum (Solé, 2020)
    • (unranked): †Matthodon clade
      • Genus: †Matthodon (Lange-Badré & Haubold, 1990)
        • †Matthodon menui (Rich, 1971)
        • †Matthodon peignei (Solé, 2020)
        • †Matthodon tritens (Lange-Badré & Haubold, 1990)
    • (unranked): †Oxyaenoides clade
      • Subfamily: †Oxyaenoidinae (Lavrov, 1999) (syn. Francotheriini (Lavrov, 1999))
        • Genus: †Oxyaenoides (Matthes, 1967)
          • †Oxyaenoides aumelasiensis (Solé, 2020)
          • †Oxyaenoides bicuspidens (Matthes, 1967)
          • †Oxyaenoides lindgreni (Rich, 1971)
          • †Oxyaenoides schlosseri (Rütimeyer, 1891)
    • Subfamily: †Hyaenodontinae (Trouessart, 1885)
      • Genus: †Consobrinus (Lange-Badre, 1979)
        • †Consobrinus quercy (Lange-Badre, 1979)
      • Genus: †Propterodon (paraphyletic genus) (Martin, 1906)
        • †Propterodon morrisi (Matthew & Granger, 1924)
        • †Propterodon paganensis (de Bonis, 2018)
        • †Propterodon tongi (Liu & Huang, 2002)
        • †Propterodon witteri (Zack, 2019)
      • Tribe: †Epipterodontini (Lavrov, 1999)
        • Genus: †Epipterodon (Lavrov, 1999)
          • †Epipterodon hyaenoides (Matthew & Granger, 1925)
        • Genus: †Immanopterodon (Lavrov, 1999)
          • †Immanopterodon acutidens (Lavrov, 1999)
          • †Immanopterodon implacidus (Lavrov, 1999)
      • Tribe: †Hyaenodontini (Leidy, 1869)
        • Genus: †Hyaenodon (Laizer & Parieu, 1838)
          • †Hyaenodon brachyrhynchus (Blainville, 1841)
          • †Hyaenodon chunkhtensis (Dashzeveg, 1985)
          • †Hyaenodon dubius (Filhol, 1873)
          • †Hyaenodon eminus (Matthew & Granger, 1925)
          • †Hyaenodon exiguus (Gervais, 1873)
          • †Hyaenodon filholi (Schlosser, 1887)
          • †Hyaenodon gervaisi (Martin, 1906)
          • †Hyaenodon heberti (Filhol, 1876)
          • †Hyaenodon leptorhynchus (Laizer & Parieu, 1838)
          • †Hyaenodon minor (Lange-Badré, 1979)
          • †Hyaenodon pervagus (Matthew & Granger, 1924)
          • †Hyaenodon pumilus (Lavrov, 1999)
          • †Hyaenodon requieni (Gervais, 1846)
          • †Hyaenodon rossignoli (Lange-Badré, 1979)
          • †Hyaenodon weilini (Wang, 2005)
          • †Hyaenodon yuanchuensis (Young, 1937)
          • Subgenus: †Neohyaenodon (paraphyletic subgenus) (Thorpe, 1922)
            • †Hyaenodon gigas (Dashzeveg, 1985)
            • †Hyaenodon horridus (Leidy, 1853)
            • †Hyaenodon incertus (Dashzeveg, 1985)
            • †Hyaenodon macrocephalus (Lavrov, 1999)
            • †Hyaenodon megaloides (Mellett, 1977)
            • †Hyaenodon milvinus (Lavrov, 1999)
            • †Hyaenodon mongoliensis (Dashzeveg, 1964)
            • †Hyaenodon montanus (Douglass, 1902)
            • †Hyaenodon vetus (Stock, 1933)
          • Subgenus: †Protohyaenodon (paraphyletic subgenus) (Stock, 1933)
            • †Hyaenodon brevirostrus (Macdonald, 1970)
            • †Hyaenodon crucians (Leidy, 1853)
            • †Hyaenodon microdon (Mellett, 1977)
            • †Hyaenodon mustelinus (Scott, 1894)
            • †Hyaenodon raineyi (Gustafson, 1986)
            • †Hyaenodon venturae (Mellett, 1977)

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of family Hyaenodontidae are shown in the following cladograms:[5][6][7][8]

 †Hyaenodonta 
 

†Eoproviverra

 
 
 
 

†Boualitomus

 
 

†Hyaenodonta sp. (Quarry L-41, Fayum, Egypt)

 
 

†Lahimia

 
 
 
 
 †Hyaenodontoidea 
 

†Hyaenodontidae

 ••••••> 
 

†Proviverridae

 
 
 
 
 
 

†Arfiidae

 
 

†Limnocyonidae

 
 
 

†Sinopidae

 
 
 
 
 

†Gazinocyon

 
 

†Pyrocyon

 
 
 

†Galecyon

 
 
 
 

†Indohyaenodontidae

 
 

†Glibzegdouia

 
 
 

†Parvavorodon

 
 
 
 

†Koholiidae

 
 

†Tritemnodon

 
 
 

†Furodon

 
 

†Kyawdawia

 
 

†Paratritemnodon

 
 

†Teratodontidae

 
 
†Hyainailouroidea
 

†Apterodontinae

 
 
 

†Orienspterodon

 
 
 
†Hyainailourinae
 
 

†Hemipsalodon

 
 ? 

†Ischnognathus

 
 †Akhnatenavus clade
 
 

†Akhnatenavus

 
 
 
 

†"Pterodon" africanus

 
 

†"Pterodon" phiomensis

 
 
 

†Paroxyaenini

 
 
†Hyainailourini
 

†Pterodontina

 
 

†Kerberos

 
 
 
 
 

†Falcatodon

 
 

†Sectisodon

 
 
 

†Exiguodon

 
 

†Isohyaenodon zadoki 

 
 
 
 
 
†Isohyaenodon 
(†Isohyaenodontina) 
 

†Isohyaenodon andrewsi 

 
 
 

†Sivapterodon

 
 

†Hyainailouros bugtiensis 

 
 
 
 

†Hyainailouros napakensis 

 

†Hyainailouros 

 
 
 

†Hyainailouros sulzeri 

 
 

†Hyainailourinae sp. (Arrdrift)

 
 
 

†Simbakubwa

 
 
 
 

†Mlanyama

 
 

†Metapterodontini

 
 
 
 

†Megistotherium

 
 

†Leakitheriini

 
 
 
 

†Pakakali

 
 

†Prionogalidae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
†Lahimia clade
†Arfia clade
†Galecyon clade
†Indohyaenodon clade
†Tritemnodon clade
 
 †Hyaenodontidae 
 
 
 
 
 
 †Paracynohyaenodon 
 

†Paracynohyaenodon magnus

 
 

†Paracynohyaenodon schlosseri

 
 
 †Quercytherium 
 

†Quercytherium simplicidens

 
 

†Quercytherium tenebrosum

 
 
 

†Cynohyaenodon lautricensis

 
 
 

†Cynohyaenodon cayluxi

 
 
 
 

†Cynohyaenodon ruetimeyeri

 
 

†Cynohyaenodon trux

 
 
 
 

†Cynohyaenodon smithae

  †Cynohyaenodon 
 
 
 
 †Boritia 

†Boritia duffaudi

 
 
 
 †Protoproviverra 

†Protoproviverra palaeonictides

 ? 
 
 
 
 †Praecodens 

†Praecodens acutus

 ? 
 
 
 
 †Leonhardtina 
 

†Leonhardtina godinoti

 
 

†Leonhardtina gracilis

 
 

†Leonhardtina meridianum

 
 
 †Preregidens 

†Preregidens langebadrae

 
 
 
 
 
 
 †Cartierodon 

†Cartierodon egerkingensis

 
 †Prodissopsalis 

†Prodissopsalis eocaenicus

 
 
 
 †Paenoxyaenoides 

†Paenoxyaenoides liguritor

 ? 
 
 

†Eurotherium theriodis

 
 
 

†Eurotherium mapplethorpei

  †Eurotherium 
 
 
 

†Eurotherium matthesi

 
 †Alienetherium 

†Alienetherium buxwilleri

 
 
 
 
 
 †Matthodon 
 
 

†Matthodon menui

 
 

†Matthodon peignei

 
 
 

†Matthodon tritens

 
 
 
 
 †Oxyaenoidinae 
 †Oxyaenoides 
 
 

†Oxyaenoides aumelasiensis

 
 

†Oxyaenoides bicuspidens

 
 
 

†Oxyaenoides lindgreni

 
 

†Oxyaenoides schlosseri

 
 
 
 †Neosinopa 

†Neosinopa gobiensis

 ? 
 †Hyaenodontinae 
 
 †Consobrinus 

†Consobrinus quercy

 ? 
 
 
 

†Propterodon morrisi

 
 

†Propterodon sp. (ZIN no. 34494)

 
 
 
 

†Propterodon paganensis

 
 

†Propterodon tongi

 
 

†Propterodon witteri

 
 
 †Epipterodontini 
 †Immanopterodon 
 

†Immanopterodon acutidens

 
 

†Immanopterodon implacidus

 
 
 †Epipterodon 

†Epipterodon hyaenoides

 
 
 †Hyaenodontini 
 †Hyaenodon 
 
 
 
 
 
 

†Hyaenodon chunkhtensis

 
 

†Hyaenodon eminus

 
 
 

 †Hyaenodon venturae 

 
 
 
 (†Protohyaenodon) 
 

†Hyaenodon pumilus

 
 
 

†Hyaenodon filholi

 
 

 †Hyaenodon microdon 

 
 
 
 
 

 †Hyaenodon raineyi 

 
 
 

 †Hyaenodon mustelinus 

 
 
 

 †Hyaenodon brevirostrus 

 
 

 †Hyaenodon crucians 

 
 
 
 

†Hyaenodon yuanchuensis

 
 
 
 
 

†Hyaenodon brachyrhynchus

 
 

†Hyaenodon gervaisi

 
 

†Hyaenodon requieni

 
 
 

†Hyaenodon minor

 
 
 

†Hyaenodon dubius

 
 

†Hyaenodon leptorhynchus

 
 
 
 

†Hyaenodon exiguus

 
 

†Hyaenodon sp. (Ergiliyn Dzo)

 
 
 
 

†Hyaenodon pervagus

 
 

†Hyaenodon rossignoli

 
 
 
 

†Hyaenodon horridus

 
 

†Hyaenodon megaloides

 
 
 
 
 

†Hyaenodon montanus

 
 

†Hyaenodon vetus

 
 
 

†Hyaenodon macrocephalus

 
 

†Hyaenodon milvinus

 
 
 

†Hyaenodon gigas

 
 

†Hyaenodon incertus

 
 

†Hyaenodon mongoliensis

 
 

†Hyaenodon heberti

 
 

†Hyaenodon weilini

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
†Cynohyaenodon/Quercytherium clade
†Leonhardtina clade
†Eurotherium clade
†Matthodon clade
†Oxyaenoides clade
†Propterodon
 ••••••> 

References
  1. Leidy J. (1869.) "On the extinct Mammalia of Dakota and Nebraska: including an account of some allied forms from other localities, together with a synopsis of the mammalian remains of North America." Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 7: 1–472.
  2. The Paleobiology Database Hyaenodontidae page
  3. Lambert, David and the Diagram Group (1985): The Field Guide to Prehistoric Life. Facts on File Publications, New York. ISBN 0-8160-1125-7
  4. Solé, F.; Falconnet, J.; Yves, L. (2014). "New proviverrines (Hyaenodontida) from the early Eocene of Europe; phylogeny and ecological evolution of the Proviverrinae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 171 (4): 878–917. doi:10.1111/zoj.12155.
  5. Borths, Matthew R; Stevens, Nancy J (2017). "Deciduous dentition and dental eruption of Hyainailouroidea (Hyaenodonta, "Creodonta," Placentalia, Mammalia)". Palaeontologia Electronica. 20 (3): 55A. doi:10.26879/776.
  6. Matthew R. Borths; Nancy J. Stevens (2019). "Simbakubwa kutokaafrika, gen. et sp. nov. (Hyainailourinae, Hyaenodonta, 'Creodonta,' Mammalia), a gigantic carnivore from the earliest Miocene of Kenya". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 39 (1): e1570222. doi:10.1080/02724634.2019.1570222. S2CID 145972918.
  7. Floréal Solé; Bernard Marandat; Fabrice Lihoreau (2020). "The hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the French locality of Aumelas (Hérault), with possible new representatives from the late Ypresian". Geodiversitas. 42 (13): 185–214. doi:10.5252/geodiversitas2020v42a13.
  8. Solé, F.; Morlo, M.; Schaal, T.; Lehmann, T. (2021). "New hyaenodonts (Mammalia) from the late Ypresian locality of Prémontré (France) support a radiation of the hyaenodonts in Europe already at the end of the early Eocene". Geobios. 66–67: 119–141. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2021.02.004. S2CID 234848856.
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