1999 Malaysian general election
A general election was held on Monday, 29 November 1999 for members of the 10th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 193 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 394 state constituencies in 11 out of 13 states of Malaysia (except Sabah and Sarawak) on the same day. This was the last election for Mahathir Mohamad as Prime Minister and Chairman of Barisan Nasional, until 2018. This was also the first election held in a single day nationwide.
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All 193 seats to the Dewan Rakyat 97 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Registered | 9,564,071 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Turnout | 6,631,094 (69.3%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Results
Dewan Rakyat
6,631,094 out of 9,564,071 registered voters cast their vote in this election. Although Barisan Nasional maintained its majority in Parliament, its overall popular vote dropped to roughly 56%. The parliamentary results are as follows:
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
- Parties in the informal coalition, Alternatif Front (Barisan Alternatif). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.
Johor
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 20 | 20 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 13 | 13 | 65.00 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 6 | 6 | 30.00 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 1 | 1 | 5.00 | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 11 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 20 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Johor's population | |||||||||
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Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Kedah
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 15 | 315,807 | 55.77 | 7 | 46.67 | -8 | ||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 13 | 260,565 | 46.01 | 5 | 33.33 | -8 | ||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 2 | 55,242 | 9.75 | 2 | 13.33 | 0 | ||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 10 | 171,867 | 30.35 | 8 | 53.33 | +8 | ||
| National Justice Party | KeADILan | 4 | 65,371 | 11.54 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 13,258 | 2.34 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Valid votes | 566,303 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 19,152 | ||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 585,455 | 100.00 | 15 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Kedah's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Kelantan
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 11 | 228,325 | 47.48 | 10 | 71.43 | +4 | ||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 14 | 187,094 | 38.91 | 1 | 7.14 | -1 | ||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 14 | 187,094 | 38.91 | 1 | 7.14 | -1 | ||
| National Justice Party | KeADILan | 3 | 64,763 | 13.47 | 3 | 21.43 | New | ||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Front | BERJASA | 1 | 409 | 0.09 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| Malaysian People's Justice Front | AKIM | 1 | 274 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Valid votes | 480,865 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 11,634 | ||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 492,499 | 100.00 | 14 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Kelantan's population | |||||||||
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Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Kuala Lumpur
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | ||||||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | ||||||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | ||||||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 100.00 | |||||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Kuala Lumpur's population | |||||||||
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Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Malacca
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 5 | 4 | 80.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 3 | 3 | 60.00 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 2 | 1 | 20.00 | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 20.00 | 0 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 5 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Malacca's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Negeri Sembilan
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 7 | 7 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 4 | 4 | 57.14 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 2 | 2 | 28.57 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 1 | 1 | 14.29 | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 7 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Negeri Sembilan's population | |||||||||
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Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Pahang
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 11 | 11 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 8 | 8 | 72.73 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 3 | 3 | 27.27 | 0 | ||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 11 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Pahang's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Penang
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 11 | 247,870 | 51.36 | 6 | 54.55 | -2 | ||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 3 | 84,698 | 17.55 | 1 | 9.09 | -1 | ||
| Malaysian People's Movement Party | Gerakan | 4 | 83,607 | 17.32 | 2 | 18.18 | 0 | ||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 4 | 79,565 | 16.49 | 3 | 27.27 | -1 | ||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 7 | 169,973 | 35.22 | 4 | 36.36 | +1 | ||
| National Justice Party | KeADILan | 3 | 54,987 | 11.39 | 1 | 9.09 | New | ||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 1 | 8,810 | 1.83 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Independents | IND | 1 | 942 | 0.20 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Valid votes | 482,582 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 12,355 | ||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: 76.68%) | 494,937 | 100.00 | 11 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| Did not vote | 150,514 | ||||||||
| Registered voters | 645,451 | ||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Penang's population | |||||||||
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Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Perak
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 23 | 20 | 86.96 | -3 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 9 | 39.13 | -2 | |||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 6 | 26.09 | -1 | |||||
| Malaysian People's Movement Party | Gerakan | 3 | 13.04 | 0 | |||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 2 | 8.70 | 0 | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 2 | 8.70 | +2 | |||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 1 | 4.35 | +1 | |||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 23 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Perak's population | |||||||||
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Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Perlis
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 3 | 46,212 | 56.17 | 3 | 100.00 | 0 | ||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 3 | 46,212 | 56.17 | 3 | 100.00 | 0 | ||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 2 | 26,191 | 31.84 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| National Justice Party | KeADILan | 1 | 9,867 | 11.99 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| Valid votes | 82,270 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 2,114 | ||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 84,384 | 100.00 | 3 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Perlis's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Sabah
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 20 | 17 | 85.00 | +5 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 14 | 14 | 70.00 | +5 | ||||
| Sabah Progressive Party | SAPP | 3 | 2 | 10.00 | 0 | ||||
| Liberal Democratic Party | LDP | 3 | 1 | 5.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Sabah Party | PBS | 20 | 3 | 15.00 | -5 | ||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 20 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Sabah's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Sarawak
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 28 | 338,013 | 65.95 | 28 | 100.00 | +2 | ||
| Sarawak United People's Party | SUPP | 7 | 129,356 | 25.24 | 7 | 25.00 | 0 | ||
| United Traditional Bumiputera Party | PBB | 10 | 100,062 | 19.52 | 10 | 35.71 | +1 | ||
| Parti Bansa Dayak Sarawak | PBDS | 6 | 51,749 | 10.10 | 6 | 21.43 | 0 | ||
| Sarawak National Party | SNAP | 4 | 45,519 | 8.88 | 4 | 14.29 | 0 | ||
| Barisan Nasional Direct Candidate | 1 | 11,327 | 2.21 | 1 | 3.57 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party[lower-alpha 2] | DAP | 7 | 75,992 | 14.81 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| National Justice Party[lower-alpha 2] | KeADILan | 13 | 49,774 | 9.71 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| State Reform Party | STAR | 4 | 23,048 | 4.50 | 0 | 0.00 | New | ||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party[lower-alpha 2] | PAS | 1 | 2,438 | 0.48 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Independents | IND | 12 | 23,332 | 4.55 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Valid votes | 512,527 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 28 | 100.00 | +1 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Sarawak's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
- Parties in the informal coalition, Alternatif Front (Barisan Alternatif). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.
Selangor
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 17 | 17 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 8 | 8 | 47.06 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Chinese Association | MCA | 6 | 6 | 35.29 | 0 | ||||
| Malaysian Indian Congress | MIC | 3 | 3 | 17.65 | 0 | ||||
| Democratic Action Party | DAP | 9 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 8 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||||
| Valid votes | |||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | |||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: %) | 100.00 | 17 | 100.00 | 0 | |||||
| Did not vote | |||||||||
| Registered voters | |||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Selangor's population | |||||||||
|
Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Terengganu
| Party | Candidates | Vote | Seats | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | Won | % | +/– | |||||
| Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party | PAS | 7 | 161,052 | 52.01 | 7 | 87.50 | +6 | ||
| National Front[lower-alpha 1] | BN | 8 | 127,700 | 41.24 | 0 | 0.00 | -7 | ||
| United Malays National Organisation | UMNO | 8 | 127,700 | 41.24 | 0 | 0.00 | -7 | ||
| National Justice Party | KeADILan | 1 | 20,715 | 6.69 | 1 | 12.50 | New | ||
| Independents | IND | 1 | 175 | 0.06 | 0 | 0.00 | 0 | ||
| Valid votes | 309,642 | ||||||||
| Invalid/blank votes | 6,398 | ||||||||
| Total votes (voter turnout: 81.23%) | 316,040 | 100.00 | 8 | 100.00 | 0 | ||||
| Did not vote | 73,042 | ||||||||
| Registered voters | 389,082 | ||||||||
| Voting age population (aged 21 years and above) | |||||||||
| Terengganu's population | |||||||||
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Source: | |||||||||
- Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
State Assemblies
The opposition won a total of 113 state assembly seats, 98 of which went to the PAS, 11 to the DAP and 4 for Keadilan.[2] In the states of Kelantan and Terengganu, the PAS won by a huge margin–41-2 against Barisan Nasional out of a total of 43 seats and 28-4 out of a total of 32 seats respectively, hence allowing them to form the state governments in these states. In addition, PAS also captured one-third of the state seats in Kedah, with the remaining two-thirds going to Barisan Nasional (UMNO won 16 seats, MCA 2 seats in Kedah).
The election results were seen as a great gain for PAS, who previously had no state seats in Kedah and capturing only one seat in Terengganu in the 1995 General Elections. Observers attributed this to the neglect by the Federal Administration in the states of Terengganu and Kelantan due to administration by different parties.[3]
References
- Chin, James (2000). "A New Balance: The Chinese Vote in the 1999 Malaysian General Election". South East Asia Research. 8 (3): 281–299. doi:10.5367/000000000101297299.
- "Malaysia unlikely to go fundamentalist: Lee Kuan Yew". (Dec. 13, 1999). Agence France Presse.
- The previous election was contested under separate parties, mainly PAS and DAP
- "PILIHAN RAYA UMUM 1999 - DEWAN UNDANGAN NEGERI". Archived from the original on 2017-10-09. Retrieved 2008-09-05.
- Swee-Hock Saw, K. Kesavapany (2006). Malaysia recent trends and challenges. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 97–8. ISBN 981-230-339-1.
External links
- South Asia Analysis Group synopsis of the 1999 election results.
- Trends in Malaysia: Election Assessment (PDF) a 62 pages collection of papers from Institute of Southeast Asian Studies after the 1999 election.
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