List of sovereign states in the 1890s

This is a list of sovereign states in the 1890s, giving an overview of states around the world during the period between 1 January 1890 and 31 December 1899. It contains entries, arranged alphabetically, with information on the status and recognition of their sovereignty. It includes widely recognized sovereign states, and entities which were de facto sovereign but which were not widely recognized by other states.

Sovereign states by year
List of sovereign states in 1889 Events of 1890 List of sovereign states in 1891

Sovereign states
Name and capital city Information on status and recognition of sovereignty

A

 Abuja – Abuja Emirate
Capital: Abuja		 Widely recognized state.
Acre – Republic of Acre (from July 14, 1899)
Capital: Cidade do Acre		 De facto independent state from July 14, 1899.[1]
 Agadez – Tenere Sultanate of Aïr
Capital: Agadez		 Widely recognized state.[2]
Andorra – Principality of Andorra
Capital: Andorra la Vella		 Widely recognized state.[3]
 Angoche – Angoche Sultanate
Capital: Angoche		 Widely recognized state.
Ankole – Kingdom of Ankole
Capital: Mbarara		 Widely recognized state.[4]
 Argentina – Argentine Republic
Capital: Buenos Aires		 Widely recognized state.[5]
Aro – Aro Confederacy
Capital: Arochukwu		 Widely recognized state.
 Ashanti – Asante Union
Capital: Kumasi		 Widely recognized state.[6]
Aussa – Sultanate of Aussa
Capital: Aussa		 Widely recognized state.
 Austria-Hungary – Austro-Hungarian Empire
Capital: Vienna (Cisleithania), Budapest (Transleithania)		 Widely recognized state.[7]

B

  Baguirmi – Kingdom of Baguirmi (to September 20, 1897)
Capital: Massenya (to 1893), Chekna (from 1893 to 1897)		 Widely recognized state. Tributary state of the Bornu Empire. Annexed by France on September 20, 1897.[8]
Bali – Kingdom of Bali
Capital: Klungkung		 Widely recognized state. Bali was a series of kingdoms that ruled the island of Bali.
  Baol – Kingdom of Baol (to 1895)
Capital: Diourbel		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1895.[9]
 Barotseland – Kingdom of Barotseland (to 1899)
Capital: Mongu		 Unrecognized state. Annexed by the United Kingom in 1899.[10]
 Belgium – Kingdom of Belgium
Capital: Brussels		 Widely recognized state.[11]
 Benin – Kingdom of Benin (to February 18, 1897)
Capital: Edo		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom on February 18, 1897.
 Bhutan – Kingdom of Bhutan
Capital: Punakha		 Widely recognized state.
 Biu – Biu Kingdom
Capital: Biu		 Widely recognized state.
 Bolivia – Republic of Bolivia
Capital: Sucre (official), La Paz (administrative)		 Widely recognized state.
Bora Bora – Kingdom of Bora Bora (to September 21, 1895)
Capital: Nunue, Vaitape		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France on September 21, 1895.[12]
Bornu – Bornu Empire (to 1893)
Capital: Ngazargamu		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France in 1893.[13]
 Brakna – Brakna Emirate
Capital: Aleg		 Widely recognized state.
Brazil – Republic of the United States of Brazil
Capital: Rio de Janeiro		 Widely recognized state. Brazil was a federation of 20 states, one territory, and one federal district.[lower-alpha 1]
Buganda – Kingdom of Buganda (to 1894)
Capital: Mengo, Uganda		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1894.
Bulgaria – Principality of Bulgaria
Capital: Sofia		 De facto independent, and de jure vassal state under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.
Bunyoro – Bunyoro-Kitara Kingdom (to 1899)
Capital: Hoima		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United Kingdom in 1899.
 Burundi – Kingdom of Burundi (to July 1, 1890)
Capital: Gitega, Bujumbura		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by Germany on July 1, 1890.
Busoga – Kingdom of Busoga
Capital: Bugembe		 Widely recognized state.

C

 Canada – Dominion of Canada
Capital: Ottawa		 Widely recognized state.
→ Central America
Capital: Amapala
  • Greater Republic of Central America (from September 15, 1895 to November 1, 1898)
  • United States of Central America (from November 1 to November 21, 1898)
 Widely recognized state. Political union between El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua until November 21, 1898.[14]
Champasak – Kingdom of Champasak (from 1899)
Capital: Champasak		 Widely recognized state. Vassal state of Siam.
Chile
Capital: Santiago 		Widely recognized state.
 China – Great Qing Empire
Capital: Beijing		 Widely recognized state.
 Chokwe – Chokwe Kingdom
Capital: Not specified		 Widely recognized state.
 Colombia – Republic of Colombia
Capital: Bogota		 Widely recognized state.
 Congo – Congo Free State
Capital: Boma		 Widely recognized state. State in personal union with the Kingdom of Belgium.
 Costa Rica – Republic of Costa Rica
Capital: San Jose		 Widely recognized state.
Crete – Cretan State (from December 9, 1898)
Capital: Chania		 Autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.
 Cuba – Republic of Cuba (to April 4, 1899)
Capital: Havana		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by the United States on April 4, 1899.

D

Dahomey – Kingdom of Dahomey (to January 20, 1894)
Capital: Abomey		 Widely recognized state. Annexed by France on January 20, 1894.
Darfur – Sultanate of Darfur (from 1898)
Capital: Al Fashir		 Widely recognized state from 1898.
 Dendi – Dendi Kingdom
Capital: Lulami		 Widely recognized state.
 Denmark – Kingdom of Denmark
Capital: Copenhagen		 Widely recognized state. Denmark had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Dhala – Emirate of Dhala
Capital: Dhale		 Widely recognized state.
Dominican Republic – Second Republic
Capital: Santo Domingo		 Widely recognized state.

E

 Ecuador – Republic of Ecuador
Capital: Quito		 Widely recognized independent state.
El Salvador – Republic of El Salvador (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898)
Capital: San Salvador		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ Ethiopia – Ethiopian Empire
Capital: Addis Ababa		 Widely recognized independent state.

F

France – French Republic
Capital: Paris		 Widely recognized independent state. France had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
Futa Jallon – Imamate of Futa Jallon (to November 18, 1896)
Capital: Timbo		 Widely recognized independent state.

G

 Gaza – Gaza Empire (to 1895)
Capital: Manjacaze		 Widely recognized independent state until 1895.
 Geledi – Sultanate of the Geledi
Capital: Afgooye		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Germany – German Empire
Capital: Berlin		 Widely recognized independent state. Germany had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:
 Greece – Kingdom of Greece
Capital: Athens		 Widely recognized independent state.
Guatemala – Republic of Guatemala
Capital: Guatemala City		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Gyaaman – State of Gyaaman
Capital: Sampa, Drobo		 Widely recognized independent state.

H
Ha'il – Emirate of Jabal Shammar
Capital: Ha'il		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Haiti – Republic of Haiti
Capital: Port-au-Prince		 Widely recognized independent state.
Hawaii
Capital: Honolulu 		Widely recognized independent state.
 Honduras – Republic of Honduras (to September 15, 1896 from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Tegucigalpa		 Widely recognized independent state.
Huahine – Kingdom of Huahine (to September 15, 1895)
Capital: Huahine		 Widely recognized independent state.

I
 Italy – Kingdom of Italy
Capital: Rome		 Widely recognized independent state. Italy had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

J
 Janjero – Kingdom of Janjero (to 1894)
Capital: Fofa		 Widely recognized independent state.
Japan – Empire of Japan
Capital: Tokyo City		 Widely recognized independent state. Japan had sovereignty over the following overseas territories:

K
 Kaffa – Kingdom of Kaffa (to September 11, 1897)
Capital: Bonga, Anderaccha		 Widely recognized independent state.
Kano – Emirate of Kano
Capital: Takai		 Vassal state of the Sokoto Caliphate.
 Kénédougou – Kénédougou Kingdom (to May 1, 1898)
Capital: Sikasso		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Kong – Kong Empire (to 1895)
Capital: Kong		 Widely recognized independent state.
Kongo – Kingdom of Kongo
Capital: Mbanza-Kongo		 Widely recognized independent state. Vassal of the Kingdom of Portugal.
→ Korea
Capital: Hanseong 		Tributary state of the Qing dynasty to 1894. Widely recognized independent state from October 12, 1897.
 Koya Temne – Kingdom of Koya (to August 31, 1896)
Capital: Grand Cape Mount		 Widely recognized independent state.

L
 Liberia – Republic of Liberia
Capital: Monrovia		 Widely recognized independent state.
Liechtenstein – Principality of Liechtenstein
Capital: Vaduz		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Limmu-Ennarea – Kingdom of Limmu-Ennarea (to 1891)
Capital: Saqqa		 Widely recognized independent state until 1891.
Lower Yafa – Sultanate of Lower Yafa (to 1895)
Capital: Jaʿār		 Widely recognized independent state until 1895.
 Luxembourg – Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
Capital: Luxembourg City		 Widely recognized independent state.

M
Maguindanao – Sultanate of Maguindanao (to October 30, 1898)
Capital: Kuta Watu		 Widely recognized independent state.
Mahdist Sudan – Mahdist State (to September 2, 1898)
Capital: Omdurman		 Unrecognized state.
 Manipur – Kingdom of Manipur (to 1891)
Capital: Imphal		 Widely recognized independent state until 1891.
 Maravi – Kingdom of Maravi (to 1891)
Capital: Manthimba		 Widely recognized independent state until 1891.
 Matabeleland – Matabele Kingdom
Capital: Bulawayo		 Widely recognized independent state.
Merina – Kingdom of Imerina (to 1897)
Capital: Antananarivo		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Mexico – United Mexican States
Capital: Mexico City		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Monaco – Principality of Monaco
Capital: Monaco		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Montenegro – Principality of Montenegro
Capital: Cetinje		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Morocco – Sultanate of Morocco
Capital: Fes		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Mossi Kingdoms – Mossi Empire (to 1896)
Capital: Multiple capitals		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are a number of different kingdoms that make up the Mossi Empire:

N
Negeri Sembilan (to 1895)
Capital: Seremban		 Widely recognized independent state to 1895. Federated in to the Federated Malay States from 1895.
Nepal – Kingdom of Nepal
Capital: Kathmandu		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Netherlands – Kingdom of The Netherlands
Capital: Amsterdam		 Widely recognized independent state.
Nicaragua – Republic of Nicaragua (to September 15, 1896; from November 21, 1898)
Capital: Managua		 Widely recognized independent state to September 15, 1896, and from November 21, 1898)
Norway – Kingdom of Norway
Capital: Christiania		 Widely recognized independent state. In personal union between Sweden until December 15, 1899. Union badge removed on December 15, 1899

O
 Orange Free State
Capital: Bloemfontein		 Widely recognized independent state. Independent Boer sovereign republic under the British suzerainty in South Africa.
 Ottoman Empire – Sublime Ottoman State
Capital: Constantinople		 Widely recognized independent state.

P
 Paraguay – Republic of Paraguay
Capital: Asunción		 Widely recognized independent state.
→ Persia – Sublime State of Persia
Capital: Tehran		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Peru – Peruvian Republic
Capital: Lima		 Widely recognized independent state.
Portugal – Kingdom of Portugal
Capital: Lisbon		 Widely recognized independent state.

R
 Romania – Kingdom of Romania
Capital: Bucharest		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Russia – Russian Empire
Capital: Saint Petersburg		 Widely recognized independent state.

S
Samoa – Kingdom of Samoa
Capital: Apia		 Widely recognized independent state.
 San Marino – Most Serene Republic of San Marino
Capital: San Marino		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Serbia – Kingdom of Serbia
Capital: Belgrade		 Widely recognized independent state.
Setul Mambang Segara – Kingdom of Setul Mambang Segara
Capital: Kota Mambang Segara		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Siam – Kingdom of Siam
Capital: Bangkok		 Widely recognized independent state. The following are vassal states of Siam:
Sokoto – Sokoto Caliphate
Capital: Sokoto		 Widely recognized independent state.
Spain – Kingdom of Spain
Capital: Madrid		 Widely recognized independent state.
Sulu – Sultanate of Sulu
Capital: Maimbung		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Sweden – Kingdom of Sweden
Capital: Stockholm		 Widely recognized independent state. In personal union between Norway until December 15, 1899.
  Switzerland – Swiss Confederation
Capital: Bern		 Widely recognized independent state.

T
 Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga
Capital: Nuku'alofa		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Toro – Toro Kingdom (from August 14, 1891)
Capital: Kabarole		 Widely recognized independent state from August 14, 1891.
 Toucouleur – Toucouleur Empire (to 1890)
Capital: Segou		 Widely recognized independent state until 1890.
 Transvaal – South African Republic
Capital: Pretoria		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Tui Manuʻa – Tui Manuʻa Empire
Capital: Fitiuta		 Widely recognized independent state.

U
 United Kingdom – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
Capital: London		 Widely recognized independent state.
→  United States – United States of America
Capital: Washington D.C.		 Widely recognized independent state.
  Upper Aulaqi Sultanate
Capital: Nişāb		 Widely recognized independent state.
  Upper Aulaqi Sheikhdom
Capital: Sa'id		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Upper Yafa – State of Upper Yafa
Capital: Mahjaba		 Widely recognized independent state.
 Uruguay – Eastern Republic of Uruguay
Capital: Montevideo		 Widely recognized independent state.

V

W
  •  Wadai – Wadai Empire
  •  Wahidi Haban – Wahidi Sultanate of Haban
  • Wassoulou – Wassoulou Empire (to September 29, 1898)
  •  Welayta – Kingdom of Welayta (to November 1894)

Y
  •  Yeke – Yeke Kingdom (to 1891)

Z
  •   Zabarma – Zabarma Emirate (to 1897)
  •   Zamboanga – Republic of Zamboanga (from May 18 to November 16, 1898)

States claiming sovereignty
  • Aceh – Sultanate of Aceh
  • Biak-na-Bato – Philippine Republic (from November 1 to December 15, 1897)
  • Counani – Republic of Independent Guiana (to 1891)
  • Formosa – Republic of Formosa (from May 24 to October 23, 1895)
  • Franceville – Independent Commune of Franceville (to 1890)
  • Lado – Lado District
  • Negros – Republic of Negros (from November 27, 1898)
  • Swaziland – Kingdom of Swaziland (from 1894)
  • Tagalog Republic – Sovereign Tagalog Nation (from August 29, 1896, to March 22, 1897)
  • Trinidad – Principality of Trinidad (from 1893 to 1895)

Notes
  1. 20 States: Alagoas, Amazonas, Bahia, Ceará, Espírito Santo, Goiás, Maranhão, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Pará, Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, São Paulo, Sergipe. 1 Territory: Acre (from April 30, 1904). 1 Federal District: Federal District.

References
  1. "Acre and its Robber; Cause of the Establishment of the New Republic. The Conflicting Interests of Brazil and Bolivia -- Millions Involved -- Population Not Over 10,000". The New York Times. 1900-11-25. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  2. James B. Minahan (2016). Encyclopedia of Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition. ABC-CLIO. p. 418. ISBN 978-1-61069-954-9.
  3. "Andorra", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, November 3, 2021, retrieved 2021-11-17
  4. Briggs, Philip; Roberts, Andrew (5 November 2016). Uganda. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 534. ISBN 9781784770228. Retrieved 29 December 2016.
  5. "Argentina", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2021-11-16, retrieved 2021-11-19
  6. "Asante empire". www.britannica.com. Retrieved December 1, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. McCarthy, Justin (1880). A History of Our Own Times, from 1880 to the Diamond Jubilee. New York, United States of America: Harper & Brothers, Publishers. pp. 475–476.
  8. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bagirmi" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 201.
  9. Institut fondamental d'Afrique noire, Bulletin: Sciences humaines, Volume 38 (1976), pp. 452-458
  10. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Barotse and Barotseland" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–425.
  11. "Belgium", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, 2022-01-21, retrieved 2022-02-06
  12. "Bora-Bora". www.britannica.com. Retrieved March 6, 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  13. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Bornu" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 265.
  14. Slade, William F. (1917). "The Federation of Central America". The Journal of Race Development. 8 (2): 210–215. doi:10.2307/29738239. hdl:2027/inu.30000056731338. JSTOR 29738239.
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