List of conflicts in the Philippines

This list of conflicts in the Philippines is a timeline of events that includes pre-colonial wars, Spanish–Moro conflict, Philippine revolts against Spain, battles, skirmishes, and other related items that have occurred in the Philippines' geographical area.[1]

Part of a series on the
History of the Philippines
Prehistory (pre–900)

Events/Artifacts
Precolonial period (900–1565)
Historically documented city-states/polities

(North to South)

Events/Artifacts
Spanish period (1565–1898)
American period (1898–1946)
Post-independence (1946–1965)
Under Marcos (1965–1986)
Contemporary (1986–present)
By topic
Timeline
Archaeology
 Philippines portal

List
Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
Classical period (Prehispanic Era)
War against the Chinese Tang dynasty (c. 800 AD)[2] Kingdom of Mayd (Ma-i or Madja-as of ancient Philippines)

Kingdom of Musa (Muja, old Brunei)

 Tang dynasty Status quo ante

Mayd-Musa Alliance wasn't successful on taking down the Tang Dynasty

First Visayan Raid -(Formosa, East China Sea (c. 1174 AD)[3] Visayan People Song Dynasty Visayan Victory

Successful raiding expedition[4]

Second Visayan Raid -(Formosa, East China Sea (c.1190 AD)[3] Visayan People Song Dynasty Visayan Victory

Successful raiding expedition[4]

Southern Expansion of Tundun (c. 1220 (High Middle Ages)
A Kawal holding Sibat.
 Tundun
  • Rajah Alon
  • Tagalog people
    		Kumintang (chiefdom in Batangas). Tundun Victory

    Fall of Kumintang to Tundun.

    Tamil Rebellion (1300 CE.)
    Visayan Nobles
    		 Sri Lumay
    • Sri Alho & Sri Ukob
    		 Chola Dynasty Successful Escape of Sri Lumay

    Establishment of the Rajahnate of Cebu[5]

    Battle of Maynila (1365) Majapahit-Luzon conflict Tundun Majapahit
    • Majapahit Naval forces
    		 Tundun Decisive Victory
    Unspecified and disputed battle[6] according to the Nagarakretagama.
    Moro raid - Po-ni province (modern day Brunei-1369 AD) Sultanate of Sulu
    • Buranun People
    		 Majapahit Empire
    • Majapahit Fleet
    		 Suluan Victory

    Majapahit succeeded in driving away the Sulu[7]

    Moro Expeditions (ca. 1440 CE.)
    A Karakowa ancient Battleship with Lantaka Cannons.
    		 Confederation of Madja-as
    • Datu Padojinog
    		 Sultanate of Sulu[8] Madja-as victory[lower-alpha 1]
    • Withdrawal of Sultanate's forces.
    Bruneian Invasion of Palawan - Expansion of Bruneian Empire (ca. 1477 CE.)
    Moro Pirates.
    		 Clans and tribes in Palawan Bruneian Empire
    • Forces from Brunei

    Sultanate of Sulu

    		 Tribal Defeat

    The southern and central portion of Palawan was annexed by Brunei.[8]

    Bruneian Invasion of Mindoro - Fall of the Kingdom of Ma-i
    Mindoro c. 1500 C.E.    		 Huangdom of Mai Bruneian Empire Fall of Ma-i
    Bruneian Invasion of Tundun -Expansion of Bruneian Empire c.(1500 CE.)
    A Malay warrior armed with gun and a sword.
    		 Tundun Brunei Defeat of Tundun
    Foundation of Kota Selurong (Maynila), a vassal state of Kingdom of Brunei.[10][11]
    Moro Expeditions (ca. 1450 CE.) Confederation of Madja-as
    • Datu Padojinog
    		 Sultanate of Maguindanao Madja-as Victory[lower-alpha 1]
    Chinese Expeditions (ca. 1457 CE.) Confederation of Madja-as
    • Datu Padojinog
    		 Chinese pirates Madja-as Victory[lower-alpha 1]
    • Withdrawal of pirate forces.
    Muslim Expansion of Mindanao- Battle of Malabang and the Battle of Lanao del Sur , 1475 AD. Sultanate of Maguindanao Non-Muslim natives Sultanates Victory[12]
    Visayan Coalition (1500 CE.)[13]
    A Visayan Royal couple.
    		 Confederation of Madja-as
    Kedatuan of Visayas:     		Alliance of the Kota Selurong (Maynila)
    Sultanate of Sulu
    Kingdom of Namayan
    Sponsored by: Brunei.     		Madja-as Victory
    • Failure to conquer the Visayan confederation.
    • Escape of the hostaged Visayan villagers and slaves.
    Battle of Mactan (1521)
    Lapu Lapu King of Mactan, slaying Ferdinand Magellan.
    		 Chiefdom of Mactan Island
    Datu Lapu Lapu of Mactan    		 Spanish conquistadors
    Ferdinand Magellan
    • Kedatuan of Limasawa
    • Rajahnate of Cebu (Rajah Humabon)
    		 Mactan Victory

    Death of Magellan, departure of the Spanish expedition

    Burmese–Siamese War (1547–49)
    		Toungoo Dynasty (Burma) Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam)

    Tondo[lower-alpha 2]

    		 Siamese Defensive Victory
    • Burma claims to regain Upper Tenasserim down to Tavoy (Dawei).
      At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king.[lower-alpha 2]
    • Also, Lusung warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD.[15]
    Bool-Ternate War (1563) Kingdom of Bool Sultanate of Ternate Ternatean Victory
    • Death of Prince Dailisan
    • 10,000 people in the Kingdom of Bool flee to Dapitan.[16]
    Spanish Period
    Spanish Conquest
    (1571)    		 Namayan
    Tundun
    Maynila
    Confederation of Madja-as    		 Spanish East Indies
    Spanish Conquistadors    		 Fall of the Luzon and Visayan Kingdoms. Establishment of Spanish colonial territories in Luzon and islands of Visayas.[17]
    Bruneian Civil War (1600-1673) Brunei Sultan Abdul Hakkul Mubin's Forces
    • In 1658, the Sultan of Brunei ceded the northern and eastern portion of Borneo to the Sultan of Sulu in compensation for the latter's help in settling the Brunei Civil War in the Brunei Sultanate. Both the Sultanate of Brunei and Sulu later continued to loosely govern the western and eastern part of Sabah respectively as both territories fall into the hand of the British under a series of agreements.
    Spanish campaigns in Lanao (1637–1639 CE) Sultanate of Lanao Spanish Empire
    • Spanish Conquistadors
    • Hurtado-de Curcuera
    • Captain Francesco Atienza
    • Captain Pedro Bermudez de Castr
    • Pedro Fernandez del Rio
      • 500 Visayans
    		 Spanish Defeat
    • Failure of the conquest and Christianize the Maranao people.
    Spanish Conquest of Mindanao (1888)
    The Moros on their proas.
    		 Sultanate of Maguindanao Spanish Empire Maguindanao is confined into the interior of Mindanao.
    Philippine revolts against Spain
    Dagami Revolt
    (1565)    		 Chief Dagami of Gabi
    Rajah Tupas    		 Spanish Conquistadors Ceasefire
    Conspiracy of the Maharlikas
    (1568)    		 Tondo

    Sponsored by

    		 Spanish Empire Tundun Defeat

    The uprising failed when they were betrayed to the Spanish authorities by Antonio Surabao (Susabau) of Calamianes. The rebels were arrested, tried and found guilty of treason.

    Five leading members were exiled to Mexico: Pedro Balinguit (lord of Pandacan), Pitongatan (a prince of Tondo), Felipe Salonga (lord of Polo), Calao (a commander-in-chief of Tondo), and Agustín Manuguit (Minister of Tondo). They were the very first natives of the Philippines to settle in Mexico.

    Cagayan Revolt
    (1565)    		 Ilocanos, Ibanag tribes Spanish conquistadors Ceasefire
    The tax system was reformed.
    Magalat Revolt (1596) Chief Magalat of Cagayan Spanish and Filipino colonial troops
    • Pedro de Chaves
    		 Revolutionary Defeat
    Death of Magalat
    Igorot Revolt (Cordillera 1601) Ifugao Clans and tribes Spanish conquistadors Ceasefire
    • The Spaniards were only able to gain nominal political and military control over them.
    Sumuroy Revolt (1649-1650) Agustin Sumuroy Spanish conquistadors
      • Spanish colonial troops
    		 Revolutionary Defeat
    • Agustin Sumuroy was killed by his own men.
    Battle of Manila (1762)
    (part of Seven Years' War)    		 Spanish garrison of Manila British fleet and army with troops from East India Company
    (William Draper)    		 Manila and Cavite was occupied by the British until 1764 when a treaty concluded the war.
    Cavite Mutiny (1872) Filipino workers
    Felipe Ginoves    		 Colonial government
    • Governor General Rafael Izquierdo
      • Sgt. Ferdinand La Madrid
    		 Mutineer Defeat
    • Aftermath of the mutiny, all Filipino soldiers were disarmed and later sent into exile in Mindanao.
    • Execution of Gomburza and other 44 mutineers.
    Philippine Revolution
    Philippine Revolution
    (1896-1898)
    Regular soldiers of the Philippine army stand at attention for the inspection.

    Filipino revolutionaries exiled to Hong Kong. Sitting on Emilio Aguinaldo's right is Lt. Col. Miguel Primo de Rivera, nephew and aide-de-camp of Fernando Primo de Rivera and father of José Antonio Primo de Rivera. Standing behind Aguinaldo is Col. Gregorio del Pilar. Miguel was held hostage until Aguinaldo's indemnity was paid. Standing behind Miguel and to his right is Pedro Paterno.
    		 1896-97

    Sovereign Tagalog Nation

    1897
     Republic of Biak-na-Bato
    1898
    Filipino Revolutionaries
    Supported by:
     United States

     Sulu Sultanate

    		  Spain Peace Treaty (1897)

    Victory (1898)

    Battle of Manila of 1896 (Manila, Philippines August 29, 1896) Katipunan  Spain Katipunero Defeat
    Battle of Imus (Imus, Cavite September 1–3, 1896)
    		 Katipunan  Spain Katipunero Victory
    • Death of General Ernesto de Aguirre.
    Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 17, 1897)
    The Zapote Bridge (1899) two years after the battle
    		 Katipunan  Spain Katipunero Victory
    Battle of Alapan (Imus, Cavite May 28, 1898) Filipino Revolutionaries  Spain Filipino Victory
    Battle of Manila Bay (near Manila, Philippines May 1, 1898)
    Contemporary colored print, showing USS Olympia in the left foreground, leading the U.S. Asiatic Squadron against the Spanish fleet off Cavite. A vignette portrait of Rear Admiral George Dewey is featured in the lower left.
    		  United States  Spain American Victory
    Mock Battle of Manila (Manila, Philippines August 13, 1898)
    "Raising the American flag over Fort Santiago, Manila, on the evening of August 13, 1898." drawing from Harper's Pictorial History of the War with Spain.
    		  United States

    Filipino Revolutionaries

    		  Spain American Victory
    Battle of Barrio Yoting (Pilar Capiz, Visayas - December 3, 1898)
    the Katipuneros.
    		 Katipunan  Spain Filipino Victory
    Siege of Baler (Baler, Aurora July 1, 1898 – June 2, 1899)
    Filipino troops of Colonel Tecson in Baler, May 1899. Tecson is to the right of the cannon, Novicio to the left.
    		  República Filipina  Spain
     United States    		 FIlipino Victory
    • Baler held beyond official cessation of hostilities and cession of the Philippine Islands.
    • Failure of American relief efforts.
    • Armistice negotiated on June 2, 1899.
    Philippine–American War
    Philippine–American War
    February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902
    Moro Rebellion: 1899-1913
    Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

    Wounded American soldiers at Santa Mesa, Manila in 1899
    		 1899-1902
     República Filipina

    Limited Foreign Support:
     Empire of Japan

    1902-1906
    Tagalog Republic

    1899-1913
     Sulu Sultanate

    		 1899-1902
     United States

    1902-1913
     United States

    		 Filipino Defeat
    Battle of Manila
    (Manila, Philippines February 4–5, 1899)
    U.S. soldiers of the First Nebraska volunteers, company B, near Manila in 1899.
    		  República Filipina  United States FIlipino Defeat
    Battle of Caloocan
    (Caloocan, Philippines February 10, 1899)
    Maj. Gen. Arthur MacArthur observing the battle.
    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Defeat
    Second Battle of Caloocan
    (Caloocan, Philippines February 22–24, 1899)
    Filipinos attack the barracks of the 13th Minnesota Volunteers.
    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Defeat
    Battle of Balantang
    (Balantang, Jaro, Iloilo, Philippines March 10, 1899)    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Victory
    • Filipino troops retaking Jaro from the Americans.
    Capture of Malolos
    (Malolos, Bulacan, Philippines March 31, 1899)
    Filipino soldiers in Malolos
    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Defeat
    • Capture of the capital of Malolos, Bulacan.
    Battle of Quingua
    (Quingua - now Plaridel, Bulacan, Philippines April 23, 1899)
    Kurz & Allison print of the Battle of Quingua
    		  República Filipina  United States 1st Phase: Filipino Victory

    2nd Phase: Filipino Defeat

    • Filipinos retreated to the North.
    Battles of Bagbag and Pampanga Rivers
    (Calumpit, Bulacan, Philippines April 25–27, 1899)    		  República Filipina  United States FIlipino Defeat
    Battle of Tirad Pass[19]
    (Tirad Pass, Ilocos Sur, Philippines December 2, 1899)
    Gen.Gregorio del Pilar and his troops, around 1898.
    		  República Filipina  United States Strategic FIlipino Victory
    Tactical Filipino Defeat
    • Death of General Gregorio del Pilar
    • Fall of the defence line
    • Filipino forces successfully delay the American advance
    Battle of Paye
    (San Mateo, Manila (now Rizal), Philippines December 19, 1899)
    Death of Major-General Henry Lawton during the battle.
    		  República Filipina  United States Initial Filipino Victory
    • Death of General Henry Ware Lawton
    • American's 29th Battalion successfully crossed the river at 11 am
    • Filipino forces retreated from San Mateo.
    Battle of Pulang Lupa
    (Marinduque, Philippines September 13, 1900)
    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Victory
    Battle of Mabitac
    (Mabitac, Laguna, Philippines September 17, 1900)
    Gen. Juan Cailles.
    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Victory
    Siege of Catubig
    (Catubig, Philippines April 15–19, 1900)
    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Victory
    • Filipino guerrillas force US from town after 4 days but at high cost
    Battle of Makahambus Hill
    (Cagayan de Oro City, Mindanao, Philippines June 4, 1900)    		  República Filipina  United States Filipino Victory
    Second World war
    Japanese invasion of the Philippines
    (1941-1942)
    Japanese occupation of the Philippines
    (1942-1944)
    Allied liberation of the Philippines
    (1944-1945)
    Japanese Troops surrender to the 40th Infantry Division.
    		  United States
     Philippines
    Hukbalahap (Co-belligerent)    		  Japan Allied Defeat (1941-1942)

    Japanese Occupation (1942-1945)

    Allied Victory (1944-1945)

    Battle of Bataan (January 7-April 9, 1942)
    Battle of Corregidor (May 5–6, 1942)    		  Philippines
     United States
    		  Japan Allied Defeat
    • Fall of Bataan and Corregidor during the Japanese Invasion.
    • Surrender of Filipino-American forces to the Japanese.
    Battle of Manila (February 3-March 3, 1945)
    .    		  Philippines
     United States    		  Japan Allied Victory
    • American troops and Filipino resistance liberate Santo Tomas Internment Camp, while the Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army units are did not send and operated.
    • Liberated Malacanang Palace from the U.S. 1st Cavalry Division and the Filipino guerrillas, while the Filipino troops under the Commonwealth Army units are did not send and operated.
    • Sending of all 48,000 to 85,000 Filipino troops and military officers of the Philippine Commonwealth Army from the General Headquarters and Military Camp Base in Central and Southern Luzon and become to combat operated for the liberating battles in Manila and aiding guerrillas and Americans was attacking invaded from the Japanese Imperial Marines and Army forces.
    • Fall of Old Spanish Walled City of Intramuros from the joint American and Filipino ground troops aiding resistance force.
    • End for the Battle for the Liberation of Manila was finally cleared, U.S. and Filipino troops liberated around the capital city from the Japanese.
    Battle of Bessang Pass (June 14, 1945)  Philippines
     United States    		  Japan Victory
    • Notable of First Filipino military victory during the liberation campaign
    The Cold War
    Hukbalahap Rebellion
    (1942-1954)    		  Philippines
     United States    		 Hukbalahap Government Victory
    • End of the Hukbalahap Rebellion.
    Korean War
    (1950-1953)    		 United Nations Command including forces from:
     South Korea
     United States
     United Kingdom
     Canada
     Turkey
     Australia
     Ethiopia
     Philippines
     New Zealand
     Thailand
     Greece
     France
     Colombia
     Belgium
     South Africa
     Netherlands
     Luxembourg    		  North Korea
     Soviet Union
     China    		 Armistice
    Battle of Yultong (Yultong, South Korea 1951) UN Command:
     Philippines
    • 10th Bn Combat Team, PEFTOK
      • Dionisio S. Ojeda
    		  China UN Victory

    US 3rd Infantry Division successfully withdraws

    Vietnam War
    (1964–1973)
    Masscared villager in hong Nhi and Phong Nut village, Quang Nam Province
    		  South Vietnam
     United States
     South Korea
     Thailand
     Australia
     New Zealand
     Philippines
    Kingdom of Laos
     Cambodia    		  North Vietnam
    Viet Cong
    Khmer Rouge
    Pathet Lao
     North Korea
     China
     Soviet Union    		 Defeat

    Paris Peace Accords lead to withdrawal of American forces from Indochina. Communist governments take power in South Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos

    Contemporary Era
    Moro insurgency
    (March 29, 1969 – present)
    Operation Enduring Freedom in the Philippines (January 15, 2002 – ongoing)
    M101 howitzer was widely use as the artillery in the operation against the Moro insurgencies in Mindanao.
    		  Philippines

     United States (advisers)

    		 Moro National Liberation Front (until 1996)
    Moro Islamic Liberation Front (until 2014)
    Abu Sayyaf
    Other Islamist groups    		 Cessation of armed conflict between the Government and MNLF/MILF
    • Ongoing conflict between the Government and Jihadist groups — Abu Sayyaf, Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters, and others
    Communist rebellion in the Philippines (1969–present)[20]  Philippines Communist Party of the Philippines

    New People's Army
    National Democratic Front

    		 Ongoing
    1990 Mindanao crisis
    (October 4 – 6, 1990)    		  Philippines Federal Republic of Mindanao Government Victory
    • Arrest of Col. Alexander Noble
    • Disestablishment of the Federal Republic of Mindanao
    Capture of UN peacekeepers - Golan Heights, March 6 and May 7, 2013 by Syrian rebel forces

    (part of United Nations Disengagement Observer Force)

    		UN peacekeeping forces - Philippine contingent Yarmouk Martyrs Brigade Filipino peacekeepers released after UN intervention.[21]
    Zamboanga City crisis
    (September 9–28, 2013)
    The Zamboanga City Hall where the MNLF intended to hoist the Bangsamoro Republik flag.
    		  Philippines Bangsamoro Republik / Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) Government Victory
    • The Head Axe ,used by the Head-hunters of Kalinga people , A fearsome Melee weapon in Cordillera (Specially against the Ifugao peoples during the Proto-history).
    • Inauguration of the First Republic
    • Soldiers at the Siege of Baler
    • Philippine Army in the Philippine–American War, (at the battle of Paceo - 1900)
    • Filipino Soldiers outside Manila,1899.
    • The coffins of fallen American Soldiers, (1906).
    • a World War II Propaganda poster of Philippine Army of its Resistance against the Japanese Invasion. (1941)
    • the flag of Federal Republic of Mindanao by Col. Alexander Noble, during 1990 Mindanao Crisis.
    • a Moro insurgent of the Islamic (Moro) insurgency at Mindanao.
    • Philippine Marine Private Damaranan rushes up a small ditch to engage role-playing enemy forces while Staff Sgt. John Ross of 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit provides communication during amphibious landing training of Balikatan Exercise.

    See also

    References
    Notes
    1. It was integrated to the Spanish Empire through pacts and treaties (c.1569) by Miguel López de Legazpi and his grandson Juan de Salcedo. During the time of their hispanization, the principalities of the Confederation were already developed settlements with distinct social structure, culture, customs, and religion.
    2. Lucoes warriors aided the Burmese king in his invasion of Siam in 1547 AD. At the same time, Lusung warriors fought alongside the Siamese king and faced the same elephant army of the Burmese king in the defence of the Siamese capital at Ayuthaya.[14]
    1. Grace Estela C. Mateo. "The Philippines : A Story of a Nation" (PDF). Scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu. Retrieved 2015-08-28.
    2. Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl p. 38 citing Ferrand. Relations. Page 344.
    3. Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials. p. 74.
    4. Jobers Bersales (June 6, 2013). "Raiding China". Inquirer.net.
    5. Jovito Abellana, Aginid & Bayok sa Atong Tawarik 1952.
    6. Day, Tony & Reynolds, Craig J. (2000). "Cosmologies, Truth Regimes, and the State in Southeast Asia". Modern Asian Studies. Cambridge University Press. 34 (1): 1–55. doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003589. JSTOR 313111. S2CID 145722369.
    7. History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009. p. 44. ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3.
    8. "Historical Timeline Of The Royal Sultanate Of Sulu Including Related Events Of Neighboring Peoplesby Josiah C". Seasite.niu.edu. 2000-08-30. Retrieved 2015-09-03.
    9. "Ma-i / Ma-Yi- / Mindoro". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2019-06-22.
      • Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
    11. del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)". Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original on October 25, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
    12. Halili, Christine N. (2004). "The Natural Setting and its People". Philippine History (First ed.). Manila, Philippines: Rex Book Store. pp. 52–53. ISBN 9712339343. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
    13. "Iloilo History Part 1 - Research Center for Iloilo". Ilongo.weebly.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2015-09-17.
    14. Ibidem, p. 195.
    15. Pigafetta, Antonio (1969) [1524]. "First voyage round the world". Translated by J.A. Robertson. Manila: Filipiniana Book Guild. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
    16. "Significant battles in Bohol: Battle of the Bo-ol Kingdom".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
    17. Gardner, Robert (1995-04-20). "Manila – A History". Philippine Journeys. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
    18. Scott 1992, pp. 50–53, notes 24 and 25 on pp. 62–63.
    19. Jerry Keenan (2001), Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American & Philippine–American Wars, ABC-CLIO, p. 311, ISBN 978-1-57607-093-2
    20. "The Never Ending War in the Wounded Land: The New People's Army on Samar". University of Calgary. 12 November 2013.
    21. Pinoy peacekeepers will remain in Golan Heights
    Bibliography
    • Villahermosa, Gilberto N. (2009), Honor and Fidelity: The 65th Infantry in Korea, 1950-1953, Washington, D.C.: United States Army Center of Military History, retrieved 2010-11-09
    • Chae, Han Kook; Chung, Suk Kyun; Yang, Yong Cho (2001), Yang, Hee Wan; Lim, Won Hyok; Sims, Thomas Lee; Sims, Laura Marie; Kim, Chong Gu; Millett, Allan R. (eds.), The Korean War, vol. II, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-0-8032-7795-3
    • Chinese Military Science Academy (2000), History of War to Resist America and Aid Korea (抗美援朝战争史) (in Chinese), vol. II, Beijing: Chinese Military Science Academy Publishing House, ISBN 7-80137-390-1
    • Hu, Guang Zheng (胡光正); Ma, Shan Ying (马善营) (1987), Chinese People's Volunteer Army Order of Battle (中国人民志愿军序列) (in Chinese), Beijing: Chinese People's Liberation Army Publishing House, OCLC 298945765
    • War History Compilation Committee (1977), The History of the United Nations Forces in the Korean War, vol. 6, Seoul: Republic of Korea Ministry of National Defense, OCLC 769331231
    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.