List of Ming dynasty era names

This is a list of Ming dynasty era names.

List

Era namePeriod of use
(Western calendar)
Period of use
(大統曆, Datong calendar)
Length of useEmperorMeaningDerived fromRef.
Hóngwǔ
洪武
23 January 1368

5 February 1399
洪武元年 正月 初四日
(Hongwu 1, 4th day of the 1st month)

洪武三十一年 十二月 二十九日
(Hongwu 31, 29th day of the 12th month)
30 years,
12 months
and 27 days
Hongwu Emperorvastly martial(None)[1][2][3]
Jiànwén
建文
6 February 1399

29 July 1402
建文元年 正月 初一日
(Jianwen 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

建文四年 六月 二十九日
(Jianwen 4, 29th day of the 6th month)
3 years
and 6 months
Jianwen Emperorestablishing civility[1][3][4]
(Hóngwǔ
洪武)
30 July 1402

22 January 1403
洪武三十五年 七月 初一日
(Hongwu 35, 1st day of the 7th month)

洪武三十五年 十二月 二十九日
(Hongwu 35, 29th day of the 12th month)
6 monthsHongwu Emperor
(Yongle Emperor)
(Ibid.)[1][4]
Yǒnglè
永樂
23 January 1403

19 January 1425
永樂元年 正月 初一日
(Yongle 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

永樂二十二年 十二月 三十日
(Yongle 22, 30th day of the 12th month)
22 yearsYongle Emperorperpetual happiness[1][4][5]
Hóngxī
洪熙
20 January 1425

7 February 1426
洪熙元年 正月 初一日
(Hongxi 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

洪熙元年 十二月 三十日
(Hongxi 1, 30th day of the 12th month)
1 yearHongxi Emperorvastly bright[1][5][6]
Xuāndé
宣德
8 February 1426

17 January 1436
宣德元年 正月 初一日
(Xuande 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

宣德十年 十二月 二十九日
(Xande 10, 29th day of the 12th month)
10 yearsXuande Emperorproclamation of virtue[1][6][7]
Zhèngtǒng
正統
18 January 1436

13 January 1450
正統元年 正月 初一日
(Zhengtong 1, 1st day of yhe 1st month)

正統十四年 十二月 三十日
(Zhengtong 14, 30th day of the 12th month)
14 yearsEmperor Yingzongright governance[8][7][9]
Jǐngtài
景泰
14 January 1450

14 February 1457
景泰元年 正月 初一日
(Jingtai 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

景泰八年 正月 二十日
(Jingtai 8, 20th day of the 1st month)
7 years
and 20 days
Jingtai Emperorexalted view[8][9][10]
Tiānshùn
天順
15 February 1457

26 January 1465
天順元年 正月 二十一日
(Tianshun 1, 21st day of the 1st month)

天順八年 十二月 二十九日
(Tianshun 8, 29th day of the 12th month)
7 years,
11 months
and 9 days
Emperor Yingzongobedience to Heaven[8][10][11]
Chénghuà
成化
27 January 1465

13 January 1488
成化元年 正月 初一日
(Chenghua 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

成化二十三年 十二月 三十日
(Chenghua 23, 30th day of the 12th month)
23 yearsChenghua Emperoraccomplished changeWenzi[lower-alpha 2]常之道,生物而不有,成化而不宰。[12]</ref>[8][11][13]
Hóngzhì
弘治
14 January 1488

23 January 1506
弘治元年 正月 初一日
(Hongzhi 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

弘治十八年 十二月 三十日
(Hongzhi 18, 30th day of the 12th month)
18 yearsHongzhi Emperorgreat governance(None)[8][13][14]
Zhèngdé
正德
24 January 1506

27 January 1522
正德元年 正月 初一日
(Zhengde 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

正德十六年 十二月 三十日
(Zhengde 16, 30th day of the 12th month)
16 yearsZhengde Emperorright virtue,
or
rectification of virtue
Book of Documents,[lower-alpha 3]
Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents (尚書正義)[lower-alpha 4]
[8][14][17]
Jiājìng
嘉靖
28 January 1522

8 February 1567
嘉靖元年 正月 初一日
(Jiajing 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

嘉靖四十五年 十二月 三十日
(Jiajing 45, 30th day of the 12th month)
45 yearsJiajing Emperoradmirable tranquilityBook of Documents[lower-alpha 5][8][17][19]
Lóngqìng
隆慶
9 February 1567

1 February 1573
隆慶元年 正月 初一日
(Longqing 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

隆慶六年 十二月 二十九日
(Longqing 6, 29th day of the 12th month)
6 yearsLongqing Emperorgreat celebration(None)[8][19][20]
Wànlì
萬曆
2 February 1573

27 August 1620
萬曆元年 正月 初一日
(Wanli 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

萬曆四十八年 七月 三十日
(Wanli 48, 30th day of the 7th month)
47 years
and 7 months
Wanli Emperorten thousand calendars[8][20][21]
Tàichāng
泰昌
28 August 1620

21 January 1621
泰昌元年 八月 初一日
(Taichang 1, 1st day of the 8th month)

泰昌元年 十二月 二十九日
(Taichang 1, 29th day of the 12th month)
5 monthsTaichang Emperor
(Tianqi Emperor)
grand prosperity[8][21]
Tiānqǐ
天啓
22 January 1621

4 February 1628
天啓元年 正月 初一日
(Tianqi 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

天啓七年 十二月 二十九日
(Tianqi 7, 29th day of the 12th month)
7 yearsTianqi Emperorheavenly opening[8][21][22]
Chóngzhēn
崇禎
5 February 1628

25 April 1644
崇禎元年 正月 初一日
(Chongzhen 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

崇禎十七年 三月 十九日
(Chongzhen 17, 19th day of the 3rd month)
16 years,
2 months
and 19 days
Chongzhen Emperorhonorable and auspicious[8][22][23]

Southern Ming

Era namePeriod of use
(Western calendar)
Period of use
(大統曆, Datong calendar)
Length of useEmperorMeaningRef.
(Chóngzhēn
崇禎)
19 June 1644

27 January 1645
崇禎十七年 五月 十五日
(Chongzhen 17, 15th day of the 5th month)

崇禎十七年 十二月 三十日
(Chongzhen 17, 30th day of the 12th month)
7 months
and 15 days
Chongzhen Emperor
(Hongguang Emperor)
(Ibid.)[8][24]
Hóngguāng
弘光
28 January 1645

17 August 1645
弘光元年 正月 初一日
(Hongguang 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

弘光元年 閏六月 二十六日
(Hongguang 1, 26th day of the 6th leap month)
6 months
and 26 days
Hongguang Emperorgreat light[8][24][25]
Lóngwǔ
隆武
18 August 1645

4 February 1647
隆武元年 閏六月 二十七日
(Longwu 1, 27th day of the 6th leap month)

隆武二年 十二月 三十日
(Longwu 2, 30th day of the 12th month)
1 year,
6 months
and 3 days
Longwu Emperorplentiful and martial[8][25][26]
Yǒnglì
永曆
5 February 1647

1 June 1662[lower-alpha 6]
永曆元年 正月 初一日
(Yongli 1, 1st day of the 1st month)

永曆十六年 四月 十五日[lower-alpha 6]
(Yongli 16, 15th day of the 4th month)
15 years,
3 months
and 15 days[lower-alpha 6]
Yongli Emperorperpetual calendar[8][26][27]

Notes

  1. Or 天<ref name='Wenzi'>Wenzi. 道原 . Vol. 1 via Wikisource. 大常之道,生物而不有,成化而不宰。
  2. Wenzi, Daoyuan (道原): 大[lower-alpha 1]
  3. Book of Documents, Yu Shu (虞書), Counsels of Great Yu (大禹謨): 禹曰:......正德、利用、厚生、惟和。[15] (Translated: Yu said, ......there are the rectification of (the people's) virtue, (the tools and other things) that supply the conveniences of life, and the securing abundant means of sustentation - these must be harmoniously attended to.)
  4. Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents, Counsels of Great Yu (大禹謨): 正德者,自正其德,居上位者正己以治民。[16]
  5. Book of Documents, Zhou Shu (周書), Against Luxurious Ease (無逸): 周公曰:......不敢荒寧,嘉靖殷邦。[18] (Translated: The duke of Zhou said, ...He did not dare to indulge in useless ease, but admirably and tranquilly presided over the regions of Yin, ...)
  6. Usage continued by the Kingdom of Tungning until its annexation by the Qing dynasty in 1683 (康熙二十二年/永曆三十七年, Kangxi 22/Yongli 37).

References

Citations

  1. 馮 2016, p. 25.
  2. Zhang Tingyu. Taizu 2 . Vol. 2 via Wikisource. 洪武元年春正月乙亥,祀天地於南郊,即皇帝位。定有天下之號曰明,建元洪武。(Translated by Romeyn Taylor: On the twenty-third of January, 1368, T'ai-tsu sacrificed to Heaven and Earth on the Suburban Altars. When he assumed the imperial throne, he determined that the dynastic name under which he held the empire was to be Ming and that the new reign title was to be Hung-wu.)
  3. Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Gongming . Vol. 4 via Wikisource. 三十一年閏五月,太祖崩。辛卯,即皇帝位。大赦天下,以明年為建文元年。
  4. Zhang Tingyu. Chengzu 1 . Vol. 5 via Wikisource. 秋七月壬午朔,大祀天地於南郊,奉太祖配。詔:「今年以洪武三十五年為紀,明年為永樂元年。建文中更改成法,一復舊制。山東、北平、河南被兵州縣,復徭役三年,未被兵者與鳳陽、淮安、徐、滁、揚三州蠲租一年,餘天下州縣悉蠲今年田租之半。」
  5. Zhang Tingyu. Renzong . Vol. 8 via Wikisource. 二十二年七月,成祖崩於榆木川。八月甲辰,遺詔至,遣皇太孫迎喪開平。丁未,出夏原吉等於獄。丁巳,即皇帝位。大赦天下,以明年為洪熙元年。
  6. Zhang Tingyu. Xuanzong . Vol. 9 via Wikisource. 仁宗即位,立為皇太子。夏四月,以南京地屢震,命往居守。五月庚辰,仁宗不豫,璽書召還。六月辛丑,還至良鄉,受遺詔,入宮發喪。庚戌,即皇帝位。大赦天下,以明年為宣德元年。
  7. Zhang Tingyu. Yingzong Former Records . Vol. 10 via Wikisource. 宣德十年春正月,宣宗崩,壬午,即皇帝位。遵遺詔大事白皇太后行。大赦天下,以明年為正統元年。
  8. 馮 2016, p. 26.
  9. Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Jing . Vol. 11 via Wikisource. 正統十四年秋八月,英宗北狩,皇太后命王監國。丙寅,移通州糧入京師。徵兩畿、山東、河南備倭運糧諸軍入衞,召寧陽侯陳懋帥師還。戊辰,兵部侍郎于謙為本部尚書。令羣臣直言時事,舉人材。己巳,皇太后詔立皇子見深為皇太子。卹陣亡將士。庚午,籍王振家。辛未,右都御史陳鎰撫安畿內軍民。壬申,都督石亨總京營兵。乙亥,諭邊將,瓦剌奉駕至,不得輕出。輸南京軍器於京師。修撰商輅、彭時入閣預機務。是月,廣東賊黃蕭養作亂。九月癸未,王即皇帝位,遙尊皇帝為太上皇帝,以明年為景泰元年,大赦天下,免景泰二年田租十之三。
  10. Zhang Tingyu. Yingzong Later Records . Vol. 12 via Wikisource. 丙戌,詔赦天下,改景泰八年為天順元年。論奪門迎復功,封石亨忠國公,張軏太平侯,張輗文安伯,楊善興濟伯,曹吉祥嗣子欽都督同知。
  11. Zhang Tingyu. Xianzong . Vol. 13 via Wikisource. 天順八年正月,英宗崩。乙亥,即皇帝位。以明年為成化元年,大赦天下。
  12. Zhang Tingyu. Xiaozong . Vol. 15 via Wikisource. 二十三年八月,憲宗崩。九月壬寅,即皇帝位。大赦天下,以明年為弘治元年。
  13. Zhang Tingyu. Wuzong . Vol. 16 via Wikisource. 十八年五月,孝宗崩。壬寅,即皇帝位。以明年為正德元年,大赦天下,除弘治十六年以前逋賦。
  14. 大禹謨  via Wikisource.
  15. Kong Yingda. 尚書注疏卷第四 . Vol. 4 via Wikisource.
  16. Zhang Tingyu. Shizong 1 . Vol. 17 via Wikisource. 十六年三月辛酉,未除服,特命襲封。丙寅,武宗崩,無嗣,慈壽皇太后與大學士楊廷和定策,遣太監谷大用、韋彬、張錦,大學士梁儲,定國公徐光祚,駙馬都尉崔元,禮部尚書毛澄,以遺詔迎王於興邸。夏四月癸未,發安陸。癸卯,至京師,止於郊外。禮官具儀,請如皇太子即位禮。王顧長史袁宗皐曰:「遺詔以我嗣皇帝位,非皇子也。」大學士楊廷和等請如禮臣所具儀,由東安門入居文華殿,擇日登極。不允。會皇太后趣羣臣上箋勸進,乃即郊外受箋。是日,日中,入自大明門,遣官告宗廟社稷,謁大行皇帝几筵,朝皇太后,出御奉天殿,即皇帝位。
  17. 無逸  via Wikisource.
  18. Zhang Tingyu. Muzong . Vol. 19 via Wikisource. 四十五年十二月庚子,世宗崩。壬子,即皇帝位。以明年為隆慶元年,大赦天下。
  19. Zhang Tingyu. Shenzong 1 . Vol. 20 via Wikisource. 六年五月,穆宗崩。六月乙卯朔,日有食之。甲子,即皇帝位。以明年為萬曆元年,詔赦天下。
  20. Zhang Tingyu. Xizong . Vol. 22 via Wikisource. 庚辰,即皇帝位。詔赦天下,以明年為天啟元年。己丑,以是年八月以後稱泰昌元年。
  21. Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Zhuanglie 1 . Vol. 23 via Wikisource. 明年八月,熹宗疾大漸,召王入,受遺命。丁巳,即皇帝位。大赦天下,以明年為崇禎元年。
  22. Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Zhuanglie 2 . Vol. 24 via Wikisource. 丁未,昧爽,內城陷。帝崩於萬歲山,王承恩從死。
  23. Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 福王上 . Vol. 1 via Wikisource. 五月……壬寅,王即位。大赦,稱號弘光;以明年為元年。
  24. Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 唐王 . Vol. 3 via Wikisource. 閏六月……丁未,祭告天地、祖宗,即位南郊。以福建為福京、福州為天興府、布政司為行殿。大赦,稱號隆武。……大清順治三年春正月己酉朔,唐王在建寧,稱隆武二年。
  25. Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 永明王上 . Vol. 4 via Wikisource. 十一月癸卯朔,觀生與布政使顧元鏡、總兵林察等擁聿𨮁入廣州城自立,偽號紹武。……至是,定議迎還,於庚申即位,稱號永曆。……大清順治四年春正月癸卯朔,永明王在梧州,稱永曆元年。
  26. Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 永明王下 . Vol. 5 via Wikisource. 大清順治十八年春正月辛亥朔,王在緬甸,稱永曆十五年。……明年三月丙戌,至雲南府。夏四月望日戊午,王終,年三十又八;妃與王子俱從死。

Sources

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