Kazallu

Kazalla or Kazallu is the name given in Akkadian sources to a city in the ancient Near East whose locations is unknown. Its god is Numushda.[1]

History

Under its king Kashtubila, Kazalla warred against Sargon of Akkad in the 24th or 23rd century BC. Sargon laid the city of Kazalla to waste so effectively that "the birds could not find a place to perch away from the ground."[2][3] Under the Ur III empire, the city was ruled by ensi (governors).[4] Some of them, Ititi, Izariq, Kallamu, Šu-Mama, and Apillaša, are known by name. All during the reigns of Shulgi and Amar-Suen.[5][6]

In the early 2nd millenium BC the city had a number of conflicts with Larsa. A year name of Sin-Iqisham marks the detruction of Kazullu. A year name of Ward-Sin lists the destruction of the walls of Kazullu. Larsa ruler Kudur-Mabuk also reports repelling the forces of Kazullu.[7] A ruler of Isin, Erra-imitti, also claimed to have destroyed Kazullu. Lastly, mulbalum, ruler of Esnunna claimed to have defeated a coalition which included Kazallu.[8] Kazallu briefly became a city-state in its own right before falling to Babylon. The 13th year name of Babylonian ruler Sumu-abum lists the destruction of Kazallu.[9]

Location

According to a tablet from the reign of Gudea of Lagash, Kazalla was located somewhere to the west of Mesopotamia, in the land of Martu.[10] Some scholars today believe it was only about 15 km from the city of Babylon, and just west of the Euphrates. Old Babylonian record it as being in the area of Marad (modern Tell as-Sadoum).[11]

See also

References
  1. Jonathan L. Ready. “Zeus, Ancient Near Eastern Notions of Divine Incomparability, and Similes in the Homeric Epics.” Classical Antiquity, vol. 31, no. 1, University of California Press, 2012, pp. 56–91
  2. Oppenheim, A. Leo (translator). Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament, 3d ed. James B. Pritchard, ed. Princeton: University Press, 1969
  3. Howard, Sethanne. “En Hedu’anna.” Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences, vol. 103, no. 2, Washington Academy of Sciences, 2017, pp. 21–34
  4. Rients de Boer. “MARAD IN THE EARLY OLD BABYLONIAN PERIOD: ITS KINGS, CHRONOLOGY, AND ISIN’S INFLUENCE.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 65, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2013, pp. 73–90
  5. Kutscher, Raphael. “Apillaša, Governor of Kazallu.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 22, no. 3/4, American Schools of Oriental Research, 1968, pp. 63–65
  6. Allred, L., Garfinkle, S. J., & Molina, M. (2013, December). The Tenure of Provincial Governors: Some Observations. In From the 21st Century BC, to the 21st Century AD: Proceeding of the International Conference on Sumerian Studies Held in Madrid, 22–24 July 2010 (pp. 115-24)
  7. Fiette, Baptiste. “‘King’ Kudur-Mabuk: A Study on the Identity of a Mesopotamian Ruler Without a Crown.” Die Welt Des Orients, vol. 50, no. 2, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG), 2020, pp. 275–94
  8. Rositani, Annunziata. “SOME RĪM-ANUM TEXTS FROM THE BĪT ASĪRĪ KEPT AT THE BRITISH MUSEUM.” Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, vol. 82, no. 1/4, [Fabrizio Serra Editore, Sapienza - Universita di Roma], 2009, pp. 97–121
  9. Rients de Boer. “Beginnings of Old Babylonian Babylon: Sumu-Abum and Sumu-La-El.” Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 70, The American Schools of Oriental Research, 2018, pp. 53–86
  10. Howorth, Henry H. "The Later Rulers of Shirpurla or Lagash (Continued)". The English Historical Review, Vol. 17, No. 66 (Apr., 1902), pp. 209-234
  11. Wu, Y. (1998). Kings of Kazallu and Marad in the early OB Period. XXXIVème Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, 221-227
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