History of Berliner FC Dynamo (1954–1978)

The history of BFC Dynamo begins with the founding of sports club SC Dynamo Berlin in 1954. The club entered the 1954-55 DDR-Oberliga after taking over the first team of SG Dynamo Dresden and its place in the league. The relocation was designed to provide the East German capital with a competitive team that could rival the teams from West Berlin. Prominent players in the team in the late 1950s were Günter Schröter, Johannes Matzen and Herbert Schoen. SC Dynamo Berlin captured its first title in the 1959 FDGB-Pokal. The team then finished the 1960 DDR-Oberliga as runners-up. However, the team of SC Dynamo Berlin in the 1960s would be relatively weak. The team was overshadowed in the capital by ASK Vorwärts Berlin.

The football department of SC Dynamo Berlin was reorganized as football club BFC Dynamo in 1966. BFC Dynamo was relegated to the second tier DDR-Liga after the 1966-67 DDR-Oberliga. The club then began a process to rejuvenate the team. BFC Dynamo finished the 1970-71 FDGB-Pokal as runners-up and thus qualified for its first UEFA competition. The team reached the semi-finals of the 1970-71 European Cup Winners' Cup before loosing to Dynamo Moscow in a penalty shoot-out. BFC Dynamo thus became the first and so-far only football club in Berlin to have reached the semi-finals of the most prestigious European club competitions.

The successful 1971–72 season was followed by a decline. BFC Dynamo developed a highly successful youth academy in the 1970s. The club would get access to a nationwide scouting network supported by numerous training centres (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany. Young talented players from the youth department would continuously be integrated into the first team. BFC Dynamo had the youngest team in the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga with an average age of only 22,5 years. The team established itself as one of the top-teams in the DDR-Oberliga from the mid-1970s. Prominent players in the team in the late 1970s were Frank Terletzki, Wolf-Rudiger Netz, Reinhard Lauck, Hans-Jürgen Riediger, Lutz Eigendorf and Norbert Trieloff.

Background (1954–1966)
The crest of sports club SC Dynamo Berlin.

BFC Dynamo began as a football department of SC Dynamo Berlin. SC Dynamo Berlin was founded as a sports club in East Berlin on 1 October 1954.[1][nb 1] As all clubs bearing the name Dynamo, it was part of SV Dynamo, the sports association for the security agencies. The president of SV Dynamo was Erich Mielke, at the time Deputy State Secretary of the State Security Service, commonly known as the Stasi. Mielke was a football enthusiast, who saw football as a way of aggrandizing East Germany and socialism.[4][5]

In order to establish a competitive side in Berlin the first team of SG Dynamo Dresden and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to the new sports club SC Dynamo Berlin. The team played its first match for SC Dynamo Berlin on 21 November 1954 against BSG Rotation Babelsberg. Political factors and pressure from Mielke were probably the main reasons behind the relocation.[6][7][3][8][nb 2] The relocation was designed to provide the capital with a team that could rival Hertha BSC, Blau-Weiß 1890 Berlin and Tennis Borussia Berlin, which were still popular in East Berlin and drew football fans to West Berlin.[15][7][3][8]

Among the players delegated from SF Dynamo Dresden were Johannes Matzen, Herbert Schoen and Günter Schröter. The trio had only a few years earlier been delegated from SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden had been chosen as an ideologically acceptable replacement for the popular SG Friedrichstadt. SG Friedrichsstadt was dissolved by the authorities after the 1949-50 DDR-Oberliga season and its place in the Oberliga was transferred to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[16][11][17][nb 3] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden soon became a dominant side in East German football and was reformed as SG Dynamo Dresden in 1953. Dresden had two sides in the 1953–54 DDR-Oberliga. Berlin had no representation in the highest competition, which did not please Mielke.[11] Berlin was the capital of the republic and he thought it needed a strong football team to represent it.[5]

The team of SC Dynamo Berlin after winning the 1959 FDGB-Pokal, at the Bruno-Plache-Stadion in Leipzig.

SC Dynamo Berlin finished its first season in seventh place. The team was successful in the transitional 1955 season, but suffered relegation to the DDR-Liga in the 1956 season. However, SC Dynamo Berlin immediately secured promotion back to the Oberliga, and later won its first major trophy in the 1959 FDGB-Pokal. The team defeated SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt in the two-legged final.[20] The first leg ended 0–0, but the second leg was won 3–2, with two goals scored by Christian Hofmann and one penalty goal scored by Günter Schröter. However, the team was not allowed to participate in the 1960–61 European Cup Winners' Cup. The German Football Association of the GDR (German: Deutscher Fußball-Verband der DDR) (DFV) instead found local rival and league runners-up ASK Vorwärts Berlin to be a more suitable representative of East Germany in the competition.[21] Schröter was a key-player of SC Dynamo Berlin during the 1950s and early 1960s, becoming second top league goal scorer in the 1955 and 1959 season. Schröter scored all five goals for SC Dynamo Berlin in the 5–0 victory over SC Lokomotiv Leipzig in the ninth match day of the 1959 DDR-Oberliga on 10 May 1959.[22]

Dynamo Berlin had difficulties establishing itself in football in Berlin.[6] The team rarely drew crowds larger than 5,000 spectators at the Walter-Ulbricht-Stadion.[6] SC Dynamo Berlin had some success in the first seasons of the 1960s, with a second place in the 1960 season and an appearance in the 1961 FDGB-Pokal final. But the team found itself overshadowed by the army sponsored ASK Vorwärts Berlin, who had captured the league title in the 1958 and 1960 Oberliga and would go in to capture several more titles in the coming years.[10][23][24] SC Dynamo Berlin moved its home matches to the Dynamo-Sportforum after the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961.[6] The average attendance dropped to 3,000 at the Sport forum in the 1962–63 season.[6]

Günter Schröter (left), Horst Kohle of ASK Vorwärts Berlin (centre) and Martin Skaba (right) during a match between Vorwärts Berlin and SC Dynamo Berlin at the Walther-Ulbricht-Stadion in 1959.

The team of SC Dynamo Berlin in the 1960s was relatively weak.[24] The players of the former SG Dynamo Dresden team had started to age and the club lacked capable replacements.[25] The team would now be shaped by players such Martin Skaba, Werner Heine and Waldemar Mühlbächer. The three were recruited in 1955–1956 and belonged to the new generation of players who did not come from SG Dynamo Dresden. The team was then joined by Romanian-born forward Emil Poklitar from BSG Rotation Babelsberg in 1960. Poklitar proved to be a very promising goal scorer during the 1960 Oberliga season by scoring 14 goals in 19 matches.[26] However, Poklitar and teammate Rolf Starost defected to West Berlin after a friendly match against Boldklubben af 1893 at Idrætsparken in Copenhagen on 13 August 1961.[26][27] SC Dynamo Berlin became a lower table side by the 1962–63 Oberliga season and a second relegation would later occur.[25]

A bitter dispute erupted between Dynamo Berlin and SG Dynamo Schwerin in 1965, over the delegation of three players from SG Dynamo Schwerin to SC Dynamo Berlin. The disparity between sports club SC Dynamo Berlin and sports community SG Dynamo Schwerin was significant. The wage bill of officials and players was 315,559 Marks at SC Dynamo Berlin in the 1964–65 season, compared to 19,428 Marks at SG Dynamo Schwerin in the same season. Local SED politicians and local SV Dynamo functionaries in Bezirk Schwerin aspired to transform Schwerin into a major footballing centre. When SC Dynamo Berlin tried to exercise its right as a sports club to draw talented players from SG Dynamo Schwerin, they put up stern resistance. Mielke and SV Dynamo officials were conscious of the mass appeal of football and the role of SC Dynamo Berlin in the reputation of the Stasi.[24] The delegation was eventually cancelled, but the dispute caused antipathy between the two Dynamo clubs.[28][29][30]

East German football was reorganised in 1965–1966, when some football departments were made independent from their multi-sports clubs to create ten football clubs. The ten football formed the elite of East German football. They were meant to provide stability to the game at the top level and to supply the national team with talent. Promising players would be ordered to play for them. As part of this reorganization, the football department of SC Dynamo Berlin was separated from the sports club in 1966 and reorganized as football club BFC Dynamo.[31][32][3][33][8] The football department of SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen was also disbanded, and joined with BFC Dynamo. The team of SG Dynamo Hohenschönhausen was made the reserve team of BFC Dynamo, the BFC Dynamo II.

Founding and first seasons (1966–1971)

Founding (1966)

BFC Dynamo was founded on 15 January 1966 as one of the new dedicated football clubs in East Germany.[34] The new club was presented by the chairman of SV Dynamo Erich Mielke at a ceremony in front of 1,400 guests in Dynamo-Sporthalle in Hohenschönhausen in East Berlin.[6][35] The last part of the club's founding motto was: "Berliner Fußballclub Dynamo - Our goal: Top achievements - worthy representation of the capital of the GDR ".[36] Manfred Kirste was elected club president and Mielke was elected honorary president.[35][34] Kirste came from Berlin and was a certified sports teacher.[37]

The banner of BFC Dynamo that was presented to the club by SV Dynamo during the founding ceremony.

The new football clubs were formed as centers of excellence in East German football and had the right to drawn on talents within designated geographical and administrative areas.[3][38] All football clubs were assigned one or two regional districts as catchment areas at the time of their founding.[39] BFC Dynamo was assigned Bezirk Cottbus and a third of the districts of East Berlin as a catchment area.[39] The club immediately planned to increase the number of youth teams from 14 to 26 at its founding.[40] However, the backing of a sponsor would also be crucial to the development of a club.[9] BFC Dynamo was officially a club of the Ministry of the Interior.[41][42][43] The club's official sponsor (German: Träger) was the Volkspolizei.[44][45] However, the club's honorary chairman Erich Mielke was the head of the Stasi and 96 percent of the sponsoring members of the club would be members of the Stasi.[45][46] BFC Dynamo would come to receive personal, organizational and financial support from the Stasi.[46]

BFC Dynamo was formed from the football department of SC Dynamo Berlin. The former team of SC Dynamo Berlin thus continued as BFC Dynamo. The team played its first competitive match as BFC Dynamo against BSG Motor Zwickau in the 12th matchday of the 1965-66 DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 12 February 1966. BFC Dynamo won the match 2–0. Waldemar Mühlbächer and Erhard Kochale scored one goal each in the match. BFC Dynamo then defeated SG Dynamo Dresden 3–5 in extra time away in the round of 16 of the 1965-66 FDGB-Pokal at the Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion on 16 February 1966. BFC Dynamo played local rival FC Vorwärts Berlin on the 16th matchday on 26 February 1966 The team lost the derby 0–1 in front of 12,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. BFC Dynamo was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 1965-66 FDGB-Pokal after losing 2–1 away to BSG Lokomotive Stendahl on 2 March 1966. The team lost 4–0 away to 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the 19th match day on 19 March 1966. BFC Dynamo eventually finished 1965-66 DDR-Oberliga in ninth place after a weak season. Defender Werner Heine left for 1. FC Union Berlin after the season. Heine had joined SC Dynamo Berlin before the 1955 season.

Relegation and play in the DDR-Liga (1966–1968)
Forward Lothar Meyer (center) during the match against FC Vorwärts Berlin in the DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 13 August 1966.

Hungarian Bela Volenik was the new coach for the 1966–67 season.[47] BFC Dynamo got off to a weak start of the 1966-67 DDR-Oberliga. The team captured its first win in the league away against FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the 6th match day on 24 September 1966. BFC Dynamo was eliminated in the quarter-finals of the 1966-67 FDGB Cup after losing 1–2 at home to HFC Chemie on 5 December 1966. BFC Dynamo was second to last in the league after the first half of the season. The results in the league saw a slight improvement during second half of the season. The team suffered fewer losses, but the number of matches won was still low. BFC Dynamo had one loss and four draws in the first five matches after the winter break. BFC Dynamo participated in a friendly tournament together with FC Vorwärts Berlin and the Swedish teams AIK and IF Elfsborg during Easter.[48] BFC Dynamo played a 1–1 draw against AIK on 27 March 1967. BFC Dynamo met local rival 1. FC Union Berlin away in the 22nd matchday on 26 April 1967. The team stood at 12th place in the league before the match, two points behind BSG Wismut Aue and BSG Chemie Leipzig. BFC Dynamo still had a theoretical chance to retain its place the league. Supporters of 1. FC Union Berlin greeted BFC Dynamo with a banner saying "We greet the relegated".[49] 1. FC Union Berlin won the match 3-0 and BFC Dynamo could no longer avoid relegation.[49] The match is seen as the starting point for the feud between the two clubs.[49] The young forward Peter Lyszcan made his debut for BFC Dynamo in DDR-Oberliga away against HFC Chemie in the 25th matchday on 10 May 1967. The team won the match 1–2, after two goals by Joachim Hall. BFC Dynamo finished 1966-67 DDR-Oberliga in 12th place and was relegated to DDR-Liga.

Karl Schäffner returned as coach for the 1967–68 season. BFC Dynamo recruited goalkeeper Werner Lihsa from SG Dynamo Eisleben for the season. Lihsa became reserve goalkeeper behind Jürgen Bräunlich. Peter Lyszcan was now a regular player in the first team. BFC Dynamo started the 1967-68 DDR-Liga Nord with mixed results. The team had five wins, three losses and two draws after the first ten matchdays. However, the team would come to dominate the league. BFC Dynamo met SG Dynamo Schwerin away in the 29th matchday at the Sportplatz Paulshöhe on 26 May 1967. BFC Dynamo had already secured promotion. The team was in first place in the league, with eight points down to third placed BSG Stahl Eisenhüttenstadt. The match ended with serious riots among the fans of SG Dynamo Schwerin. Emotions between the two clubs had been tense since the dispute over player delegations in 1965. But the decisive factor behind the riots was perceived manipulation of the game by referee Erwin Vetter. BFC Dynamo narrowly won the match 1–2, after a winning goal by Detlef Weber in the 83rd minute. A Stasi investigation revealed that a sense of injustice was also shared by members of the Stasi in Bezirk Schwerin and that some members of the Stasi who had attended the match either left the ground or followed the events passively.[24][30][28] BFC Dynamo finished 1967-68 DDR-Liga Nord in first place and immediately returned to DDR-Oberliga. Lysczan became the top goal scorer of BFC Dynamo in the league with 19 goals. Waldemar Mühlbächer, Martin Skaba and Hermann Bley retired after the season. Konrad Dorner was transferred to the reserve team and Günter Wolff left for FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt after the season. Mühlbächer, Skaba, Bley and Dorner had joined the team in 1956–1958.

Rejuvenation (1968–1971)

BFC Dynamo aimed to create the basis for something that would last through long-term planning. This included the formation of a high-performance youth department.[50][51] BFC Dynamo had won the majority of the youth competitions in Berlin since the club's founding. The club's youth teams had been particularly successful during the 1966–67 and 1967–68 seasons.[51] BFC Dynamo fielded a young team in 1968-69 DDR-Oberliga.[50] A continuous process of rejuvenation had begun after the relegation from the DDR-Oberliga.[52] The club had used the previous season in the DDR-Liga Nord to integrate a number of young players in the first team. Forwards Harald Schütze and Norbert Johannsen and midfielder Werner Voigt were some of the young playes that had been given the opportunity to make appearances with the first team during the previous season.[53] Harald Schütze was now a regular player in the first team.[52]

BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 1–0 in the first home match of the 1968-69 DDR-Oberliga in front of 6,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 24 August 1968. The winning goal was scored by Harald Schütze.[54] However, this was followed by a 4–1 loss away to 1. FC Magdeburg in the third matchday and a 1–3 loss at home to F.C. Hansa Rostock in the fourth match day. The young team had a difficult start to the 1968-69 DDR-Oberliga.[52][55] BFC Dynamo lost 2–0 away to HFC Chemie in the seventh matchday on 28 September 1968. The team was now in 12th place in the league.[55] BFC Dynamo came back with a 3–1 win at home against BSG Stahl Riesa in the following matchday. However, the team was then defeated 4–0 away by then defending champion FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the 9th matchday on 12 October 1968. A few changes was now made to the line-up. A small turn came in the following matchdays. BFC Dynamo defeated FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 1–0 in the 10th matchday, drew 1–1 away against rival 1. FC Union Berlin in the 11th matchday and defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 1–0 at home in the 12th matchday.[52] BFC Dynamo finished the first half of the season in the 11th place. Hans Geitel became the new coach during the winter break.[52] The positive trend continued in the second half of the season.[55] The team defeated BSG Sachsenring Zwickau 1–2 away in the 19th matchday and HFC Chemie 1–0 at home in the 20th matchday. Then came a difficult setback with a 4–0 loss away to BSG Stahl Riesa in the following matchday. However, BFC Dynamo then managed to defeat third-placed FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–1 at home in the 22nd matchday on 19 April 1969. Peter Lyszcan and Günter Aedtner scored one goal each in the match. BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1968-69 FDGB-Pokal. The team lost the semi-final 1–2 at home to 1. FC Magdeburg on 7 May 1969. BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 1968-69 DDR-Oberliga in 10th place and was able to successfully retain its place in the league.

BFC Dynamo recruited forward Ralf Schulenberg from FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt for the 1969–70 season.[56] BFC Dynamo defeated SG Dynamo Dresden 3–1 in the fourth matchday in front of 8,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 6 September 1969. However, the team would lose 5–2 away against FC Vorwärts Berlin in the fifth matchday and 1–4 at home against HFC Chemie in the sixth matchday. BFC Dynamo continued to integrate youth players into the first team. Young midfielder Peter Rohde from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the seventh matchday on 20 September 1969. Rohde would henceforth be a regular player during the season.[57] However, the match against FC Carl Zeiss Jena also ended in a loss. The disappointing trend was finally broken with a 3–0 win at home against 1. FC Magdeburg in the eighth matchday on 24 September 1969. BFC Dynamo was in seventh place in the league after the first half of the season. The young midfielder Frank Terletzki from the youth department was given the opportunity to make his first appearance with the first team of BFC Dynamo away against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the 15th matchday on 21 March 1970.[58] Terletzki would make several further appearances with the first team in the DDR-Oberliga during the spring. BFC Dynamo won the return match against FC Vorwärts Berlin 1–0 in the 18th match day in front of 5,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 11 April 1970. Rohde scored the winning goal for BFC Dynamo. It was the first victory over local rival FC Vorwärts Berlin since the 1965-66 DDR-Oberliga.[59] Young defender Bernd Brillat from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga at home against F.C. Hansa Rostock in the 22nd matchday on 2 May 1970. BFC Dynamo finished the 1969-70 DDR-Oberliga in sixth place.

Werner Lihsa was the new first-choice goalkeeper for the 1970–71 season. Norbert Johannsen would make recurring appearances with the first team during the season. BFC Dynamo started 1970-71 DDR-Oberliga with three consecutive wins. The team then met SG Dynamo Dresden in the fifth matchday on 19 September 1970. SG Dynamo Dresden had now managed to re-established itself as a top team in the DDR-Oberliga. SG Dynamo Dresden, followed by 1. FC Magdeburg, would come to dominate East German football in the 1970s. BFC Dynamo lost the match 0–1 in front of 11,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. Young forward Dietmar Labes from the youth department made his debut with the first team as a substitute in the match. The team then met defending champion FC Carl Zeiss Jena away in the following matchday on 26 September 1970. BFC Dynamo lost the match 5–1, after a hat trick by Peter Ducke. BFC Dynamo was in seventh place in the league after the first half of the season. The young defender Bernd Brillat would be used as a regular player in the spring. BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1970-71 FDGB Cup. The team defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 1–0 in the semi-final in front of 8,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 13 May 1971. The winning goal was scored by Frank Terletzki on a 25-meter free kick in the 35th minute.[60] BFC Dynamo then defeated 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 4–2 at home in the 21st matchday on 25 May 1971. Norbert Johannsen scored two goals for BFC Dynamo in the match. BFC Dynamo eventually finished the 1970-71 DDR-Oberliga in ninth place. BFC Dynamo was then set to play the new East German champion SG Dynamo Dresden in the final of the 1970-71 FDGB Cup. The final was played in front of 10,000 spectators at the Kurt-Wabbel-Stadion in Halle on 20 June 1971. Klaus Sammer scored 1-0 for SG Dynamo Dresden in the 65th minute, but Johannsen equalized for BFC Dynamo on a penalty in the 71th minute. SG Dynamo Dresden eventually won the match 2-1 after a second goal by Sammer in the 119th minute.[61] SG Dynamo Dresden thus secured the first double in the history of East German football.[62] However, BFC Dynamo qualified for the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup as runners-up in the 1970-71 FDGB Cup, as SG Dynamo Dresden was already qualified for the 1971-72 European Cup as champions. BFC Dynamo was thus qualified for its first UEFA competition.

Rise (1971–1978)

Focus club in East Berlin and talent factory (1971)

A number of football clubs in East Germany were designated as specially promoted focus clubs (German: Schwerpunktclubs) in the 1970 Football Resolution.[63][64] The focus clubs would receive additional financial support from the German Gymnastics and Sports Federation (DTSB) and other advantages.[65][66] They would be equipped with more staff as well as better material and technical conditions.[67] Focus clubs also have the right to accommodate twice as many students in their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) compared to other football clubs.[68] FC Vorwärts Berlin and BFC Dynamo were selected as focus clubs in East Berlin.[65][69] The DFV and the DTSB would attempt to delegate the best players to the focus clubs at the beginning of the 1970s.[70]

The football landscape in East Berlin would then change dramatically ahead of the 1971–72 season. The Ministry of Defence decided to relocate FC Vorwärts Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971.[71][72][73] The exact reasons for the decision have not been fully clarified.[74] The relocation was probably the result of political intrigues by the Stasi and the SED.[75] The German author Hans Joachim Teichler writes that all speculation ends up with Erich Mielke. Teichler believes that Mielke must have somehow have convinced the Minister of Defence Heinz Hoffmann that two clubs of the armed forces in Berlin were one too many.[76] Mielke regarded FC Vorwärts Berlin as a competitor to the BFC Dynamo in the capital, while his colleague in the Politburo and the SED First Secretary in the Bezirk Frankfurt Erich Mückenberger expected a boost for the Frankfurt an der Oder area.[2]

BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin were now the only major football clubs in East Berlin.[77] The districts of East Berlin had been divided between BFC Dynamo, FC Vorwärts Berlin and 1. FC Union Berlin when the football clubs were founded. Each club could recruit young talent from training centers (German: Trainingszentrum) (TZ) in its own districts.[78][77] The districts were redistributed when FC Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder. BFC Dynamo was able to take over all the districts in East Berlin that had previously belonged to FC Vorwärts Berlin.[78][77] DTSB officials allegedly saw more potential in BFC Dynamo than in 1. FC Union Berlin.[77] BFC Dynamo now had access to two thirds of all training centers (TZ) in East Berlin.[39][78] 1. FC Union Berlin also had to hand over its catchment area in Bezirk Potsdam to FC Vorwärts Berlin, as compensation for the districts that FC Vorwärts Berlin had lost in East Berlin.[39][79][77] The relocation of FC Vorwärts Berlin also meant that BFC Dynamo would get the opportunity to play home matches at the larger and more centrally located Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in Prenzlauer Berg, which led to increased interest in the club and growing attendance numbers.[80]

"Football success will highlight even more clearly the superiority of our socialist order in the area of sport."

Erich Mielke[4]

BFC Dynamo would eventually be developed into a flagship team of SV Dynamo during the 1970s. The team stood out among other teams within SV Dynamo. BFC Dynamo was located at the frontline of the Cold War. It was also a representative of the East German capital. This meant that the club had to be well equipped.[81] The most influential so-called sponsor association behind SV Dynamo was the Stasi.[81] Supported by Erich Mielke, BFC Dynamo would get the best training facilities, equipment, coaching staff and talent.[4][3] The club would eventually get access to a nationwide scouting network, including numerous training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo.[82][83][84] BFC Dynamo would be able recruit young talented players from the youth departments of all sports communities (German: Sportgemeinschaft) (SG) of SV Dynamo in East Germany, except those in the Bezirk Dresden.[69] The club would get access to a total of 38 training centers (TZ) across East Germany.[85] By comparison, 1. FC Union Berlin only had access to 6 training centers (TZ), all of which were located in the Berlin area.[85] The youth department at BFC Dynamo would be developed into a talent factory under the leadership of Egon Rohde.[86] Egon Rohde joined the youth department of BFC Dynamo as a youth coach from SG Dynamo Rostock-Mitte in 1969 and became the head of the extensive youth department of BFC Dynamo.[87] Egon Rohde was also the father of four players in various teams of BFC Dynamo: Peter Rohde, Jürgen Rohde, Rainer Rohde and Frank Rohde.[57][87]

Success (1971–1972)

BFC Dynamo recruited forward Wolf-Rüdiger Netz from SG Dynamo Schwerin for the 1971–72 season. Norbert Johannsen and Frank Terletzki were now regular players in the first team. BFC Dynamo got off to a weak start in the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga. The team had only captured one win in the first five matchdays. However, the team would have all the more success in Europe. BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup. The team eliminated Cardiff City F.C. in the first round and then K Beerschot VA in the second round. The team was thus qualified for the quarter-finals. BFC Dynamo met local rival 1. FC Union Berlin in the 12th matchday in the 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga on 26 December 1971. The match ended in a 1–1 draw in front of 14,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum.[88] The derby was marked by crowd trouble with eight persons arrested.[89] BFC Dynamo was in sixth place in the league after the first half of the season.

The team would show its potential during the second half of the 1971–72 season. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Magdebug 1–0 in the 15th matchday on 15 January 1972 and then SG Dynamo Dresden 2–1 in the 17th matchday on 29 January 1972. The team was undefeated in the first seven matchdays of the second half of season. BFC Dynamo defeated Åtvidabergs FF 0–2 away in the first leg of the quarter-finals of the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup on 8 March 1972. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz scored both goals. The team then defeated HFC Chemie 3–8 away in the 19th matchday on 12 March 1972. Norbert Johannsen scored three goals, while Frank Terletzki and Ralf Schulenberg scored two goals each. BFC Dynamo then played a 2–2 draw in that return leg against Åtvidabergs FF in front of 30,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 22 March 1972.[90] The team was thus qualified for the semi-finals of the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup. This also meant that BFC Dynamo became the first team from Berlin to qualify for the semi-finals of a UEFA competition. The team was drawn against Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals. The first leg ended 1–1 in front of 30,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 5 April 1972. Norbert Johannsen scored the only goal for BFC Dynamo in the match on a penalty.[91] The team was eventually eliminated after losing the return leg in a penalty shootout at the Druzhba Stadium in Lviv on 20 April 1972.[92] BFC Dynamo finished 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga in second place. It was the club's best season so far in the DDR-Oberliga. Norbert Johannsen became the best goalscorer for BFC Dynamo in the league with 10 goals. BFC Dynamo participated in the Fuwo-Pokal at the end of the league season. The FuWo-Pokal was a tournament for all teams in 1971-72 DDR-Oberliga, sponsored by the East German football weekly Die Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo). BFC Dynamo finished as runners-up after loosing 2–0 to FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the final in front of 12,000 spectators at the Dr.-Kurt-Fischer-Stadion on 17 June 1972.[93] Joachim Hall retired after the season and Peter Lyszcan was transferred to SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde.[94]

Difficulties and reformation (1972–1975)

Peter Rohde became the new team captain for the 1972–73 season.[94] BFC Dynamo defeated FC Karl-Marx-Stadt 5–2 in the opening match of the 1972-73 DDR-Oberliga in front of 8,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 16 September 1972.[95] BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1972-73 UEFA Cup as the runners-up in the 1971-72 DDR Oberliga. The team defeated Angers SCO in the first round of the competition. BFC Dynamo lost the derby against 1. FC Union Berlin 1–2 in the third matchday in front of 15,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 30 September. BFC Dynamo came back with a big 4–0 win against F.C. Hansa Rostock in the fifth matchday in front of 9,000 spectators at the Dynano-Stadion im Sportforum on 15 October 1972. However, the team was then defeated 3–1 away by FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the following matchday. BFC Dynamo defeated Levski Sofia in the second round of the 1972-73 UEFA Cup. The team was drawn against Liverpool F.C. in the third round. BFC Dynamo managed a 0–0 draw against Liverpool F.C. in the first leg in front of 20,000 spectators at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 29 November 1972.[96] However, the team was eventually eliminated after a 3–1 loss away in the return leg at Anfield on 13 December 1972. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz scored the only goal for BFC Dynamo in the match. The goal for the 1972-73 DDR-Oberliga was a medal. But the team lost important ground to the constant competition from FC Carl Zeiss Jena and SG Dynamo Dresden at the end of the first half of the season.[97] BFC Dynamo only managed a 1–1 draw at home against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau in the 12th matchday and was then defeated 1–0 away by BSG Wismut Aue i the 13th matchday.[97] The team stood at fourth place in the league before the winter break. Werner Lihsa was selected as the BFC Footballer of the Year for the second year in a row at the seventh edition of the club's traditional annual ball in Dynamo-Sporthalle at the beginning of the new year.[98] Günter Schröter became the new coach for second half of the 1972–73 season.[99]

BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1972-73 FDGB-Pokal. The team was eliminated in the two-legged semi-final by 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig. BFC Dynamo met 1. FC Union Berlin in the 16th match day on 16 April 1972. The team won the return match 0–2 away in front of 18,000 spectators at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei. Both goals were scored by Norbert Johannsen. However, the results in the league declined during the spring. BFC Dynamo lost 2–0 away to 1. FC Magdeburg in the 20th match day, 2–4 at home to SG Dynamo Dresden in the 21st matchday and then 4–1 away against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt in the 22nd match day. The 17-year-old talented forward Hans-Jürgen Riediger from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against BSG Sachsenring Zwickau in the 25th matchday on 9 June 1973. Riediger then scored two goals for BFC Dynamo against BSG Wismut Aue in the following and final matchday on 23 June 1973.[100] BFC Dynamo eventually finished 1972-73 DDR-Oberliga in sixth place. Norbert Johannsen became the best goalscorer for BFC Dynamo in the league for the second season in a row. Wolf-Rudiger Netz was transferred to SG Dynamo Schwerin and Manfred Becker to SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde and Werner Voigt left for 1. FC Union Berlin after the season.[99]

Harry Nippert was the new coach for the 1973–74 season.[99] Günter Schröter became assistant coach.[99] BFC Dynamo recruited attacking midfielder Reinhard Lauck from 1. FC Union Berlin for the season.[99] Lauck had been one of the most prominent players in 1. FC Union Berlin. 1. FC Union Berlin had been relegated to the second tier DDR-Liga after the 1972–73 season. Lauck had allegedly been advised by the DFV to switch to BFC Dynamo in order to continue playing for the East Germany national football team. Hans-Jürgen Riediger would make several appearances for the team during the season.[101] BFC Dynamo started 1973-74 DDR-Oberliga with both clear wins and clear losses. The team defeated BSG Chemie Leipzig 3–0 home in the opening matchday, lost 5–0 away to F.C. Hansa Rostock inte second matchday, defeated FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt 3–0 in the third match day and then lost 3–0 to BSG Sachsenring Zwickau in the fourth matchday. BFC Dynamo met 1. FC Magdeburg in the quarter-finals of the 1973-74 FDGB Cup. The team defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 0-2 and then 2–0 in the two-legged quarterfinals. BFC Dynamo was in 10th place in the league before the winter break. The few wins during the first half of the season had only been achieved against relegation candidates. In between, there were numerus disappointing results. However, there had also been several experiments with tactics and players positions during the autumn.[102] Frank Terletzki was voted the 1973 BFC Footballer of the Year during the club's traditional ball at the beginning of the new year.[103]

The match between SG Dynamo Dresden and BFC Dynamo in the FDGB-Pokal at the Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 13 February 1974.

BFC Dynamo was drawn against SG Dynamo Dresden in the semi-finals of the 1973-74 FDGB-Pokal. The team won the first leg 1–0 in front of 21,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 30 January 1974. The winning goal was scored by Norbert Johannsen.[104] However, BFC Dynamo was eventually eliminated after a 2–0 loss away to SG Dynamo Dresden in the return leg in front of 34,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 13 February 1974.[105] The team got a rematch against SG Dynamo Dresden in the 22nd matchday on the 16th March 1974. BFC Dynamo won the this match 3–0 in front of 8,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum.[106] The match against SG Dynamo Dresden in the 22nd matchday was the best performance of BFC Dynamo so far during the season. Norbert Johannsen scored two goals and Jochen Carow scored one goal in the match. BFC Dynamo finished also the 1973-74 DDR-Oberliga in sixth place. Numeours players were tried during the season. Not a single player played all 26 league matches during the season.[107] Ralf Schulenberg was transferred to the reserve team BFC Dynamo II after the season. Dieter Stumpf retired from his playing career after the season.[108] He had been registered in the squad, but did not play any matches for the first team during the season.

Wolf-Rüdiger Netz (right) opens the goalscoring for BFC Dynamo with a header in the match against BSG Wismut Aue in the DDR-Oberliga on 30 November 1974.

Martin Skaba became the new assistant coach for the 1974–75 season.[108] BFC Dynamo recruited defender Michael Noack from BSG Energie Cottbus for the season. BSG Energie Cottbus had been relegated to the second tier DDR-Liga after the 1973–74 season. The team was also joined by young defender Lutz Eigendorf from the youth department. Hans-Jürgen Riediger was now also a regular player in the team. BFC Dynamo got off to a shaky start in the 1974-75 DDR-Oberliga. The team had not captured a single win during the first eight matches and was second to last in the league after the eighth match day. The turning point came with a 3–1 win over 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig in the ninth matchday on 19 October 1974.[109] Forwards Ralf Schulenberg and Wolf-Rüdiger Netz returned during the autumn. Both had previously been suspended from the DDR-Oberliga for disciplinary reasons.[109] The 17-year-old defender Norbert Trieloff from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against BSG Wismut Aue in the 11th matchday on 30 November 1974. The team won the match 6–0 in front of 5,500 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum. Norbert Johannsen scored three goals, Hans-Jürgen Riediger two goals and Wolf-Rüdiger Netz one goal in the match.[110] Hans-Gustav Creydt became first-choice goalkeeper at the end of the autumn. BFC Dynamo was in sixth place in the league after the first half of the season. Team captain Reinhard Lauck was voted 1974 BFC Footballer of the Year at the clubs's traditional annual ball in Dynamo-Sporthalle at the beginning of the new year.[111] BFC Dynamo played a 1–1 draw against SG Dynamo Dresden on the 19th match day in front of 21,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 25 April 1975.[112] The team then defeated HFC Chemie 8–0 on the 23rd matchday on 14 May 1975. HFC Chemie was previously the team that had achieved the biggest win of the season after defeating BSG Stahl Riesa 7–1 in the fourth matchday. BFC Dynamo finished 1974-75 DDR-Oberliga in fourth place. Norbert Johannsen became the best goalscorer for BFC Dynamo in the league. Werner Lihsa and Jochen Carow retired after the season.[113]

Rise in the DDR-Oberliga (1975–1978)
Roland Jüngling (left) in a duel with Eberhard Lippmann of BSG Stahl Riesa in the DDR-Oberliga on 8 NOvember 1975.

Frank Terletzki became the new team captain for the 1975–76 season. The team was joined by the young goalkeeper Reinhard Schwerdtner from the youth department.[113] Schwerdtner would be played together with Hans-Gustav Creydt during the season. BFC Dynamo had the youngest team in the league with an average age of only 22.5 years at the start of season.[114][113] The young midfielder Roland Jüngling from the youth department would also join the team and make regular appearances in DDR-Oberliga during the season.[113] BFC Dynamo started the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga with big numbers. The team defeated FC Vorwärts Frankfut 7–1 in the opening match in front of 10,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 23 August 1975.[115] The team then defeated BSG Energie Cottbus 5–1 in the second matchday in front of 22,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 27 August 1975.[116] The two big wins were followed by a 5–1 loss away against SG Dynamo Dresden in the third matchday on 30 August 1975.[117] BFC Dynamo met 1. FC Magdeburg in the round of 16 in 1975-76 FDGB-Pokal. The team won the first leg 3–1 in front of 13,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 7 December 1975. Reinhard Lauck scored two goals.[118] However, the team was eliminated after a 0–4 loss in the return leg on 17 December 1975. BFC Dynamo defeated BSG Sachsenring Zwickau 0–5 away in the last matchday before the winter break. Hans-Jürgen Riediger scored two goals, Wolf-Rüdiger Netz two goals and Frank Terletzki one goal in the match.[119] BFC Dynamo was in fifth place in the league after the first half of the season.

Hans-Gustav Creydt saves a ball from Peter Kotte of SG Dynamo Dresden during the match between the two teams in the DDR-Oberliga on 21 February 1976.

The 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga was dominated by SG Dynamo Dresden. BFC Dynamo met SG Dynamo Dresden at home in the 16th match may on 21 February 1976. The match was played in front of 25,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark. BFC Dynamo came back from 0-2 and Riediger even scored 3–2 in the 66th minute. The score was 3–3 at the end of the match and Creydt saved a penalty from Hans-Jürgen Kreische. SG Dynamo Dresden eventually won the match 3-4 after a goal by Dieter Riedel in the 90th minute.[120] However, BFC Dynamo would count several big home wins and spectator numbers during the spring. BFC Dynamo defeated 1. FC Magdeburg 0–4 in the 18th matchday in front of 22,000 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 6 March 1976 [121] The team then defeated FC-Karl-Marx Stadt 4–0 in the 20th matchday in front of 12,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 27 March 1976. Hans-Jürgen Riediger scored a hat trick in the match.[122] BFC Dynamo defeated FC Carl Zeiss Jena 3–0 in the 22nd matchday in front of 23,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 17 April 1976 and then 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig 6–0 on the 24th matchday in front of 25,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 8 May 1976.[123][124] BFC Dynamo finished the 1975-76 DDR-Oberliga as runners-up. The young team under coach Nippert had achieved a goal difference of 67-26 during the 26 matches of league season.[6] Riediger scored 18 goals, Netz 12 goals and Terletzki 10 goals for BFC Dynamo in the league.[125] Norbert Johannsen retired from his playing career after the season.[126]

BFC Dynamo recruited young midfielder Rainer Troppa from BSG Energie Cottbus for the 1976–77 season.[126] BSG Energie Cottbus had been relegated to the DDR-Liga after the 1975–76 season. Werner Voigt also returned from SG Dynamo Fürstenwalde for season. The only players from the team that had played against Dynamo Moscow in the semi-finals of the 1971-72 European Cup Winners' Cup that remained were Harald Schütze, Peter Rohde, Ralf Schulenberg, Frank Terletzki and Wolf-Rüdiger Netz.[127] Local rival 1. Union Berlin was back in the DDR-Oberliga in the 1976–77 season after three seasons in the DDR-Liga. BFC Dynamo met 1. FC Union Berlin in the opening match of the 1976-77 DDR-Oberliga. 1. Union Berlin had become the focus of hooligan attention.[128] All matches in the derby would now be played at the large Stadion der Weltjugend in Mitte for security reasons.[128] BFC Dynamo was defeated 1-0 by 1. FC Union Berlin in front of 45,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend.[129] The derby was attended by several high-ranking politicians such as Erich Honecker, Erich Mielke, Harry Tisch and Egon Krenz.[130] BFC Dynamo was qualified for the 1976-77 UEFA Cup. The team was eliminated by FC Shakhtar Donetsk in the first round. Young goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit from the youth department made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga in the eighth match day against FC Carl-Zeiss Jena on 22 October 1976. Young forward Ralf Sträßer from the youth department then made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga against FC Vorwärts Frankfurt on the 11th match day on 2 December 1976. Strässer would be used as a regular player during the season. BFC Dynamo defeated SG Dynamo Dresden 2–1 in the 13th match day in front of 16,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 18 December 1976. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz and Dietmar Labes scored one goal each.[131] BFC Dynamo was in third place after the first half of the season. Ralf Schulenberg retired from his playing career for medical reasons after the first half of the season, at only 27-years-old.[132] Reinhard Lauck was voted the 1976 BFC Footballer of the Year at 10th edition of the club's traditional annual ball in Dynamo-Sporthalle at the beginning of the new year.[133] BFC Dynamo also lost the return match against 1. FC Union Berlin 0–1 on the 14th matchday on 19 February 1977.[134] However, it would come to be the last defeat to 1. FC Union Berlin in the DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo finished 1976-77 DDR-Oberliga in fourth place. Harald Schütze and Werner Voigt retired after the season.[135]

Jürgen Bogs became new coach on 1 July 1977.[135] The 30-year-old Bogs had a background as a coach in the youth academy of BFC Dynamo and had led the BFC Dynamo junior team to a second place in the 1974–75 and 1975-76 East German Junior championships (de).[136][137] Martin Skaba continued as assistant coach.[135] BFC Dynamo recruited striker Hartmut Pelka from BSG Chemie Leipzig and the 17-year-old striker Detlef Helms from 1. FC Union Berlin for the 1977–78 season.[135] Norbert Trieloff was now also a regular player in the team. BFC Dynamo lost 1–4 at home to 1. FC Lokomotive Lepzig in the second matchday of the 1977-78 DDR-Oberliga on 20 August 1977. The team then defeated local rival 1. FC Union Berlin 1–0 in the third matchday in front of 45,000 spectators at the Stadion Der Weltjugend on 26 August 1977. Frank Terletzki scored the winning goal for BFC Dynamo on a free kick in the 87th minute.[138] Young goalkeeper Bodo Rudwaleit would be the first-choice goalkeeper from the fifth match day. BFC Dynamo would stabilize in third place in the league at the end of the autumn. The team defeated first-placed SG Dynamo Dresden 1–2 away in the 12th match day 3 December 1977. BFC Dynamo reached the semi-finals of the 1977-78 FDGB-Pokal. The team was eliminated in the two-legged semi-final by 1. FC Magdeburg. 1. Magdeburg would later go on to win the cup. Young defender Artur Ullrich from the reserve team made his debut for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga at home against BSG Wismut Gera on the 19th match day on 7 April 1978.[139] Ullrich had come through the youth department. BFC Dynamo won the match 4-0 after three goals by Hans-Jürgen Riediger and one goal by Ralf Sträßer.[139] BFC Dynamo eventually finished 1977-78 DDR-Oberliga in third place. Wolf-Rüdiger Netz became the best goalscorer for BFC Dynamo in the league with 13 goals. Goalkeeper Hans-Gustav Creydt retired after the season.

See also

Explanatory notes
  1. The founding of SC Dynamo Berlin was part of a general reorganisation of sport in East Germany in the middle of the 1950s, when 21 sports clubs (German: Sportclub) (SC) were set up under different sports associations (German: Sportvereinigung) (SV), such as SV Dynamo and SV Lokomotive, entirely separate from the older enterprise sports community (German: Betriebssportgemeinschaft) (BSG) system. The sports clubs were envisioned as centres of excellence (German: Leistungszentren) for the promotion of elite sport. Membership in any of these designated sports clubs was only possible through delegation by the appropriate sports association.[2][3]
  2. This was not the first and last relocation or transfer of entire football teams in East Germany. Among several examples: The team of SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Schwerin and its place in the DDR-Liga was transferred SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Rostock in 1952. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Rostock would later be known as SG Dynamo Rostock-Mitte (de). The team of SV Vorwärts der KVP Leipzig was relocated to East Berlin in 1953. The team continued the 1953-54 DDR-Oberliga season as SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin. SV Vorwärts der KVP Berlin was later known as ASK Vorwärts Berlin. The football department of ASK Vorwärts Berlin later became FC Vorwärts Berlin.[9][3][10] The relatively successful team of BSG Empor Lauter and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Empor Rostock in 1954. The football department of SC Empor Rostock later became FC Hansa Rostock.[11] Then SED First Secretary in Bezirk Rostock Karl Mewis and SED funcionary Harry Tisch were instrumental in the relocation of BSG Empor Lauter to Rostock.[12][11] The team of BSG Turbine Halle and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to sports club SC Chemie Halle-Leuna in 1954. BSG Turbine Halle was the champions of the 1951-52 DDR-Oberliga. The football department of SC Chemie Halle-Leuna later became HFC Chemie.[13] The football department of BSG Wismut Aue was transferred to sports club SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt in 1954. However, due to protests in Aue, the team would eventually be able to continue playing at the Otto-Grotewohl-Stadion.[14] The football department was later transferred back to BSG Wismut Aue when SC Wismut Karl-Marx-Stadt was dissolved in 1963. However, some players joined successor club SC Karl-Marx-Stadt instead. The football department of SC Karl-Marx-Stadt later became FC Karl-Marx-Stadt.
  3. SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden had existed since October 1948.[17] When SG Friedrichstadt was dissolved after the 1949–50 DDR-Oberliga season, the playing right in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden.[17] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden was thus able to enter DDR-Oberliga without having to progress through divisions.[16] In order to put together a strong team for SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Dresden to the 1950-51 DDR-Oberliga, the 40 best players of the various Volkspolizei teams in East Germany were brought together for a training session in Forst in July 1950. Coaches Fritz Sack and Paul Döring picked out 17 players from 11 different cities who were delegated to Dresden to form the team.[18][19][17] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam lost five players.[16] SV Deutsche Volkspolizei Potsdam was severely weakened by the delegations to Dresden.[6]

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  39. Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2000). Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! (1st ed.). Berlin: BasisDruck. pp. 64–65. ISBN 978-3-86163-106-4. Aber der Reihe nach: Die Fußballclubs hatten bei ihrer Gründung einen oder zwei Bezirke zugewiesen bekommen, aus deren Trainingszentren sie ihren Nachwuchs rekrutierten. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt verfügte Union über ein Drittel der Berliner Leistungszentren und den Bezirk Potsdam als Einzugsgebiet. Als der FC Vorwärts jedoch nach Frankfurt umgesiedelt wurde, bekam er als Talentequelle neben dem nun "eigenen" Bezirk Frankfurt/Oder auch noch Potsdam zugewiesen. Und der BFC übernamn das Drittel der Berliner Nachwuchsschmieden, das vordem die Armeesportler inne hatten. Damit verfügten die Dynamos über das Einzugsgebiet Cottbus plus zwei Drittel Berlins.
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  52. Fischer, Werner (31 December 1968). "Mit Schütze als Regisseur kam die erhoffte Wende". Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1968, no. 53. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 6. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  53. Binkowski, Manfred (11 June 1968). "Der BFC Dynamo nutzte das Ligajahr". Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1968, no. 20. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 12. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
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  57. "Im ersten Jahr: Peter Rohde (Berliner FC Dynamo)". Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1970, no. 4. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 17 February 1970. p. 16. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  58. Bonse, Günter (24 March 1970). "Wertvoller Sieg am dünnen Seil". Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1970, no. 12. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 4. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  59. Friedemann, Horst; Fischer, Werner (14 April 1970). "Dem Meister drohte eine Lektion". Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1970, no. 15. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 5. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  60. Binkowski, Manfred (18 May 1971). "Sagenhaftes Freistoßtor von Terletzki" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 20. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 7. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  61. "Der 'Lange' in einer Spielertraube". Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 25. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 22 June 1971. p. 5. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
  62. "Fußball-Dresden darf sich freuen: Meister Dynamo holte auch den Pokal!" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 25. Berlin: DFV der DDR. 22 June 1971. p. 3. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 9 April 2022.
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  64. Kummer, Micharl (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. pp. 223–226. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  65. Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 13–15. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  66. Farshi, Sabbagh; Hadi, Mohammad (20 May 2011). Written at Hamburg. Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 21–22. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  67. Kummer, Micharl (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 215. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  68. Kummer, Micharl (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 315. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
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  70. Kummer, Micharl (2010). Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen (PDF) (PhD) (in German). Potsdam: University of Potsdam. p. 228. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  71. Müller, Ronny (18 December 2015). "Club der Bessergestellten". Sportbuzzer (in German). Hannover: Sportbuzzer GmbH. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  72. Max, Jens (5 November 2019). "Insolvenzen, Abstiege, Neuanfänge: Das wurde aus den letzten 14 DDR-Oberligisten". Mitteldeutsche Zeitung (in German). Halle: Mediengruppe Mitteldeutsche Zeitung GmbH & Co. KG. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
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  75. Wenzke, Rüdiger (2013). Ulbrichts Soldaten: Die Nationale Volksarmee 1956 bis 1971 (1st ed.). Berlin: Christopher Links Verlag GmbH. p. 646. ISBN 978-3-86284-206-3.
  76. Teichler, Hans Joachim (4 May 2006). "Fußball in der DDR". bpb.de (in German). Bonn: Federal Agency for Civic Education. Retrieved 10 October 2020. Letztlich landen alle Spekulationen immer wieder bei MfS-Chef Erich Mielke, der den Verteidigungsminister Heinz Hoffmann irgendwie überzeugt haben musste, dass zwei Clubs der "bewaffneten Organe" in Berlin zuviel waren.
  77. Dost, Robert (17 January 2011). Written at Berlin. Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. p. 12-13. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  78. Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 35–36. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  79. Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. p. 36. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  80. Japke, Josephine (21 June 2018). Written at Königs Wusterhausen. Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR (PDF) (BA) (in German). Mittweida: Hochschule Mittweida. pp. 38–40. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  81. Braun, Jutta (2015). Münkel, Daniela (ed.). State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police (PDF). Berlin: German Federal Archives. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-3-942130-97-4. Retrieved 13 April 2022.
  82. Friedemann, Horst (1991). Sparwasser und Mauerblümchen: Die Geschichte des Fussballs in der DDR, 1949–1991 (in German) (1st ed.). Essen: Klartext Verlag. p. 128. ISBN 978-3884744628. Das DDR-weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie im Partnerbezirk Cottbus hat den Talentenachschub nie abreiß en lassen.
  83. Kannowski, Stephan (1999). Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin (October 1999 ed.). Hamburg: Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH). p. 30. ISBN 978-3832419226. Der BFC Dynamo Berlin besaß das einmalige Privileg im Fußball der DDR, die besten Spieler und Talente nach Ostberlin zu delegieren. Allein für den Erfolg von Fußballverein BFC Dyamo Berlin wurden über 33 Trainingszentren des SV Dynamo errichtet, in denen junge begabte Fußballspieler ausgebildet wurden. Zuden bestand eine Partnerschaft mit dem Bezirk Cottbus.
  84. Luther, Jörn; Willmann, Frank (2003). BFC Dynamo – Der Meisterclub (in German) (1st ed.). Berlin: Das Neue Berlin. p. 203. ISBN 3-360-01227-5. Das DDR - weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie der Partnerbezirk Cottbus hatte den Talentstrom nie abreißen lassen.
  85. Braun, Jutta; Teichler, Hans Joachim (2006). Sportstadt Berlin im Kalten Krieg: Prestigekämpfe und Systemwettstreit (1st ed.). Berlin: Christoph Links Verlag GmbH. p. 380. ISBN 978-3861533993. Bei den Clubmannschaften existierte eine Zweiklassenesellschaft. In Berin genoss der BFC Dynamo besondere Privilegien. So standen dem von Ministerium für Staatssicherheit finanzierten und als Lieblingskind Erich Mielkes bekannten Club aus Hohenschönhausen republikweit 38 Trainingszentren (TZ) zur Verfügung, aus denen er seine Talente rekrutiere konnte. Der 1. FC Union hingegen musste sich mit 6 TZs im Berliner Raum zufrienden geben.
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  88. Burghause, Hans Günter (28 December 1971). "Union wurde die Initiative Überlassen" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1971, no. 52. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 5. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 10 April 2022.
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  121. Pfitzner, Joachim (9 March 1976). "Tolle BFC-Tore und vom Meister nichts" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1976, no. 10. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 5. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  122. Burghause, Hans Günter (30 March 1976). "Das Jubiläumstor war sehenwert" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1976, no. 13. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 6. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  123. Friedemann, Horst (20 April 1976). "Im Angriffswirbel strandete der Gast" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1976, no. 16. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 7. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  124. Burghause, Hans Günter (11 May 1976). "Das Gastgeber zog alle Register" (PDF). Neue Fußballwoche (FuWo) (de) (in German). Vol. 1976, no. 19. Berlin: DFV der DDR. p. 7. ISSN 0323-8407. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
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