History and use of electoral systems
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined. Elections and referenda have been organized by governments, business, non-profit organisations and informal organisations. There are many variations in electoral systems, with the most common systems being first-past-the-post voting, the two-round (runoff) system and proportional representation.
The study of electoral methods is called social choice theory or voting theory, and this study can take place within the field of political science, economics, or mathematics, and specifically within the subfields of game theory and mechanism design.
Timeline
A chronological list of discovery, invention, development, description, or first known adoption and major use of electoral systems.
Antiquity
- c. 5th century BCE - Direct democracy in ancient Greece. Ostracism by plurality vote in Athens. A early version of score voting in ancient Sparta, by measuring how loudly the crowd shouted for different candidates.
Medieval era
- 1201–1300 – Venice adopts approval voting (unlimited voting) to elect their Great Council.
- 1299 – Ramon Llull devised the earliest known Condorcet method (equivalent to Copeland's method in cases with no pairwise ties) and the Borda count. The manuscripts in which he described these methods had been lost to history until they were rediscovered in 2001.
- 1401–1464 – Nicholas of Cusa independently discovers the Borda count.
18th century
- 1770 – Jean-Charles de Borda first proposes the Borda count.
- 1788 – Condorcet first describes instant-runoff voting (IRV).
- 1792 – Future U.S. president Thomas Jefferson invents the D’Hondt method (Jefferson’s method).
- 1793 – Condorcet invents Bucklin voting.
19th century
- 1819 – The Single Transferable Vote invented by Thomas Wright Hill.
- 1832 – The Webster method, also called the Sainte-Laguë method described by Daniel Webster.
- 1868 – Droop quota described by Henry Richmond Droop.
- 1870 – Cumulative voting is used to elect the Illinois House of Representatives.
- 1876 – Dodgsons method described by Charles L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) who also independently discovered the Borda count.
- 1878 – D'Hondt method re-invented independently by Belgian mathematician Victor D'Hondt.
- 1880 – Gregory method invented.
- 1882 – Nanson's method first described.
- 1884 – A form of Liquid democracy is first described by Charles L. Dodgson.
- 1892 – Contingent vote used to elect the Legislative Assembly of Queensland.
- 1895 – Proportional approval voting invented.
- 1899 – Phragmen's voting rules published.
- 1899 – Sequential proportional approval voting first described.
20th century
- 1912 – Interactive representation first proposed.
- 1919 – Preferential block voting (multiple transferable vote) used in Australia.
- 1923 – Majority bonus (majority jackpot) implemented in Italy under Benito Mussolini.
- 1949 – Mixed-member proportional representation implemented in West-Germany.
- 1959 – Kemeny–Young method developed by John Kemeny.
- 1977 – Random dictatorship first described by Allan Gibbard.
- 1987 – Ranked pairs (RP) or the Tideman method invented by Nicolaus Tideman.
- 1989 – Binomial voting introduced in Chile.
- 1989 – Combined approval voting originally proposed by Dan Felsenthal.
- 1990 – Positive vote transfer system using a mixed single vote implemented in Hungary.
- 1993 – Negative vote transfer system (scorporo) implemented in Italy.
- 1998 – Alternative vote plus (AV+) proposed by the Jenkins Commission in the UK.
- 1997 – Schulze method developed by Markus Schulze.
21st century
- 2003 – Fair majority voting (a type of biproportional apportionment) first described.[1]
- 2007 – Majority Judgement is invented by Balinski&Laraki.
- 2008 – Wright system first described.
- 2010 – Satisfaction Approval voting invented.[2]
- 2013 – Dual-member proportional representation (DMP) invented.[3]
- 2014 – STAR voting first described.[4]
- 2016 – Rural–urban proportional representation (RUP) first proposed in Canada.
- 2017 – The Method of Equal Shares, a proportional method of participatory budgeting invented.
- 2019 – Usual Judgement invented.[5]
History and use of major systems
Instant-runoff voting
Single transferable vote
Use by country
References
- "Divisor methods for proportional representation systems: An optimization approach to vector and matrix apportionment problems". Mathematical Social Sciences. 56 (2): 166–184. 2008-09-01. doi:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2008.01.004. ISSN 0165-4896.
- Brams, Steven J.; Kilgour, D. Marc (2010). "Satisfaction Approval Voting" (PDF). Paper presented at the Annual National Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, Illinois, in April 2010.
- Canadian House of Commons Special Committee on Electoral Reform (September 29, 2016). "Meeting No. 33 Evidence".
- "Score Runoff Voting: The New Voting Method that Could Save Our Democratic Process". Independent Voter Network. 2016-12-08. Retrieved 2017-04-05.
- Fabre, Adrien (2021). "Tie‐breaking the highest median: alternatives to the majority judgment". Social Choice and Welfare. 56: 101–124. doi:10.1007/s00355-020-01269-9. S2CID 226196615 – via Springer Link.
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