Highways in Romania

Controlled-access highways in Romania are dual carriageways, grade separated with controlled-access, designed for high speeds. In 2012, legislation amendments defined two types of highways: motorways (Romanian: Autostrăzi) and expressways (Romanian: Drumuri expres).

Highways in Romania. The white middle line depicts sections in use, dotted middle line depicts sections under construction, while light green represents proposed expressways.

The main differences are that motorways have emergency lanes and the maximum allowed speed limit is 130 km/h (81 mph), while expressways do not and the speed limit is 120 km/h (75 mph).[1]

The EU accession of the country in 2007 and the improved utilization of the allocated EU funds in recent years, enabled Romania to speed up the expansion of its highway network. There are no toll roads, but a vignette is required, except for municipal roads.

As of 21 April 2022, there are 954.438 km of highways in service.[2][3]

Only A2 and A10 are completed, while A1 is mostly completed with significant sections currently being built. A3 has three large segments that are currently in use, but most of it is still only planned, with only a small part under construction. A4, A6, A7, A11 and DEx12 currently have only small segments in use, the latter which will likely be the next completed highway. Plans to extend the current network include six other motorways, but none are likely to be completed in the near future.

Official labels

Motorways are identified by A followed by a number. Expressways are identified by DEx followed by a number. There are few tolls for using roads in Romania. There is one at the Giurgeni – Vadu Oii Bridge over the river Danube on highway DN2A at Vadu Oii and one at the Cernavodă Bridge, on the A2 motorway, a 17 km long section between Feteşti and Cernavodă which consists of two road/railway bridges. Nevertheless, every owner of a car that uses a motorway (A), an expressway (DEx) or a national road (DN) in Romania must purchase a vignette (rovinietă) from any of the main petrol stations or at any post office throughout the country.[4]

History
See also: A1, A2, A3, A4, A6, A7, A10, A11, and DEx12

Pre-1990
Motorways' plan of 1969 (in red) and the motorways' opened by 23 March 2018 (in green)

The construction of the first motorway in Romania began in 1967, and the first segment of the A1 motorway, from Pitești to the capital Bucharest was opened in 1972 with a total length of 96 km. During the building of this motorway, a general plan was released in 1969, detailing the building of motorways in the incoming years, however, due to low volumes of traffic, the communist regime focused on improving current roads instead. Until the collapse of the communist regime in 1989, the building of the second motorway between Bucharest and Constanta had been planned, but only an 18 km long segment of A2 from Fetești to Cernavodă, opened in 1987.

Before joining the EU

In the 1990s, the transition from a centralized economy to a market economy severely limited investment into infrastructure projects, and the entire motorway network totaled 113 km for several years until the construction project of A2 was resumed in 1998. Actual construction began in 2001, and three segments were finally opened in 2004 (Bucharest – Fundulea, Fundulea – Lehliu and Lehliu – Drajna) and another in 2007 (Drajna – Fetești) totalling around 130 km. The A1 motorway was extended also in 2007 with the Pitești bypass. A large sector of A3, termed "Transylvania Motorway", was awarded controversially in 2004 without bidding to the American Bechtel Corporation. Large cost overruns and delays ensued for this project, and after political controversies, most of the contracts were cancelled, and only some 50 km of the Cluj bypass (Gilău – Turda – Câmpia Turzii) were opened between 2009 and 2010, at much larger costs than initially signed in the contract.

Following EU integration
Network size[2][3]
YearOpened
(km)		Total
(km)
1972 96 96
1987 17.5 113.5
2004 97.3 210.8
2006 50.2 261
2009 41.5 302.5
2010 27.8 330.3
2011 69.1 399.4
2012 116.8 516.2
2013 117.9 634.1
2014 49 683.2
2015 40.7 723.9
2017 24.1 748.1
2018 46.7 794.8
2019 43.3 838.1
2020 61.9 900
2021 38.5 938.4
2022 18.5 956.9

After joining the European Union in 2007, Romania was able to access funds for infrastructure development more easily, especially for those part of the Pan-European Corridor IV overlapping with A1 and A2 motorways. Many segments of the A1 motorway were started, and by the end of 2011 around 85 km were partially or fully opened: A1 segments Timișoara – Arad and Sibiu bypass; A2 segment Murfatlar – Constanța; A4 Constanța bypass and A11 Arad bypass.[5] By the end of 2012 more segments were opened: the A1 between Deva – Simeria, the A2 between Cernavodă – Murfatlar, another segment of the A4, the Constanța bypass, and the first A3 segment built by a different joint venture than Bechtel, Bucharest – Ploiești. At the end of 2013, more segments of the A1 opened: parts of Lugoj – Deva, Sibiu – Orăștie – Simeria, and the first sector of the A6, between Balinț – Lugoj, and the final segment of the A4 (the Constanța bypass). In 2014 and 2015, more A1 segments were opened between Sibiu – Orăștie, Arad – Nădlac, and Timișoara – Lugoj, for a total of 726.6 km of motorways in use in Romania in December 2015.

Political debates and changes in priorities of left-leaning parties after 2014 greatly slowed down motorway projects.[6] In 2016, there were no new segments opened, with a small segment part of Lugoj – Deva opening in 2017.[7] In 2018, 40% of the A10, between Aiud – Turda, and A3, between Ungheni – Iernut,[8] Gilău – Nădășelu, the entrance into Bucharest opened to traffic,[9] bringing the total to over 800 km. In 2019, two more segments of the A1 opened (between Coşeviţa – Deva), providing an almost fully opened motorway (excluding a segment of 13.5 km) between the border with Hungary and Sibiu.[10][11] In 2020, more segments were opened, on the A3 (Biharia − Borș, Iernut − Chețani, Râșnov − Cristian),[12][13][14] the first segment of the A7 (the Bacău bypass),[15] and a segment on the A10 (Sebeș – Alba Iulia), bringing the total to over 900 km of highway.[16] In 2021, the A10 segment Alba Iulia – Aiud and the A3 segment Târgu Mureș – Ungheni opened to traffic.[17][18]

2022 has seen the first segment of a expressway-class road in Romania open for traffic, the DEx12 expressway between Balș and Slatina (16.0 km).[3]

Current projects
See also: A0, A5, A8, A9, and A13
The official highway plan, proposed by the Ministry of Transport and CNADNR (CNAIR) in 2014.

As of August 2020, there are 208.7 km that were awarded for construction and 73.1 km that were also tendered. Several segments are currently being built: the A3 between Nădășelu – Poarta Sălajului (42.3 km), Chiribiș – Biharia (28.55 km) and Nușfalău – Suplacu de Barcău (13.5 km), two segments of the A1 between Sibiu – Pitești (entirely 43.5 km), and the Southern part of the Bucharest Ring Motorway. Also, works are yet to begin for two of the four segments of the Northern part of the Bucharest Ring Motorway as their respective construction contracts have been signed. The contract for the Chețani – Câmpia Turzii (15.7 km) segment had been terminated in March 2021 with the recorded progress sitting at 37.85%.

Currently the only completed motorways are A2 and A10. The unfinished segments of A1 and A3 are in various stages of planning and construction, with several segments likely to finish by 2022–2025. There are no active planned projects for extending the current A4, A6 and A11 motorways that are in usage, as only projected long-term plans are envisioned in various infrastructure masterplans.[19]

A few other motorways have received active discussion, including a termed A0 Bucharest Motorway Ring Road as an outer ring to the Bucharest Ring Road. The A7 motorway, between Ploiești – Siret, has been planned to be part of the Pan-European Corridor IX, but so far only the Bacău bypass (16.2 km) has been built. Beyond Pașcani, the Corridor IX is envisioned to be covered by the A8 (the East–West Motorway, a link between Moldavia and Transylvania). Plans have been brought forward to link Craiova to the A1 through an DEx12 expressway. Highways crossing the Carpathian Mountains have been delayed due to large costs, with debates on whether to build the A3 (through long-term concession contracts) or the A1 (EU funds would cover most of the cost). The A13 motorway is planned to serve as an alternative to link the A1 and the A3, then to the A7 at Bacău. A9 is planned to link A1 to Serbia, while the A5 is planned to link Bucharest to Bulgaria.[19][20]

Future timeline

Contracted segments with estimated openings:[21]

  • 2022:
    • DEx12 expressway, Craiova - Slatina, the section S2/lot B (21.35 km) (Q2)
    • A1 motorway, Pitești - Sibiu, the lot 1 between Boița - Sibiu (13.17 km) (Q4)
    • DEx4 expressway, the lot Brăila - Jijila (19.095 km), section DN22B - DN22/link road (4 km; including Brăila Bridge) (Q4)
  • 2023:
    • A0 motorway, Bucharest South Ring, sections 1, 2 and 3 (entirely 47.995 km)
    • A3 motorway, Ogra - Câmpia Turzii, the lot 3 between Chețani - Câmpia Turzii (15.69 km)
    • A3 motorway, Cluj-Napoca - Mihăiești, section 3A2 between Nădășelu - Mihăiești (16.80 km)
    • A3 motorway, Mihăiești - Suplacu de Barcău, section 3B1 between Mihăiești - Zimbor (13.26 km)
    • A3 motorway, Mihăiești - Suplacu de Barcău, section 3B2 between Zimbor - Poarta Sălajului (12.24 km)
    • A3 motorway, Mihăiești - Suplacu de Barcău, section 3B5 between Nușfalău - Suplacu de Barcău (13.55 km)
    • A3 motorway, Suplacu de Barcău - Borș, section 3C2 between Chiribiș - Biharia (28.55 km)
    • DEx4 expressway, the lot Brăila - Jijila (19.095 km), the sections DN2B - DN22B and DN22/link road - Jijila (15 km)
    • DEx6 expressway, between Galați - Brăila (11 km)
    • DEx12 expressway, Craiova - Slatina, the section S1 (17.7 km)
    • DEx12 expressway, Slatina - Pitești, the section S3 (31.6 km)
    • DEx12 expressway, Slatina - Pitești, the section S4 (31.965 km)
  • 2024:
    • A0 motorway, Bucharest North Ring (52.805 km), section 2 between Corbeanca - Afumați (19.00 km)
    • A0 motorway, Bucharest North Ring (52.805 km), section 4 between Pantelimon - Cernica (4.50 km)
  • 2025:
    • A1 motorway, Pitești - Sibiu, the lot 5 between Pitești - Curtea de Argeș (30.35 km)

List
Highways in Romania [20][22][23]

Motorway (A)
Expressway (DEx)		 From Route To Planned (km) In service (km)
Number Name
A0		 Bucharest
Ring		 Bucharest – – – Bucharest 100.765 0
Intended to serve as an outer ring to the existing Bucharest Ring Road. First segment awarded for construction was on the southern half in 2018. Currently is partially under construction, with the first openings due in 2022–2023.[24]
A1		 Transcarpathian Bucharest Bucharest Ring Road – – – Pitești – – Sibiu – – Deva – – Lugoj – Timișoara – – Arad Nădlac → Hungary 580.20 444.93
Bucharest–Pitești (109.66 km), Sibiu–Holdea (175.71 km), and Margina–Nădlac (159.56 km) sections are operational. In the project phase is the section of the Holdea–Margina tunnels (13.16 km) and the Pitești–Sibiu section (122.11 km), from which Piteşti – Curtea de Argeş (30 km) and Sibiu – Boița (13 km) are under construction.
A2		 Sun Bucharest Bucharest Ring Road – – Fetești – Cernavodă – Constanța 203.00 203.00
Operational on the entire length since 2012, first fully completed motorway in Romania.
A3		 Transilvania Bucharest Bucharest Ring Road – – – Ploiești – – Brașov – Sighișoara – – Târgu Mureș – – Cluj-Napoca – Zalău – Oradea – Borș → Hungary 606.53 171.79
Bucharest–Ploiești (62.79 km), Râșnov–Cristian (6.30 km), Târgu Mureș–Chețani (36.1 km), Câmpia Turzii–Nădășelu (61.25 km), Oradea–Borș (5.35 km) sectors are operational. The links between A3 and DN73 at Cristian (3.56 km), A3 and DN15 at Târgu Mureș (4.70 km), although they are not part of the A3, are built to the DEx standard.[25][26] The status of the Făgăraș–Târgu Mureș segment (108.0 km) remains unclear.
A4/DEx4		 Dobrogea Brăila Tulcea – Ovidiu – – Constanța – Agigea – Mangalia Vama Veche → Bulgaria 269.9 (version) 22.20
Only Constanța bypass is motorway and in use. Brăila - Constanța (187.7 km) and Agigea - Vama Veche (60.0 km) are expressway sections.
A5		 Vlasia Bucharest – Giurgiu Giurgiu → Bulgaria 55.2 0
Initially A5 was designated Sibiu - Brașov, but this segment was united with Brașov - Bacău, forming A13.
A6		 Southern Lugoj – Lugoj – Drobeta-Turnu Severin – Craiova – – Alexandria – Bucharest 452
(version)		 11.40
Opened only as the Lugoj bypass from the junction with A1.[27] The Bucharest - Craiova section is 195 km, Craiova - Dr.Turnu Severin section is 104 km and the Dr.Turnu Severin - Lugoj section is 142 km.[28][29]
A7/DEx7		 Moldova Ploiești
(Dumbrava)		 – Ploiești (Dumbrava) – Buzău – Focșani – – Bacău – Roman – Pașcani – – Suceava – Siret → Ukraine 455.53 16.269
Only Bacău bypass (16.269 km) is in use. Between the Milișăuți Railway Station (near Rădăuți) and Siret (30.1 km), the road is classified expressway.[30] The sections Dumbrava (A3-km 53 / 16 km from Ploiești) - Buzău (63.250 km), Buzău - Focșani (82.440 km), Focșani - Bacău (96.052 km), Bacău - Pașcani (93.663 km), Pașcani - Suceava (61.133 km) and Suceava - Siret (58.991 km) are all in various stages of planning and tendering.[31][32][33]
A8		 Union Târgu Mureș – Sovata – Târgu Neamț – – Pașcani – Iași Ungheni → Moldova 311.07 0
East–West motorway between regions of Transylvania and Moldavia, feasibility studies under revision with estimated construction period 2022–2030.
A9		 Banat Timișoara – Timișoara – Moravița Moravița → Serbia 92 0
Intended to link Timișoara with Serbia's motorway network.
A10		 Mihai Viteazu Sebeș – Alba Iulia – Aiud – Turda 70.00 70.00
Operational on the entire length since 2021.
A11/DEx11		 Crișana Arad – Oradea – Biharia 134.628 2.0
Only junction with A1 is operational since 2011. The A-profile motorway is 58.168 km, having 3x3 lanes on 14.640 km and 2x2 lanes on 43.528 km. The DEx-profile highway is 76.460 km.[34][35][36]
DEx12		 Oltenia Pitești – Slatina – Balș – Craiova 121.19 16.0
Only the segment Slatina - Balș is operational. All other segments are undergoing construction.
A13		 Carpathia Sibiu – Făgăraș – – Brașov – Onești – Răcăciuni 291.6
(version)		 0
Intended as a link between southern Transylvania and Moldavia. The section Sibiu - Brașov has 129.6 km (version), and the section Brașov - Răcăciuni has 162 km.
A14		 Northern Botoșani Suceava – – Vatra Dornei – Bistrița – – Dej – Baia Mare – Satu Mare Oar → Hungary 335
(version)		 0
Feasibility studies are undergoing for the Satu Mare - Oar section. The A14 and DEx15 intersect between Dej and Livada.[37][38][39][40][41][42]
DEx15
(version)		 Someș Turda – – Dej – Baia Mare Halmeu → Ukraine 264.6
(version)		 0
The A14 and DEx15 intersect between Dej and Livada.[40][22]
DEx16/DEx6/
DEx18/DEx8
(version)		 Muntenia Buzău – Făurei – Brăila – Galați 109
(version)		 0
The DX16 Buzău - Brăila segment has 98.0 km. The triangle with A7 is closed with the DX18 Brăila - Tecuci - Focșani expressway, named Milcovia highway. The DX6 Brăila - Galați segment has 11.088 km and it is under construction, to be finished in 2023. This would be linked to the new bridge over Danube and the connection with DX8 towards Tulcea.[43][22]
DEx1 Basarabia Tișița – Tecuci – Bârlad Albița → Moldova 160
(version)		 0
Intended as a connection between Bucharest and Chișinău.[44][45][46][22]

Expressways

Planned expressways as of 2020 according to CNADNR (Romanian National Company of Motorways and National Roads):[47]

Planned other expressways in 2020-2027 [22]
Route Planned (km) In construction (km) In Service (km)
A3 – Henri Coandă Airport 9.0 0 0
Găiești – Târgoviște – Ploiești 74.2 0 0
Craiova – Târgu Jiu 109 0 0
Craiova – Calafat 78.7 0 0
Drobeta-Turnu Severin – Calafat 72.8 0 0
Suceava – Botoșani 26.0 0 0
Bacău – Piatra Neamț 61.0 0 0
Focșani – Brăila – Galați - Giurgiulești 97.3 0 0
Pitești – Câmpulung – Brașov 124.0 0 0
  • A1 motorway between Bucharest and Pitești, the first Romanian motorway
  • A1 motorway at Pitești bypass
  • A1 motorway at Sibiu bypass, opened in 2010.
  • A1 motorway near Timișoara
  • A2 motorway at Cernavodă, opened 1987
  • A2 motorway near Constanța at a junction with the A4 motorway
  • A2 motorway between Bucharest and Fetești
  • A3 motorway between Bucharest and Ploiești
  • A3 motorway between Turda and Cluj
  • A4 motorway (Constanța bypass)
  • A11 motorway (Arad bypass)

See also

References
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