Demographics of Rwanda

This article is about the demographic features of the population of Rwanda, including population density, ethnicity, education higher level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Rwanda's population density, even after the 1994 genocide, is among the highest in Sub-Saharan Africa at 500 inhabitants per square kilometre (1,300/sq mi). This country has few villages, and nearly every family lives in a self-contained compound on a hillside. The urban concentrations are grouped around administrative centers.

Rwanda population pyramid in 2020

Over half of the adult population is literate, but no more than 5% have received secondary education.

Ethnic groups
Further information: Ethnic groups in Rwanda

The Rwandan population largely consists of three ethnic groups. The Hutus, who comprise the majority of the population (85%), are farmers of Bantu origin. The Tutsis (14% before the Genocide, probably less than 10% now) are a pastoral people who arrived in the area in the 15th century. Until 1959, they formed the dominant caste under a feudal system based on cattleholding.

The Twa (pygmies) (1%) are thought to be the remnants of the earliest settlers of the region.

Population
Children carrying firewood near Lake Kivu
A graph showing the historical population of Rwanda.

In 1950, Rwanda had a very narrow population pyramid, with less than 250,000 males and females between 0–10 years old. The graph only gets narrower as it goes up with virtually no-one living past 50 years of age. In 2017, we see the population of Rwanda increase dramatically from 1950 with about 750,000 people between 0–20 years old, the graph remains very narrow in the older ages section but has improved from 1950. By 2050, it is predicted that more people will be living longer and the structure will broaden overall. By 2100, it is predicted that there will be more people aged between 30–60 than between 0–20 as previous years have shown.[1]

According to the 2019 revision of the World Population Prospects[2][3] the total population was 12,301,970 in 2018, compared to only 2,072,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 42.6%, 54.7% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older .[4]

Population
Total population (in thousands) Population aged 0–14 (%) Population aged 15–64 (%) Population aged 65+ (%)
1950 2,07245.152.32.6
1955 2,38646.350.82.9
1960 2,77148.149.12.8
1965 3,22147.849.52.7
1970 3,74947.849.72.5
1975 4,39047.749.92.4
1980 5,17948.149.72.2
1985 6,08148.949.12.0
1990 7,11049.148.72.2
1995 5,57048.449.32.3
2000 8,09845.452.02.6
2005 9,20242.455.02.7
2010 10,62442.654.72.7
2012 10,51641.1655.653.19

Structure of the population

Structure of the population (1 July 2012 estimates, data refer to national projections):[5]

Age group Male Female Total %
Total 5,342,112 5,691,029 11,033,141 100
0–4 973,447 957,104 1,930,551 17.50
5–9 770,292 763,709 1,534,001 13.90
10–14 608,836 621,378 1,230,213 11.15
15–19 552,629 568,101 1,120,730 10.16
20–24 525,485 550,486 1,075,971 9.75
25–29 508,839 540,872 1,049,712 9.51
30–34 366,700 416,072 782,772 7.09
35–39 241,362 291,340 532,702 4.83
40–44 197,005 228,728 425,733 3.86
45–49 165,096 193,402 358,499 3.25
50–54 153,080 180,759 333,839 3.03
55–59 107,200 132,234 239,433 2.17
60–64 71,924 92,299 164,223 1.49
65–69 38,125 58,585 96,710 0.88
70–74 29,285 46,236 75,521 0.68
75–79 17,736 27,557 45,293 0.41
80+ 15,071 22,178 37,239 0.34
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 2,352,575 2,342,191 4,694,766 42.55
15–64 2,889,320 3,194,282 6,083,602 55.14
65+ 100,217 154,556 254,773 2.31

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2019): [6]

Age Group Male Female Total %
Total 6 008 384 6 366 013 12 374 397 100
0–4 844 359 828 304 1 672 663 13.52
5–9 764 098 763 070 1 527 168 12.34
10–14 757 029 764 727 1 521 756 12.30
15–19 669 226 685 385 1 354 611 10.95
20–24 559 045 580 570 1 139 615 9.21
25–29 502 947 533 613 1 036 560 8.38
30–34 464 011 487 289 951 301 7.69
35–39 399 641 420 377 820 018 6.63
40–44 272 423 311 994 584 417 4.72
45–49 193 490 233 052 426 542 3.45
50–54 158 153 188 719 346 872 2.80
55–59 143 753 177 803 321 557 2.60
60–64 113 795 145 306 259 101 2.09
65-69 75 204 99 427 174 630 1.41
70-74 41 032 60 933 101 965 0.82
75-79 24 110 41 408 65 519 0.53
80+ 26 067 44 035 70 102 0.57
Age group Male Female Total Percent
0–14 2 365 486 2 356 101 4 721 587 38.16
15–64 3 476 485 3 764 109 7 240 594 58.51
65+ 166 413 245 803 412 216 3.33

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events is in Rwanda not complete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates. [4]

Period Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR*
1950–1955118,00055,00063,00052.924.728.18.00160
1955–1960137,00060,00077,00053.323.429.98.15152
1960–1965155,00065,00090,00051.921.930.08.15143
1965–1970178,00072,000106,00051.020.730.38.10137
1970–1975211,00082,000128,00051.820.331.58.20134
1975–1980250,00092,000158,00052.319.333.08.25132
1980–1985294,00092,000202,00052.216.335.98.25124
1985–1990326,000123,000203,00049.418.730.77.80120
1990–1995258,000263,000−5,00040.741.5−0.86.30128
1995–2000278,000136,000142,00040.719.920.86.00118
2000–2005344,000125,000219,00039.814.425.45.60108
2005–2010404,000122,000281,00040.712.328.45.43100
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)
We can also see that in 1990-1995 had a large decrease in population. This is due to the fact 1994 was the center of a genocide.

Births and deaths[7][8][9]

Year Population Live births (Expected number) Deaths (Expected number) Natural increase (Expected number) Crude birth rate Crude death rate Rate of natural increase TFR
2012 404,067 139,499 264,568
2019 11,867,607 313,398 (360,388) 23,791 (75,712) 289,607 (284,676) 29.1 5.9 23.2 3.8
2020 12,663,116 312,678 (364,342) 22,634 (75,624) 290,044 (288.718) 28.8 6.0 22.8 3.7

Fertility and Births

Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (Wanted Fertility Rate) and Crude Birth Rate (CBR):[10]

Year CBR (Total) TFR (Total) CBR (Urban) TFR (Urban) CBR (Rural) TFR (Rural)
1992 40.0 6.23 (4.2) 38.0 4.51 (3.3) 41.0 6.33 (4.3)
2000 5.8 (4.7) 5.2 (4.1) 5.9 (4.8)
2005 43.2 6.1 (4.6) 39.8 4.9 (3.6) 43.8 6.3 (4.8)
2007–08 39.2 5.5 (3.7) 37.4 4.7 (3.3) 39.6 5.7 (3.8)
2010 34.4 4.6 (3.1) 30.6 3.4 (2.6) 35.0 4.8 (3.2)
2014–15 32.6 4.2 (3.1) 34.3 3.6 (2.7) 32.3 4.3 (3.2)
2019-2020 31.8 4.1 (3.1) 32.4 3.4 (2.8) 31.6 4.3 (3.2)

Fertility data as of 2014–15 (DHS Program):[11]

Province Total fertility rate Percentage of women age 15–49 currently pregnant Mean number of children ever born to women age 40–49
Kigali3.66.94.6
South4.06.95.0
West4.67.45.9
North3.76.35.6
East4.68.45.9

Life expectancy
Historical development of life expectancy in Rwanda
Period Life expectancy in
Years		 Period Life expectancy in
Years
1950–1955 40.0 1985–1990 48.1
1955–1960 41.5 1990–1995 23.7
1960–1965 43.0 1995–2000 44.7
1965–1970 44.1 2000–2005 50.6
1970–1975 44.6 2005–2010 60.1
1975–1980 45.8 2010–2015 65.2
1980–1985 49.8

Source: UN[12]

Other demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019.[13]

  • One birth every 1 minutes
  • One death every 7 minutes
  • One net migrant every 58 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 2 minutes

The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook[14] unless otherwise indicated.

Population
12,187,400 (July 2018 est.)
11,901,484 (July 2017 est.)

Age structure
Population pyramid of Rwanda in 2017
0–14 years: 40.98% (male 2,521,169 / female 2,473,055)
15–24 years: 19.45% (male 1,187,249 / female 1,183,278)
25–54 years: 32.93% (male 1,903,087 / female 2,109,839)
55–64 years: 4.15% (male 225,273 / female 280,545)
65 years and over: 2.49% (male 120,952 / female 182,953) (2018 est.)

Median age
total: 19.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 200th
male: 18.5 years
female: 20 years (2018 est.)
Total: 19 years
Male: 18.3 years
Female: 19.8 years (2017 est.)

Birth rate
29.8 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 39th

Death rate
6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 154th

Total fertility rate
3.75 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 41st

Population growth rate
2.3% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 34th
2.45% (2017 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth
23 years (2014/15 est.)
note: median age at first birth among women 25-29

Contraceptive prevalence rate
53.2% (2014/15)

Net migration rate
0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.) Country comparison to the world: 68th

Dependency ratios
total dependency ratio: 77.3 (2015 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 72.4 (2015 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 5 (2015 est.)
potential support ratio: 20.1 (2015 est.)

Urbanization
urban population: 17.2% of total population (2018)
rate of urbanization: 2.86% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Life expectancy at birth
total population: 64.5 years (2018 est.)
male: 62.6 years (2018 est.)
female: 66.5 years (2018 est.)
total population: 64.3 years
male: 62.3 years
female: 66.3 years (2017 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15–64 years: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.70 male(s)/female
total population: 1.00 male(s)/female (2017 est.)

Nationality

noun: Rwandan(s)/Rwandese
adjective: Rwandan/Rwandese

[15] 85% Hutu, 14% Tutsi, 1% Twa.

Religions

Protestant 49.5% (includes Adventist 11.8% and other Protestant 37.7%), Roman Catholic 43.7%, Muslim 2%, other 0.9% (includes Jehovah's Witness), none 2.5%, unspecified 1.3% (2012 est.)

Languages
  • Kinyarwanda only (official universal Bantu vernacular) 93.2%
  • Kinyarwanda and other language(s) 6.2%
  • French (official) and other language(s) 0.1%
  • English (official) and other language(s) 0.1%
  • Swahili (or Kiswahili used in commercial centers) 0.02%
  • Other 0.03%
  • Unspecified 0.3% (2002 est.)

[16]

Education expenditure
3.5% of GDP (2016)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2015 est.)

total population: 70.5% (2015 est.)
male: 73.2% (2015 est.)
female: 68% (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 11 years (2017)
male: 11 years (2017)
female: 11 years (2017)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24
total: 1.9% (2014 est.)
male: 1.4% (2014 est.)
female: 2.5% (2014 est.)

See also

References
  1. https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Graphs/DemographicProfiles/
  2. ""World Population prospects – Population division"". population.un.org. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  3. ""Overall total population" – World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision" (xslx). population.un.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved November 9, 2019.
  4. Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision Archived May 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  5. "United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  6. "UNSD — Demographic and Social Statistics".
  7. http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/vitstats/serATab3.pdf
  8. "Vital Statistics | National Institute of Statistics Rwanda".
  9. "Rwanda Vital Statistics Report 2020". National Institute of Statistics Rwanda. Retrieved 29 May 2021.
  10. "MEASURE DHS: Demographic and Health Surveys". Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  11. http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR316/FR316.pdf
  12. "World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations". Retrieved 2017-07-28.
  13. "Rwanda Population 2019", World Population Review
  14. "The World FactBook - Niger", The World Factbook, July 12, 2018 This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  15. "Outreach Programme on the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda". UN.org. Retrieved 6 August 2021.
  16. "Africa :: RWANDA". CIA The World Factbook. 13 December 2021.
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