Climate change in Israel

Climate change in Israel refers to the effects of climate change attributed to man-made increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the nation of Israel. The Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection has reported that climate change "will have a decisive impact on all areas of life, including: water, public health, agriculture, energy, biodiversity, coastal infrastructure, economics, nature, national security, and geostrategy", and will have the greatest effect on vulnerable populations such as the poor, the elderly, and the chronically ill.[1]

Israel map of Köppen climate classification

Impacts

Due to substantial growth in vehicle use and emissions from power plants, the presence of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) and Sulfur Oxides (SOx) in the air near Israel's major urban centers have increased significantly between 1980 and 2002.[2][3] Nitrogen oxides doubled twice during these years, CO2 increased by 190%, and incidents of respiratory illness among children increased from 5%-17%.[4][5] Although greenhouse gas emissions have steadily risen from 1996 to 2007, as of 2010 concentrations of Nitrogen oxides and other pollutants have decreased around major traffic sites. Additionally, falling Sulfur oxide levels have been observed and attributed to more efficient fuel use in industrial power plants.[6] However, despite the effects of technology in lowering per-capita emissions, rapid population growth and increased per-capita consumption have led to an overall decrease in air quality.[5] The Israel Meteorological Service has also noted "a significant warming trend in all regions of the country".[1]

In 2020, the Ministry of Environmental Protection noted that climate change is expected to reduce rainfall, decreasing the flow of the Jordan River by 22% and imperiling the availability of fresh water for the region.[1] It also noted that at the same time, rising sea levels along the Mediterranean basin "will ultimately affect all of Israel's coasts, from Rosh Hanikra to the border of the Gaza Strip", potentially leading to saltwater infiltration of aquifer groundwater and degrading coastal cliffs, requiring "residences, hotels, heritage sites, factories, and the like to be moved".[1] Yields of certain crops are expected to be damaged, as are industries for livestock and fishing.[1]

Mitigation

According to the INDS of Israel, the main mitigation targets is to reduce per capita greenhouse gas emissions to 8.8 tCO2e by 2025 and to 7.7 tCO2e by 2030. Total emissions should be 81.65 MtCO2e in 2030. In business as usual scenario the emissions should be 105.5 MtCO2e by 2030 or 10.0 tCO2e per capita. To reach it, the government of Israel wants to reduce the consumption of electricity by 17% relative to business as usual scenario, produce 17% of electricity from renewables and shift 20% of transportation from cars to public transport by 2030.[7]

In an effort to comply with GHG emission reductions, Israel formed a committee with the goal of evaluating the country's potential to reduce emissions by the year 2030. Their findings have confirmed that Israel's power sector generates approximately half of the country's total GHG emissions. The second largest offender is the transport sector, which produces approximately 19% of total emissions.[8]

A 2002 study by the Israeli Journal of Chemistry found that Israel's efforts to minimize the effects of chemical pollution and improve environmental quality have proven less effective than those of the EU and other countries.[9]

International cooperation

Israel is party to several international agreements regarding air pollution and climate change, including the Kyoto Protocol, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and Montreal Protocol.[9][10] Despite having taken these steps, Israel's environment continues to suffer as a rapidly growing population and standard of living contributes to increasing Green House Gas emissions and air pollutants.[9][6][5] On 22 November 2016 Israel ratified the Paris Agreement. The country is part of three initiatives in mitigation and adaptation and 16 other action taken by non governmental actors.[11]

See also

References
  1. "Climate Change Trends and Impact in Israel". Ministry of Environmental Protection. November 2, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2021.
  2. Fisch, Daniel (1998). "Israel's Environmental Problems". Palestine-Israel Journal of Politics, Economics and Culture. 5.
  3. "THE LAND: Environmental Protection". Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. State of Israel.
  4. Tal, Alon (2002). Pollution in a Promised Land. University of California Press.
  5. Orenstein, Daniel E. (2004). "Population Growth and Environmental Impact: Ideology and Academic Discourse in Israel". Population and Environment. 26 (1): 41–60. doi:10.1023/B:POEN.0000039952.74913.53. S2CID 144223300.
  6. Bar-Or, Yeshayahu; Matzner, Orna. "State of the Environment in Israel Indicators, Data and Trends 2010" (PDF). Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection. State of Israel Ministry of Environmental Protection Office of the Chief Scientist.
  7. The State of Israel. "ISRAEL'S INTENDED NATIONALLY DETERMINED CONTRIBUTION (INDC)" (PDF). UNFCCC. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
  8. "TARGETING CLIMATE CHANGE IN ISRAEL: TOWARD PARIS AND BEYOND" (PDF). Israel Environment Bulletin (42). January 2016.
  9. Haran, Miriam; Samuels, Rana; Gabbay, Shoshana; Mingelgrin, Uri (1 November 2002). "Quality indicators of the state of chemical pollution in israel". Israel Journal of Chemistry. 42 (1): 119–132. doi:10.1560/QU9Q-XGF9-HUM6-DA61. ISSN 1869-5868.
  10. "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
  11. "Israel". Nazca. United Nations. Retrieved 3 February 2020.
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