List of chancellors of Germany

The chancellor of Germany[1] is the political leader of Germany and the head of the federal government. The office holder is responsible for selecting all other members of the government and chairing cabinet meetings.[2]

Top left: Otto von Bismarck became the first chancellor with the creation of the North German Confederation (1867) and later the German Empire (1871).
Top right: In 1949, Konrad Adenauer became the first chancellor of West Germany after World War II.
Bottom left: Helmut Kohl held the office during the period of German reunification.
Bottom right: Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor of Germany

The office was created in the North German Confederation in 1867,[3] when Otto von Bismarck became the first chancellor. With the unification of Germany and establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the Confederation evolved into a German nation-state and its leader became known as the chancellor of Germany.[4] Originally, the chancellor was only responsible to the emperor. This changed with the constitutional reform in 1918, when the Parliament was given the right to dismiss the chancellor. Under the 1919 Weimar Constitution the chancellors were appointed by the directly elected president, but were responsible to Parliament.[5] The constitution was set aside during the 1933–1945 Nazi dictatorship. During Allied occupation, no independent German government and no chancellor existed; and the office was not reconstituted in East Germany, thus the head of government of East Germany was chairman of the Council of Ministers. The 1949 Basic Law made the chancellor the most important office in West Germany, while diminishing the role of the president.[1]

North German Confederation (1867–1871)

Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation

The North German Confederation came into existence after the falling apart of the German Confederation, itself caused by Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. The chancellor was appointed by the Prussian king.[3]

Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political Party
Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political Party
	Count Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)	1 July 1867	21 March 1871	3 years, 263 days		Non-partisan

German Reich (1871–1945)

Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire

The German Empire was born out of the North German Confederation as result of the Franco-Prussian War (1870). The newly created emperor named the chancellor to serve at his pleasure.[4]

Political parties: None Zentrum

No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Term of office			Political party		Cabinet
No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party		Cabinet
1		Fürst Otto von Bismarck (1815–1898)	21 March 1871	20 March 1890	18 years, 364 days		Non-partisan	Bismarck
2		Count Leo von Caprivi (1831–1899)	20 March 1890	26 October 1894	4 years, 220 days		Non-partisan	Caprivi
3		Fürst Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst (1819–1901)	29 October 1894	17 October 1900	5 years, 353 days		Non-partisan	Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
4		Fürst Bernhard von Bülow (1849–1929)	17 October 1900	14 July 1909	8 years, 270 days		Non-partisan	Bülow
5		Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg (1856–1921)	14 July 1909	13 July 1917	7 years, 364 days		Non-partisan	Bethmann-Hollweg
6		Georg Michaelis (1857–1936)	14 July 1917	1 November 1917	110 days		Non-partisan	Michaelis
7		Count Georg von Hertling (1843–1919)	1 November 1917	30 September 1918	333 days		Centre Party	Hertling
8		Prince Max von Baden (1867–1929)	3 October 1918	9 November 1918	37 days		Non-partisan	Baden

Chancellor of the German Reich

On 9 November 1918, Chancellor Max von Baden handed over his office to Friedrich Ebert. Ebert continued to serve as head of government during the three months between the end of the German Empire in November 1918 and the first gathering of the National Assembly in February 1919 as Chairman of the Council of the People's Deputies, until 29 December 1918 together with USPD Leader Hugo Haase.[6]

The Weimar Constitution of 1919 set the framework for the Weimar Republic. The chancellors were often dependent on support from the president.[1][5]

Political parties: SPD Zentrum DVP None


No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Term of office			Political party		Cabinet	Reichstag
No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party		Cabinet	Reichstag
9		Friedrich Ebert (1871–1925)	9 November 1918	13 February 1919	96 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Council of the People's Deputies SPD–USPD (as of 29 December 1918 SPD alone)	–
10		Philipp Scheidemann (1865–1939) as Reich Minister President[lower-alpha 1]	13 February 1919	20 June 1919	127 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Scheidemann SPD–DDP–Z (Weimar Coalition)	Nat.Ass. (1919)
11		Gustav Bauer (1870–1944) [lower-alpha 2]	21 June 1919	26 March 1920	279 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Bauer SPD–DDP–Z (Weimar Coalition)
12		Hermann Müller (1876–1931) First term	27 March 1920	21 June 1920	86 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Müller I SPD–DDP–Z (Weimar Coalition)
13		Constantin Fehrenbach (1852–1926)	25 June 1920	4 May 1921	313 days		Centre Party	Fehrenbach Z–DDP–DVP	1 (1920)
14		Joseph Wirth (1879–1956)	10 May 1921	14 November 1922	1 year, 188 days		Centre Party	Wirth I Z–SPD–DDP (Weimar Coalition)
14		Joseph Wirth (1879–1956)	10 May 1921	14 November 1922	1 year, 188 days		Centre Party	Wirth II Z–SPD–DDP (Weimar Coalition)
15		Wilhelm Cuno (1876–1933)	22 November 1922	12 August 1923	263 days		Non-partisan	Cuno Ind.–DVP–DDP–Z–BVP
16		Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929)	13 August 1923	30 November 1923	109 days		German People's Party	Stresemann I DVP–SPD–Z–DDP
16		Gustav Stresemann (1878–1929)	13 August 1923	30 November 1923	109 days		German People's Party	Stresemann II DVP–SPD–Z–DDP
17		Wilhelm Marx (1863–1946) First term	30 November 1923	15 January 1925	1 year, 46 days		Centre Party	Marx I Z–DVP–BVP–DDP
17		Wilhelm Marx (1863–1946) First term	30 November 1923	15 January 1925	1 year, 46 days		Centre Party	Marx II Z–DVP–DDP	2 (May.1924)
18		Hans Luther (1879–1962)	15 January 1925	12 May 1926	1 year, 117 days		Non-partisan	Luther I DVP–DNVP–Z–DDP–BVP	3 (Dec.1924)
18		Hans Luther (1879–1962)	15 January 1925	12 May 1926	1 year, 117 days		Non-partisan	Luther II DVP–Z–DDP–BVP
19 (17)		Wilhelm Marx (1863–1946) Second term	17 May 1926	12 June 1928	2 years, 26 days		Centre Party	Marx III Z–DVP–DDP–BVP
19 (17)		Wilhelm Marx (1863–1946) Second term	17 May 1926	12 June 1928	2 years, 26 days		Centre Party	Marx IV Z–DNVP–DVP–BVP
20 (12)		Hermann Müller (1876–1931)[lower-alpha 3] Second term	28 June 1928	27 March 1930	1 year, 272 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Müller II SPD–DVP–DDP–Z–BVP	4 (1928)
21		Heinrich Brüning (1885–1970)[lower-alpha 4]	30 March 1930	30 May 1932	2 years, 61 days		Centre Party	Brüning I Z–DDP–DVP–WF–BVP–KVP	5 (1930)
21		Heinrich Brüning (1885–1970)[lower-alpha 4]	30 March 1930	30 May 1932	2 years, 61 days		Centre Party	Brüning II Z–DSP–BVP–KVP–CLV	5 (1930)
22		Franz von Papen (1879–1969)[lower-alpha 4]	1 June 1932	17 November 1932	169 days		Non-partisan	Papen Ind.–DNVP	6 (Jul.1932)
23		Kurt von Schleicher (1882–1934)[lower-alpha 4]	3 December 1932	28 January 1933	56 days		Non-partisan	Schleicher Ind.–DNVP	7 (Nov.1932)

The title of Chancellor was not formally used until the Weimar Constitution took effect. Instead Scheidemann was appointed as Reichsministerpräsident (Reich Minister President).
The title of Chancellor was not formally used until the Weimar Constitution took effect. Instead, like Scheidemann, Bauer was appointed as Reichsministerpräsident (Reich Minister President). After the Weimar Constitution took place on 14 August 1919, Bauer's official title was Chancellor.
Müller was the last parliamentary chancellor until Konrad Adenauer in 1949
Non-parliamentary chancellor, appointed by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg after no majority parliamentary coalition could be formed

Chancellor of the German Reich

Adolf Hitler's Machtergreifung (seizure of power) marked the end of the Weimar Republic and the beginning of Nazi Germany. Hitler reigned as dictator and consolidated all power to himself.

Political parties

No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Term of office			Political Party		Cabinet	Reichstag[lower-alpha 1]
No.	Portrait	Name (Birth–Death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political Party		Cabinet	Reichstag[lower-alpha 1]
24		Führer Adolf Hitler (1889–1945)	30 January 1933[lower-alpha 2]	30 April 1945 (committed suicide in office)	12 years, 90 days		National Socialist German Workers' Party	Hitler NSDAP – DNVP (until 1933)	8 (Mar. 1933)
									9 (Nov. 1933)
									10 (Mar. 1936)
									11 (Apr. 1938)
25		Joseph Goebbels (1897–1945)	30 April 1945 (de jure)[lower-alpha 3]	1 May 1945 (committed suicide in office)	1 day		National Socialist German Workers' Party	(Cabinet nominated in Hitler's testament but never convened) NSDAP	—
26		Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (1887–1977) as Leading Minister[lower-alpha 4]	2 May 1945	23 May 1945 (arrested)[lower-alpha 5]	21 days		National Socialist German Workers' Party	Schwerin von Krosigk NSDAP	—

No elections held during World War II. Last convened on 26 April 1942.
Non-parliamentary chancellor, appointed by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg after no majority parliamentary coalition could be formed
Appointed by Adolf Hitler in his Political Testament
The title of Chancellor was not used formally. On May 2, 1945, Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz appointed him as Leading Minister and Reich Minister for Foreign Affairs after the suicide of Goebbels. He was de facto the Chancellor of Germany.
Arrested; government dissolved by the Allies.[7]

Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)

Federal Chancellor of the Republic of Germany

In 1949, two separate German states were established: the Federal Republic of Germany (known as West Germany) and the German Democratic Republic (known as East Germany). The list below gives the chancellors of West Germany; the government of East Germany was headed by the chairman of the Council of Ministers.[8] In 1990, East Germany was dissolved as it merged with West Germany; Germany was reunified. It retained the name of the Federal Republic of Germany.[9]

Political parties: CDU (4) SPD (4) FDP (1) Independent (1)

Denotes acting

No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Term of office			Political party		Cabinet	Bundestag
No.	Portrait	Name (birth–death)	Took office	Left office	Time in office	Political party		Cabinet	Bundestag
1		Konrad Adenauer (1876–1967)	15 September 1949	20 October 1953	14 years, 30 days		Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	Adenauer I CDU/CSU–FDP–DP	1 (1949)
			20 October 1953	29 October 1957				Adenauer II CDU/CSU–FDP/FVP–DP–GB/BHE	2 (1953)
			29 October 1957	14 November 1961				Adenauer III CDU/CSU–DP	3 (1957)
			14 November 1961	15 October 1963				Adenauer IV CDU/CSU–FDP	4 (1961)
2		Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977)	16 October 1963	26 October 1965	3 years, 45 days		Independent (No party membership; but affiliated with the CDU)[10]	Erhard I CDU/CSU–FDP	4 (1961)
2		Ludwig Erhard (1897–1977)	26 October 1965	30 November 1966	3 years, 45 days			Erhard II CDU/CSU–FDP	5 (1965)
3		Kurt Georg Kiesinger (1904–1988)	1 December 1966	21 October 1969	2 years, 324 days		Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	Kiesinger CDU/CSU–SPD	5 (1965)
4		Willy Brandt (1913–1992)	22 October 1969	15 December 1972	4 years, 197 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Brandt I SPD–FDP	6 (1969)
4		Willy Brandt (1913–1992)	15 December 1972	7 May 1974	4 years, 197 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Brandt II SPD–FDP	7 (1972)
–		Walter Scheel (1919–2016) Acting[lower-alpha 1]	7 May 1974	16 May 1974	9 days		Free Democratic Party (FDP)	Brandt II (acting)
5		Helmut Schmidt (1918–2015)	16 May 1974	14 December 1976	8 years, 138 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Schmidt I SPD–FDP
			16 December 1976	4 November 1980				Schmidt II SPD–FDP	8 (1976)
			6 November 1980	1 October 1982				Schmidt III SPD–FDP	9 (1980)
6		Helmut Kohl (1930–2017)	1 October 1982	29 March 1983	16 years, 26 days		Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	Kohl I CDU/CSU–FDP	9 (1980)
			30 March 1983	11 March 1987				Kohl II CDU/CSU–FDP	10 (1983)
			12 March 1987	18 January 1991				Kohl III CDU/CSU–FDP	11 (1987)
			18 January 1991	17 November 1994				Kohl IV CDU/CSU–FDP	12 (1990)
			17 November 1994	27 October 1998				Kohl V CDU/CSU–FDP	13 (1994)
7		Gerhard Schröder (born 1944)	27 October 1998	22 October 2002	7 years, 26 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Schröder I SPD–Green	14 (1998)
7		Gerhard Schröder (born 1944)	22 October 2002	22 November 2005	7 years, 26 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Schröder II SPD–Green	15 (2002)
8		Angela Merkel (born 1954)	22 November 2005	28 October 2009	16 years, 16 days		Christian Democratic Union (CDU)	Merkel I CDU/CSU–SPD	16 (2005)
			28 October 2009	17 December 2013				Merkel II CDU/CSU–FDP	17 (2009)
			17 December 2013	14 March 2018				Merkel III CDU/CSU–SPD	18 (2013)
			14 March 2018	8 December 2021				Merkel IV CDU/CSU–SPD	19 (2017)
9		Olaf Scholz (born 1958)	8 December 2021	Incumbent	148 days		Social Democratic Party (SPD)	Scholz SPD–Green–FDP	20 (2021)

As Vice Chancellor under Brandt, Scheel served as acting Chancellor following Brandt's resignation.[11]

Timeline

References

"Neuland Grundgesetz | Abkehr von Weimarer Verfassung – Reaktion auf Nazi-Deutschland" [Virgin Soil "Basic Law" | Departure from Weimar Constitution - Reaction to Nazi Germany] (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
"Tasks of the Federal Chancellor". bundeskanzlerin.de. The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Verfassung des Norddeutschen Bundes [North German Constitution] (in German). 26 June 1867 – via Wikisource.
Constitution of the German Empire [Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs]. 16 April 1871 – via Wikisource.
"The Seeds of Evil: The Rise of Hitler — The Constitution of the Weimar Republic". schoolshistory.org.uk. 2004. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
"Biografie Friedrich Ebert 1871-1925" [Biography of Friedrich Ebert]. www.dhm.de/lemo (in German). LeMO/Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
Hillmann, Jörg; Zimmermann, John (2014) [2002]. "Die »Reichsregierung« in Flensburg" [The "Government" in Flensburg]. Kriegsende 1945 in Deutschland (in German). Munich: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 35–65. ISBN 978-3-486-83332-4.
"Entstehung der DDR: Verfassung und Führungsrolle der SED" [Formation of the GDR: Constitution and the SED's Leadership Role]. www.hdg.de/lemo (in German). LeMO/Haus der Geschichte. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
"Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik über die Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands (Einigungsvertrag)" [Unification Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic]. Treaty of 31 August 1990 (in German). Retrieved 13 March 2018.
Jörges, Hans Ulrich; Wüllenweber, Walter (25 April 2007). "CDU-Altkanzler: Ludwig Erhard war nie CDU-Mitglied" (in German). Der Stern. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
McFadden, Robert D. (24 August 2016). "Walter Scheel, Leading Figure in West German Thaw With the East, Dies at 97". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

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[reichs-m-p-7] The title of Chancellor was not formally used until the Weimar Constitution took effect. Instead Scheidemann was appointed as Reichsministerpräsident (Reich Minister President).

[8] The title of Chancellor was not formally used until the Weimar Constitution took effect. Instead, like Scheidemann, Bauer was appointed as Reichsministerpräsident (Reich Minister President). After the Weimar Constitution took place on 14 August 1919, Bauer's official title was Chancellor.

[9] Müller was the last parliamentary chancellor until Konrad Adenauer in 1949

[presidential-10] Non-parliamentary chancellor, appointed by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg after no majority parliamentary coalition could be formed

[11] No elections held during World War II. Last convened on 26 April 1942.

[presidential-12] Non-parliamentary chancellor, appointed by Reichspräsident Paul von Hindenburg after no majority parliamentary coalition could be formed

[13] Appointed by Adolf Hitler in his Political Testament

[14] The title of Chancellor was not used formally. On May 2, 1945, Reichspräsident Karl Dönitz appointed him as Leading Minister and Reich Minister for Foreign Affairs after the suicide of Goebbels. He was de facto the Chancellor of Germany.

[16] Arrested; government dissolved by the Allies.[7]

[21] As Vice Chancellor under Brandt, Scheel served as acting Chancellor following Brandt's resignation.[11]

[grundgesetz-bpb-1] "Neuland Grundgesetz | Abkehr von Weimarer Verfassung – Reaktion auf Nazi-Deutschland" [Virgin Soil "Basic Law" | Departure from Weimar Constitution - Reaction to Nazi Germany] (in German). Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung. 1 September 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[2] "Tasks of the Federal Chancellor". bundeskanzlerin.de. The Press and Information Office of the Federal Government. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[north-german-constitution-3] Verfassung des Norddeutschen Bundes [North German Constitution] (in German). 26 June 1867 – via Wikisource.

[empire-constitution-4] Constitution of the German Empire [Verfassung des Deutschen Reichs]. 16 April 1871 – via Wikisource.

[weimar-constitution-5] "The Seeds of Evil: The Rise of Hitler — The Constitution of the Weimar Republic". schoolshistory.org.uk. 2004. Archived from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[6] "Biografie Friedrich Ebert 1871-1925" [Biography of Friedrich Ebert]. www.dhm.de/lemo (in German). LeMO/Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[15] Hillmann, Jörg; Zimmermann, John (2014) [2002]. "Die »Reichsregierung« in Flensburg" [The "Government" in Flensburg]. Kriegsende 1945 in Deutschland (in German). Munich: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 35–65. ISBN 978-3-486-83332-4.

[17] "Entstehung der DDR: Verfassung und Führungsrolle der SED" [Formation of the GDR: Constitution and the SED's Leadership Role]. www.hdg.de/lemo (in German). LeMO/Haus der Geschichte. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[unification-treaty-18] "Vertrag zwischen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland und der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik über die Herstellung der Einheit Deutschlands (Einigungsvertrag)" [Unification Treaty between the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic]. Treaty of 31 August 1990 (in German). Retrieved 13 March 2018.

[stern-erhard-cdu-19] Jörges, Hans Ulrich; Wüllenweber, Walter (25 April 2007). "CDU-Altkanzler: Ludwig Erhard war nie CDU-Mitglied" (in German). Der Stern. Retrieved 8 April 2018.

[20] McFadden, Robert D. (24 August 2016). "Walter Scheel, Leading Figure in West German Thaw With the East, Dies at 97". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

Chancellors of Germany (since 1867)
North German Confederation Bundeskanzler (1867–1871)	Otto von Bismarck
German Empire Reichskanzler (1871–1918)	Otto von Bismarck Leo von Caprivi Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst Bernhard von Bülow Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg Georg Michaelis Georg von Hertling Prince Maximilian of Baden
Weimar Republic Reichskanzler (1919–1933)	Friedrich Ebert Philipp Scheidemann (as Ministerpräsident) Gustav Bauer (as Ministerpräsident, later Chancellor) Hermann Müller Konstantin Fehrenbach Joseph Wirth Wilhelm Cuno Gustav Stresemann Wilhelm Marx Hans Luther Wilhelm Marx Hermann Müller Heinrich Brüning Franz von Papen Kurt von Schleicher
Nazi Germany Reichskanzler (1933–1945)	Adolf Hitler Joseph Goebbels Count Schwerin von Krosigk (as Leading Minister)
Federal Republic Bundeskanzler (1949–present)	Konrad Adenauer (CDU, 1949–1963) Ludwig Erhard (CDU, 1963–1966) Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU, 1966–1969) Willy Brandt (SPD, 1969–1974) Helmut Schmidt (SPD, 1974–1982) Helmut Kohl (CDU, 1982–1998) Gerhard Schröder (SPD, 1998–2005) Angela Merkel (CDU, 2005–2021) Olaf Scholz (SPD, 2021–present)
List of chancellors

List of chancellors of Germany

North German Confederation (1867–1871)

German Reich (1871–1945)

Imperial Chancellor of the German Empire

Chancellor of the German Reich

Chancellor of the German Reich

Federal Republic of Germany (1949–present)

Federal Chancellor of the Republic of Germany

Timeline

See also

References