5th Operational Squadron

The 5th Squadron (Russian: пятая эскадра, translit. pyataya eskadra, officially known as Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea) is a squadron of the Russian Navy responsible projecting Russian power in the Middle East through the Mediterranean Sea.

Fifth Eskadra
пятая эскадра
Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea
Fifth Squadron bases in 1973.
Active1963–1993
2013–present[1]
Country Soviet Union (1963–91)
 Russia (1991–93; 2013–Present)
Allegiance Soviet Union
(1963–1991)
Russian Federation
Branch Soviet Navy
Russian Navy
RoleNaval warfare
Amphibious warfare
Size15 warships
HeadquartersMSTP in Tartus
Sevastopol
Severomorsk
Nickname(s)5th Squadron
EngagementsCold War
Syrian Civil War (Russian intervention)
Commanders
Current
commander		Captain 1st rank Pavel Prosekov (interim)

The fleet was first established by the Soviet Navy in 1963–64 during the Cold War with the United States. The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) generally referred to it as the Soviet Mediterranean Fleet (Russian: Средиземноморский флот), as it was the primary adversary to the U.S. Navy's Sixth Fleet.

Attached to the Russian Navy after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the 5th Squadron was deactivated amid the downsizing of the Russian Armed Forces on 31 December 1992.[2] Perceiving threats from the planned American missile defense shield in Poland in 2009–10, and NATO's armed intervention in Syria in 2014, Russia reactivated the 5th Squadron in 2013 to support President Bashar al-Assad's government in Syria.[1]

Since 2013, the Russian Ministry of Defence officially identify this squadron as the Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea (Russian: Оперативное соединение ВМФ России на Средиземном море).[3]

History

The Soviet Navy in the first half of the 1960s had not yet been able to create a force that could effectively cripple the Sixth Fleet. The Black Sea Fleet force deployed in the Mediterranean, did not have the required strength, and the attention of the Soviet Navy's leaders was drawn to the potential of first diesel electric, and then nuclear submarines to stealthily track and, with nuclear weapons, subsequently destroy aircraft carriers.[4]

Up to May 1965, the Soviet Navy attempted to carry out its task in the Mediterranean Sea by creating a so-called mixed subdivisions formed from ships of the Northern Fleet and the Baltic Fleet under the command of Captain 1st Rank E.I. Volobuyev and O.P. Grumbkov. This force included submarines, destroyers and supply vessels. In May 1965, the first mixed squadron was formed from the hydrographic, support vessels, attack cruisers and submarines of the Black Sea Fleet in the Mediterranean Sea, under the command of 20th Water Region Division Captain 1st Rank Igor N. Molodtsov.[5]

The question of creating staff and a temporary operational squadron in the Mediterranean was raised repeatedly by Admiral Sergei Gorshkov, Chief of the Navy. However, the General Staff did not approve the idea. Contrary to custom, Gorshkov continued to harass the Ministry of Defence with persistent requests for the creation of "... the organization that can hardly be found", not bothered by the fact that it caused irritation to the Chief of the General Staff. The Commander used to do that every suitable occasion, but "up to a certain time the requests of the Commander for the establishment of regular Mediterranean squadron to officers of the General Staff met with failure, or silence."[6]

The Six-Day War of 1967 was a factor in accelerating the creation of the Mediterranean squadron. In June 1967, the Politburo decided to create a Mediterranean squadron. In accordance with this decision, the establishment of the squadron was ordered by the Order of the Navy Commander № 0195, dated 14 June 1967.[7] Rear Admiral Boris Petrov took command, and took over command of all the forces that were present on 14 July 1967 in the Mediterranean.

Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea

In September 2013, the Russian Ministry of Defence re-established a fleet in the Mediterranean using a combination of ships from the Black Sea Fleet and Northern Fleet stationed in Syria.[1] It has been reported to comprise 15 warships and auxiliary vessels[8] with vessels from the Baltic Fleet also providing contingents for operations in the region.[9]

Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War

With the start of the military operation of the Russian Aerospace Forces in Syria on 30 September 2015, the formation took part in this operation, covering the airborne forces of the Russian Aerospace Forces in Syria and the Khmeimim Air Base at which it is deployed. The main objective of the formation was to ensure the activities of the Russian troops in Syria. Presently, it continues to facilitate and replenish Russian forces stationed there and also help out with any search and rescue operations in its area of responsibility.

5th Operational Squadron: Component Vessels

As of 2020, Russian naval units in the Mediterranean regularly included:

  • 2 Improved Kilo-class submarines (drawn from the Black Sea Fleet ostensibly en route for maintenance in the Baltic to comply with provisions of the Montreux Convention; but remaining for prolonged periods in the Mediterranean);[10][11][12]
  • Up to 2 nuclear-powered submarines (drawn from the Northern Fleet when deployed);[13]
  • Major surface combatants (drawn from the Black Sea Fleet and on rotation from the Northern or Baltic Fleets);
  • Light Corvettes/Offshore Patrol/mine countermeasures Vessels (principally drawn from the Black Sea Fleet);[14]
  • Ropucha-class and Alligator-class landing ships (principally from the Black Sea Fleet but on occasion may also be drawn from other fleets)[15] providing logisitic support and re-supply for the Russian naval facility in Tartus;[16]
  • Support vessels and specialist auxiliary vessels; and,
  • Light patrol/anti-sabateur vessels (for security at the Tartus naval facility).[10]

Naval units can be supported by aircraft operating from the Khmeimim Air Base in Syria. Units deployed have included Tu-22M3 Backfire bombers as well as Su-24s, Su-35s, MiG-31s and Tu-142MK and Il-38 anti-submarine warfare aircraft.[17][18][19][20]

Background

Between December 2007–February 2008, the Russian Navy made the first large deployment to the Mediterranean Sea in 15 years. The task force included Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, destroyers Admiral Levchenko and Admiral Chabanenko and Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva. Vice-Admiral Nikolai Maksimov, the Northern Fleet commander, said during the operations that "After this visit to the Mediterranean and France, the first in 15 years, we will establish a constant presence in the region".[21][22]

In 2013, the Russian naval presence in the Mediterranean Sea was formed by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (5 July[23]–12 July[23]) and Northern Fleet's destroyers Vice-Admiral Kulakov (4 June[24]–17 July[25]) and Severomorsk (January–June).

2013

In September 2013, the 5th Operational Squadron was formed. It was temporarily strengthened by Moskva (11 September[26]–18 November), Northern Fleet's heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (2 November[27]–8 May 2014[28]) and Pacific Fleet's cruiser Varyag (2 November[29]–unknown) and destroyer Admiral Panteleyev (2 November[29]–November).

2014

In 2014, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (6 September[30]–18 January 2015[31]), Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov (10 January[32]–8 May[28]), heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (2 November 2013[27]–8 May 2014[28]), destroyers Admiral Levchenko (10 January[32]–30 June[33]), Vice-Admiral Kulakov (28 April[34]–December) and Severomorsk (28 November[35]–10 April 2015[36]) and Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (August–16 February 2015[37]).

2015

In 2015, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (6 September 2014[30]–18 January,[31] 1 June[38]–18 August[39] and 25 September[40]–9 January 2016[41]) and Northern Fleet's destroyers Severomorsk (28 November 2014[35]–10 April 2015[36]) and Vice-Admiral Kulakov (November–25 March 2016[42]) and Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (August 2014–16 February 2015[37]).

2016

In 2016, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (25 September 2015[40]–9 January 2016[41]), Pacific Fleet's cruiser Varyag (3 January 2016[43]–spring), Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (11 June–9 October[44]) and Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (both 26 October[45]–20 January 2017[46]) and destroyers Severomorsk (26 October[45]–24 May 2017[47]) and Vice-Admiral Kulakov (November 2015–25 March 2016[42] and 26 October[45]–6 December[48]).

The mainstay of the Squadron were Black Sea Fleet's frigates Ladny (5 May[49]–10 June[50]), Pytlivy (25 May[51]–1 July[52] and 6 August[52]–28 November[53]) and Admiral Grigorovich (May–9 June[54] and 24 September[55]–6 October[56]) as well as destroyer Smetlivy (7 March[57]–9 June and 25 October[58]–5 March 2017[59]).

Between October 2016–January 2017 Russian Navy intervened in the Syrian Civil War during the Battle of Aleppo deploying a carrier strike group of the Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, which included heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy, destroyers Severomorsk and Vice-Admiral Kulakov and likely a nuclear submarine. The Admiral Kuznetsov's airwing, composed of 6-8 Su-33s and 4 MiG-29Ks flew missions in Syria. A Su-33 and a MiG-29K were lost due to malfunctions of the arresting wires, with pilots being safely rescued.

2017

In 2017, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's aircraft carrier Admiral Kuznetsov, heavy cruiser Pyotr Velikiy (both 26 October 2016[45]–20 January 2017[46]) and destroyers Severomorsk (26 October 2016[45]–24 May 2017[47]) and Vice-Admiral Kulakov (8 August[60]–4 November[61]), as well as Baltic Fleet's corvettes Soobrazitelny and Boikiy (29 October[62]–December).

2018

In 2018, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's cruiser Marshal Ustinov (11 August–12 November[63]) and destroyer Severomorsk (11 August[64]–3 May 2019[65]) as well as Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (26 April[66]–October).

Between 1–8 September, the Ocean shield exercise was held for the first time. Unlike 2019 and 2020 exercises, conducted in the Baltic Sea, the first exercise took place in the Mediterranean Sea. 26 ships, 2 submarines and 34 aircraft were included.[67] Among participants were cruiser Marshal Ustinov, destroyers Smetlivy and Severomorsk, frigates Admiral Grigorovich, Admiral Essen, Admiral Makarov, Pytlivy and Yaroslav Mudry, corvettes Vishny Volochyok, Grad Sviyazhsk and Veliky Ustyug and conventional submarines Kolpino and Velikiy Novgorod.[68]

Aircraft present included Tu-160 bombers, Tu-142 and Il-38 anti-submarine aircraft and Su-33 and MiG-29K maritime fighters. This was the largest Russian naval exercise in the Mediterranean Sea of the post-Cold War era and the largest Russian post-Cold War naval exercise in the far sea zone. In terms of distant location and number of capital ships participating it's comparable only to June 2021 exercises of the Pacific Fleet off the Hawaii islands.[68]

2019

In 2019, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's cruiser Marshal Ustinov (22 August[69]–30 October and 18 December[70]–28 January 2020[71]), destroyers Vice-Admiral Kulakov (December 2019–January 2020) and Severomorsk (11 August 2018[64]–3 May 2019[65]) and frigate Admiral Gorshkov (10[72]–20 March[73]).

2020

In 2020, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Northern Fleet's cruiser Marshal Ustinov (18 December 2019[70]–28 January 2020[71]) and destroyer Vice-Admiral Kulakov (December 2019–January 2020 and 6 August[74]–8 November[75]), as well as Baltic Fleet's frigate Yaroslav Mudry (March–April).

The mainstay of the Squadron were Black Sea Fleet's frigates Admiral Grigorovich (28 February[76]–26 June[77] and 29 December 2020[78]–8 May 2021[79]), Admiral Essen (21 December 2019[80]–11 April[81] and 29 September[82]–28 December[83]) and Admiral Makarov (28 February[76]–11 April[84] and 24 June[85]–19 October[86]).

2021

In 2021, the 5th Operational Squadron was temporarily strengthened by Baltic Fleet's corvette Stoikiy (29 December 2020[87]–19 April 2021[88]), Northern Fleet's frigate Admiral Kasatonov (14 January[89]–1 April[90]) and destroyer Vice-Admiral Kulakov (18 August[91]–23 September[92]) and Black Sea Fleet's cruiser Moskva (18 June[93]–5 July[94]). In the summer, corvette Gremyashchiy and submarines Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky and Volkhov transited the Mediterranean Sea on their way from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean.

The mainstay of the Squadron were Black Sea Fleet's frigates Admiral Grigorovich (24 December 2020[78]–8 May 2021[79] and 28 October[95]–), Admiral Makarov (2 May[96]–13 August[97]) and Admiral Essen (18 June[93]–5 July[94] and 7 August[98]–30 October[99][100]).

On 25 May 2021, three Tu-22Ms maritime bombers were deployed to the Khmeymim airbase in Syria for the first time.[101] The deployment took place after a significant boost in NATO amphibious capability in the Mediterranean earlier in 2021. French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle has left Toulon for a deployment in the Persian Gulf via the eastern Mediterranean in the mid February.[102] American aircraft carrier Dwight D. Eisenhower conducted an exercise with the French helicopter carrier Tonerre off Greece in March[103][104] and, in May, British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth embarked on a maiden voyage to the Indian Ocean via the Mediterranean, where it will hold exercises with Charles de Gaulle.[105]

On 25 June 2021, two anti-ship interceptors MiG-31K, armed with Kinzhal missiles were deployed to Khmeymim airbase for the first time[106] and fired Kinzhal in an exercise the same day.[107][108] They participated in a large-scale anti-ship exercise, which included cruiser Moskva, frigates Admiral Essen and Admiral Makarov and submarines Stary Oskol and Rostov-on-Don, three bombers Tu-22M3, as well as anti-submarine aircraft Il-38 and Tu-142.[109]

The newest air defence system S-500 was reportedly tested at Khmeymim airbase and obtained a lock on a F-35 fighter from Queen Elizabeth.[110] The exercise included rocket fire 30 km away from Queen Elizabeth.[111] The exercise took place during the deployment of the British aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth to the Eastern Mediterranean and have coincided with aircraft carrier Dwight D. Eisenhower reentering the Mediterranean Sea after three months in the Indian Ocean through the Suez Canal on 1 July.[112]

On 16 November, British aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth reentered the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez canal.[113] Since the only Russian large surface combatant present in the area Admiral Grigorovich was in the western Mediterranean Sea, taking part in Russo-Algerian naval exercise between 16–17 November, it's unclear whether Russia sent any ship at all to shadow the aircraft carrier, except for the airplanes.[114] On 23 November, Admiral Grigorovich was already reported off Tartus.[115]

Role in 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine

In conjunction with a build-up of Russian forces around Ukraine and in Belarus, Russia began to reinforce the 5th Operational Squadron in the Mediterranean toward the end of 2021. The principal movements involved the deployment of two Slava-class cruisers - Marshal Ustinov from the Northern Fleet and Varyag from the Pacific Fleet - to the Mediterranean, together with additional escorts.[116][117] At the same time, the submarine Rostov Na Donu returned to the Black Sea from the Mediterranean just prior to the outbreak of hostilities.[118] The movements strengthened Russian anti-surface group capabilities in the Mediterranean prior to the outbreak of war. Simultaneously, Bastion-P anti-ship missile batteries were installed at the Russian base in Syria to improve its defensive capabilities.[119]

On February 28, four days after the outbreak of hostilities, Turkey indicated that it was closing the Dardanelles Straits to all foreign warships for the duration of the conflict. Turkish Foreign Minister, Mevlut Cavusoglu, argued that the move was consistent with terms of the Montreaux Convention. An exception would be allowed for Russian ships returning from the Mediterranean to Black Sea bases where they were registered. The move limited Russia's ability to reinforce its naval units in the Mediterranean from the Black Sea though it also effectively confined NATO naval forces to the Mediterranean.[120][121]

As of the outbreak of war, known Russian naval forces deployed with the 5th Operational Squadron reportedly included:

Commanders

Since reactivation:

See also

References
  1. "Три года назад было сформировано оперативное командование постоянного оперативного соединения ВМФ России в Средиземном море : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". function.mil.ru.
  2. Дубягин, П. Р. На Средиземноморской эскадре. – М.: Андреевский флаг, 2006. – 344 с. – ISBN 5-9553-0053-8, 337.
  3. Operational formation of the Russian Navy in the Mediterranean Sea will receive the Smetlivy guard ship of the Black Sea Fleet Russian MoD, 22 May 2017.
  4. Касатонов, И. В. (2009). Сорок лет 30-й дивизии Черноморского флота: через все эпохи и потрясения. М.: Вагриус. p 49
  5. Монаков М. С. (2008). Главком (Жизнь и деятельность Адмирала флота Советского Союза С. Г. Горшкова). Библиотека клуба адмиралов. М.: Кучково поле. p. 535. ISBN 978-5-9950-0008-2.
  6. Монаков М. С. (2008). Главком (Жизнь и деятельность Адмирала флота Советского Союза С. Г. Горшкова). Библиотека клуба адмиралов. М.: Кучково поле. p. 535, 536. ISBN 978-5-9950-0008-2.
  7. Zaborsky V. (13 October 2006). "Soviet Mediterranean Squadron". Independent Military.
  8. Число кораблей ВМФ России в Средиземном море увеличилось до 15 RIA Novosti, 1 June 2017.
  9. "Russian naval detachment calls at Syria's Tartus - press service".
  10. "H I Sutton - Covert Shores".
  11. "Russian Black Sea Sub Deployments to Mediterranean Could Violate Treaty". 8 July 2020.
  12. "H I Sutton - Covert Shores".
  13. Delanoë, Igor (September 2020). "Russian Naval Forces in the Syrian War" (PDF). Foreign Policy Research Institute.
  14. "Russia's Navy places stealth warship at Syrian port of Tartus". 31 January 2021.
  15. "Rondeli Russian Military Digest: Issue 80, 22 March - 28 March 2021".
  16. "The Russian Navy's Bosphorus Relay Resupplying Syria Continues". 24 March 2020.
  17. Newdick, Thomas. "Russian Tu-22M3 Backfire Bombers Based In Syria Are Going To Patrol The Mediterranean". The Drive.
  18. "Russia's Tu-22M3 bombers perform flight over Mediterranean from Hmeymim airbase in Syria".
  19. "Russian Su-24 bomber lands at Hemeimeem air base in Syria". WDRB.
  20. "Russian naval ships, aircraft kick off drills in Mediterranean".
  21. Over 40 Russian planes to take part in naval drills in Atlantic Archived 1 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine RIA Novosti Retrieved on 11 April 2008
  22. Thirty Russian aircraft take part in exercises over two oceans Archived 8 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine, RIA Novosti Retrieved on 11 April 2008
  23. "Флагман Черноморского флота гвардейский ракетный крейсер "Москва" вышел в Средиземное море". mil.ru. 5 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  24. "БПК "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" идёт в Средиземное море". sdelanounas.ru. 1 June 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  25. "В Атлантическом океане сформирован межфлотский отряд боевых кораблей ВМФ России". mil.ru. 17 July 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  26. "Гвардейский ракетный крейсер Черноморского флота "Москва" вошел в Средиземное море". mil.ru. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  27. "Тяжелый атомный ракетный крейсер "Петр Великий" зашел в Средиземное море". mil.ru. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  28. "Royal Navy sails to meet Russian Task Group". royalnavy.mod.uk. 8 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  29. ""Варяг" дошел до Средиземного моря". interfax.ru. 2 November 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  30. "ГРКР "МОСКВА" ВЫШЕЛ НА БОЕВУЮ СЛУЖБУ!". eurasian-defence.ru. 9 September 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  31. "Крейсер "Москва" вернулся в Севастополь из 135-дневного похода". rg.ru. 18 January 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  32. "Корабельная авианосная группа Северного флота прошла пролив Ла-Манш". mil.ru. 10 January 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
  33. "БПК "Адмирал Левченко" совершил деловой заход в испанский порт Сеута". tv21.ru. 30 June 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  34. "БПК "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" совершил деловой заход в порт Сеута (Испания)". mil.ru. 28 April 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  35. "Корабли ВМФ России проведут учения в Ла-Манше". ria.ru. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  36. "Большой противолодочный корабль "Североморск" уходит из Средиземного моря". mil.ru. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  37. "Сторожевой корабль Балтийского флота "Ярослав Мудрый" возвращается из дальнего похода". mil.ru. 16 February 2014. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  38. "Крейсер "Москва" отправился в Средиземное море". flot.com. 1 June 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  39. "Флагман Черноморского флота ГРКР "Москва" вернулся в Севастополь из дальнего похода". mil.ru. 18 August 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  40. "Гвардейский ракетный крейсер "Москва" Черноморского флота прибыл в состав постоянной группировки ВМФ России в Средиземном море". mil.ru. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  41. "Гвардейский ракетный крейсер "Москва" вернулся в Севастополь из Средиземного моря". mil.ru. 9 January 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  42. "Большой противолодочный корабль "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" Северного флота зашел в Северное море". mil.ru. 25 March 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  43. "Крейсер "Варяг" вышел в Средиземное море, где сменит у берегов Сирии крейсер "Москва"". tass.ru. 3 January 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  44. ""Зелёный Дол» и "Серпухов" пришли на Мальту, а "Ярослав Мудрый" ушёл из Сеуты". sdelanounas.ru. 9 October 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  45. "Anger as Spain prepares to let Russian warships refuel on way back to Aleppo bombing". The Guardian. 26 October 2016. Retrieved 6 March 2021.
  46. "UK warship escorts Russian carrier in English Channel". BBC News. 25 January 2017. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 25 January 2017.
  47. "Большой противолодочный корабль "Североморск" завершил деловой заход в Лиссабон". mvestnik.ru. 27 May 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  48. "Корабль "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" вошел в Ла-Манш". rg.ru. 6 December 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  49. "Сторожевой корабль ЧФ "Ладный" пополнит средиземноморскую группировку ВМФ". interfax.ru. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  50. "Сторожевой корабль "Ладный" вернулся в Севастополь из Средиземного моря". tass.ru. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  51. "Сторожевой корабль ЧФ "Пытливый" вышел из Севастополя в Средиземное море". allcrimea.net. 25 May 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  52. "Российский сторожевой корабль "Пытливый" добрался до Средиземного моря". riafan.ru. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  53. "Сторожевой корабль ЧФ "Пытливый" вернулся в Севастополь из дальнего похода". mil.ru. 28 November 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  54. "Новейший фрегат Черноморского флота "Адмирал Григорович" прибыл в Севастополь". mil.ru. 10 June 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  55. "Фрегат ЧФ "Адмирал Григорович" примет участие в Днях памяти адмирала Федора Ушакова в Греции". mil.ru. 24 September 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  56. "Новейший фрегат "Адмирал Григорович" возвращается в Севастополь". flot.com. 4 October 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  57. "Сторожевой корабль "Сметливый" направился в Средиземное море". kommersant.ru. 6 March 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  58. "СКР Черноморского флота "Сметливый" взял курс на греческий порт Пирей для участия в мероприятиях Года России в Греции". mil.ru. 25 October 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  59. "В Севастополь из Сирии вернулся сторожевик "Сметливый" (ФОТО)". gazetacrimea.ru. 6 March 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  60. "Большой противолодочный корабль СФ "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" преодолел Ла-Манш и вошел в Бискайский залив". mil.ru. 8 August 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  61. "Большой противолодочный корабль "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" завершил деловой заход в Португалию и продолжил дальний поход". mil.ru. 7 November 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  62. "Дорога викингов". iz.ru. 30 October 2017. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  63. "Отряд боевых кораблей и судов обеспечения СФ выполнил задачи дальнего похода и прибыл в Североморск". mil.ru. 23 November 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  64. "В Средиземное море зашел вернувшийся в строй российский ракетный крейсер". rbc.ru. 11 August 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  65. "Большой противолодочный корабль "Североморск" вышел в Атлантику". mil.ru. 3 May 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  66. "Сторожевой корабль и танкер пополнили эскадру РФ в Средиземноморье". interfax.ru. 26 April 2018. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  67. "Shoigu: "Ocean Shield" exercise in Mediterranean will become permanent/". kp.ru. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  68. "Черноморский флот получит 18 новых кораблей". rg.ru. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 12 July 2021.
  69. "Крейсер "Маршал Устинов" вошёл в Средиземное море". mil.ru. 22 August 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  70. "Russian naval ship enters Mediterranean waters". AMN. 18 December 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
  71. ""Адмирал Эссен" на хвосте у "Флориды"". rg.ru. 28 January 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  72. "Фрегат "Адмирал Горшков" с ракетами "Калибр" вышел в Атлантику". rg.ru. 10 March 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  73. "Фрегат "Адмирал Горшков" идёт в Китай". sdelanounas.ru. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  74. "БПК "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" отработал поиск подводных лодок в Бискайском заливе". mil.ru. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  75. "БПК "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" вышел в Атлантику". mil.ru. 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  76. "Фрегаты "Адмирал Макаров" и "Адмирал Григорович" направились в Средиземное море" (in Russian). 28 February 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  77. "Фрегат ЧФ "Адмирал Григорович" начал возвращение в Севастополь". rg.ru. 26 June 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  78. "Отряд кораблей Балтийского флота зашел в Средиземное море" (in Russian). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  79. "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk19/2021". 16 May 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  80. "Фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" направился к берегам Сирии с «Калибрами"" (in Russian). 21 December 2019. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  81. "Фрегаты "Адмирал Макаров" и "Адмирал Эссен" пришли в Севастополь" (in Russian). 11 April 2020. Retrieved 6 July 2021.
  82. "Фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" взял курс на Средиземное море" (in Russian). 29 September 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  83. "Фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" прошёл пролив Босфор и зашёл в Чёрное море" (in Russian). 28 December 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  84. "Фрегаты "Адмирал Макаров" и "Адмирал Эссен" пришли в Севастополь" (in Russian). 11 April 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  85. "Фрегат "Адмирал Макаров" усилит группировку ВМФ в Средиземном море" (in Russian). 24 June 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  86. "Фрегат "Адмирал Макаров" возвращается из Средиземного моря в Севастополь" (in Russian). 19 October 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  87. "Отряд кораблей Балтийского флота зашел в Средиземное море" (in Russian). 29 December 2020. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  88. "Отряд корвета "Стойкий" миновал Гибралтарский пролив и вышел в Атлантику" (in Russian). 19 April 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  89. Parody, David [@dparody] (14 January 2021). "Russian Navy busy this week through the Strait of Gibraltar..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  90. "The frigate Admiral Kasatonov went to the Atlantic". TASS. 1 April 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  91. "Большой противолодочный корабль "Вице-адмирал Кулаков" вошёл в Средиземное море : Министерство обороны Российской Федерации". function.mil.ru.
  92. "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk38/2021".
  93. "Крейсер "Москва" и фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" направились в Средиземное море" (in Russian). 18 June 2021. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  94. "Группировка российских кораблей в Черном море усиливается на фоне учений Sea Breeze" (in Russian). 5 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  95. "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk43/2021".
  96. "В Средиземное море вошел фрегат ВМФ РФ "Адмирал Макаров"". intefax.ru. 2 May 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  97. "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk32/2021".
  98. "Фрегат Черноморского флота направили в Средиземноморье". 7 August 2021.
  99. "В Севастополе встретят фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" после миссии в Средиземном море". Центральный Военно-Морской Портал.
  100. "Фрегат "Адмирал Эссен" ЧФ возвращается из Средиземного моря в Севастополь".
  101. "Tu-22M3 bombers' presence in Syria aims to stabilize situation, says Russian lawmaker". TASS. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 26 May 2021.
  102. "Le porte-avions Charles-de-Gaulle va appareiller de Toulon à la mi-février". 4 February 2021.
  103. "Départ de la 12ème mission Jeanne d'Arc". 19 February 2021.
  104. "USS Dwight D. Eisenhower Conducts Interoperability Exercise with Hellenic Armed Forces".
  105. "Carrier Strike Group deployment to visit 40 countries". www.royalnavy.mod.uk.
  106. "Россия впервые перебросила в Сирию носители гиперзвуковых ракет МиГ-31К". ria.ru. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  107. "Истребители с ракетами "Кинжал" поразили "противника" в Средиземном море". ria.ru. 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  108. "Истребитель МиГ-31К нанёс удар гиперзвуковой ракетой "Кинжал" по неизвестной цели в Сирии". avia.pro (in Russian). 29 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  109. "Russian naval ships, aircraft kick off drills in Mediterranean". tass.com. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.
  110. "Неизвестная система ПВО, размещённая на авиабазе "Хмеймим", перепугала НАТО". avia.pro (in Russian). 1 July 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  111. "Russia to conduct rocket fire 30 km away from the British aircraft carrier". frontierindia.com. 26 June 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.
  112. "Carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower in the Med After 3 Months in the Middle East". usni.org. 6 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  113. Allison, George (16 November 2021). "British Carrier Strike Group transiting Suez Canal".
  114. "Russia paying 'close attention' to UK's flagship aircraft carrier after F-35 jet crashes into sea". Sky News.
  115. "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk47/2021".
  116. "Black Sea Fleet deployments-Wk06/2022".
  117. "Russia Sends Slava-class Cruiser Ustinov in the Mediterranean". 7 February 2022.
  118. Sutton, H. I. (8 February 2022). "6 Russian Warships And Submarine Now Entering Black Sea Towards Ukraine".
  119. "H I Sutton - Covert Shores". www.hisutton.com.
  120. Ozberk, Tayfun (28 February 2022). "Turkey closes the Dardanelles and Bosphorus to warships".
  121. "Blocking The Bosphorus - Turkey Implements The Montreux Convention". 3 March 2022.
  122. "Russian forces in the Mediterranean - Wk08/2022".
  123. https://turkishnavy.net/foreign-warship-on-bosphorus/foreign-warships-on-bosphorus-in-2022/
  124. https://function.mil.ru/news_page/country/more.htm?id=12322094@egNews
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.