2022 Sumatra earthquake

On 25 February 2022, a magnitude 6.1 earthquake struck West Sumatra, Indonesia.[7] According to the U.S. Geological Survey, the earthquake struck at a depth of 4.9 kilometres (3.0 mi) and had an epicenter in Pasaman.[1] At least 19 people died, 425 were injured, and four others were missing. Severe damage occurred in Tigo Nagari District, Pasaman.[8]

2022 Sumatra earthquake
Ruins of the Raya Kajai mosque
UTC time2022-02-25 01:39:27
ISC event622071228
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date25 February 2022
Local time8:39:27 WIB (UTC+7)
Magnitude6.1 Mw[1]
Depth4.9 km (3 mi)
Epicenter0.233°N 100.106°E / 0.233; 100.106[1]
FaultGreat Sumatran fault
Areas affectedWest Sumatra, Indonesia
Total damageRp 780 million[2]
Max. intensityVIII (Severe)[3]
Foreshocks5.0 Mw[4]
Aftershocks201 recorded,[5] strongest is 4.8 Mw[6]
Casualties19 dead (18 direct + 1 indirect)
425 injured, 4 missing
13,000 displaced

Tectonic setting
Great Sumatra fault

The west coast of Sumatra is dominated by the Sunda megathrust; a 5,500 km[9] long convergent boundary where the Australian Plate subducts beneath the Burma Plate and Sunda Plate at a rate of 60 millimetres (2.4 in) per year.[10] The subduction zone offshore Sumatra was responsible for several large earthquakes in 2004 and 2005. Dip-slip faults can rupture within the down going Australian Plate as well; the 2009 magnitude 7.6 earthquake near Padang was caused by reverse faulting at a depth of 80 km (50 mi).[11] Occasionally, the subduction plate interface ruptures in earthquakes that reaches the trench, triggering large tsunamis such as in 1907, 2004 and 2010.[12]

Convergence along this plate boundary is highly oblique, severely deforming the overriding Sunda Plate, where it is accommodated by strike-slip motion along the Great Sumatran fault. The Great Sumatran fault is a 1,900-kilometre (1,200 mi)-long strike-slip fault system located on the island of Sumatra. The fault is divided into about 20 segments.[13] The Great Sumatran fault was the source of the 1994 Liwa and 1995 Kerinci earthquakes. In June 1933, a large magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck Liwa, killing many people and causing widespread damage.[14] It produced its largest earthquake during the 1943 Alahan Panjang sequence; measuring Ms  7.8.[15]

Earthquake
USGS shakemap

According to the Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency (BMKG), the earthquake occurred as a result of right-lateral strike-slip faulting on the Great Sumatran fault.[16] The Earth Observatory of Singapore said that only a small segment of the fault ruptured; likely 10 km long and with an average slip of 10 cm.[17] Four minutes prior, a magnitude 5.2 foreshock occurred.[18] The BMKG stated that the earthquake was felt VIII (Severe) in Pasaman Barat,[3] West Pasaman Regency. Its epicenter was located on the slopes of Mount Talakmau.[19] As of March 3, 201 aftershocks have been recorded by the BMKG,[5] with the largest measuring 5.1 (or 4.8[6]).[20] A moment magnitude of 6.2 was reported by the USGS, but was revised to 6.1 three weeks later.[1]

Early reports by the BMKG stated that the earthquake occurred on the Angkola segment, but further research into the aftershock distribution suggest otherwise. Officials from the BMKG suggest the quake ruptured a newly-discovered segment which has been named Talamau. The Talamau segment is also a right-lateral strike-slip fault.[21] Another segment of the Great Sumatran fault, the Sianok segment, is located nearby. The aftershock distribution suggest a rupture occurred on an unmapped northern extension of the Sianok segment. This unmapped fault is located between the Angkola segment in the north and the Sianok segment in the south.[22] The Angkola segment, according to the BMKG, is capable of generating an earthquake of magnitude 7.6, and the earthquake on 25 February did not release all the seismic strain on the segment.[23] It was responsible for an earthquake in 1892.[24]

Impact
House damaged by the earthquake in Pasaman Regency

According to the Indonesian National Board for Disaster Management (BNPB),[25] 4,831 homes, 55 schools, 13 medical facilities, and 40 places of worship were damaged or destroyed.[26][27] Earlier that day, the agency expected the number of damaged structures to rise into the hundreds, when at the time, only a few dozen structures were reported damaged.[28] At the West Pasaman Regency regent's office, severe damage occurred on the third floor, and on the roof and ceiling as well. Bridges, roads and water pipes were compromised.[27] In the regency's office, a room partially collapsed.[29] Telecommunication services were disrupted and a mosque collapsed.[30] Cracks formed in the walls of the Talu Pasaman Prison.[31]

Rapid groundmass movement was reported in Malampah following the quake. Video footage showed a fast-moving mass of brown soil descending into a village. An official from the BNPB said that such phenomena were observed during the 2009 Padang earthquake as well.[32] In Labuah Kaciak, small hot springs appeared from the ground, erupting brown water.[33] A landslide was triggered in Jorong Sungai Siriah, measuring 6 meters in height and 30 meters wide.[2] The BNPB said that the rapid soil movement was a type of flash flood caused by a breached landslide dam. The earthquake triggered a landslide on a river upstream, creating a natural dam and blocking the flow of water. The dam was later breached and a flash flood occurred.[34] An additional 17 landslides were also reported on the slopes of Mount Talakmau. Residents also reported smoke emitting from the volcanic cone.[35]

The quake was felt as far away as the Klang Valley of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Some residents and workers rushed to exit their homes and offices.[36] Workers were evacuated from the Bernama headquarters in the city as well.[37] In Port Dickson, a private hospital and government building suffered light damage.[38] Shaking was also felt in Singapore.[16] At approximately 9:40 am Singapore time, residents reported tremors in Punggol, Simei, Redhill, Queenstown, Ang Mo Kio and Kallang. There were reports of shaking in the Marina Bay Financial Centre.[39]

Casualties

Later in the afternoon, the BNPB stated that two people were killed and 20 were injured.[40] The number of casualties was further updated to seven dead and 60 injured.[41][42][43] According to the Ladang Panjang Health Center, three bodies were removed from the rubble of collapsed buildings. Of the seven people killed, two were elders, and three were minors.[44] Four of the dead were from Pasaman, while three were from West Pasaman Regency. A total of 85 were injured; 10 seriously, and 50 of them from West Pasaman.[45] Many of the injured was treated at Yarsi Hospital.[46] A further 13,000 people were displaced.[47]

On 26 February, the BNPB updated the number of fatalities to ten, while the total number of injured became 86. At least 76 people had minor injuries while 10 others were treated for serious wounds.[48][49][50] While most of the victims died from collapsing buildings, some were killed by landslides on Mount Talakmau.[51] Six fatalities were from Pasaman Regency while another four were from West Pasaman Regency and four people are reported missing due to landslides.[51][52][53]

The number of deaths was updated to 11 on February 27. According to officials, at least 388 people were injured, with 42 suffering serious injuries. The BNPB said search and rescue efforts are still ongoing to locate four people missing due to a landslide.[54] By February 28, at least 12 people have been confirmed dead.[8] During the night of February 28, a disaster relief volunteer suffered a seizure and died.[55] Rescuers managed to safely evacuate five individuals trapped under a landslide which occurred on March 1. At least four cars were buried by the landslide. On March 2, a landslide victim was found, bringing the total death toll to 14.[56][57] By March 4, the number of injuries rose to 425, with 52 in serious condition, while four people remain missing.[58] On March 5, the number of fatalities rose to 18 people.[59] On March 8, the death toll rose to 19.[60]

Response
A landslide that occurred after the earthquake in Tigo Nagari District, Pasaman Regency.

The BNPB stated that residents should stay alert for the potential of flash floods. The head of the BNPB said that rivers in the area have dried up due to blockage upstream caused by ground movement.[61] Residents have been urged to stay away from hilly areas due to the threat of landslides and rockslides from rain.[62] At least 5,000 displaced residents sought refuge across 35 evacuation centers.[63] The BNPB confirmed volcanic activity was present on nearby Mount Talakmau. As a precautionary measure, some residents near the volcano had to be evacuated.[35]

Minister of Social Affairs Tri Rismaharini visited several evacuation centers the following day. According to her, logistics have distributed 2,000 packs of ready-to-eat food. Additional aid including tents and sanitary kits, was also transported. The families of victims killed were compensated Rp 15 million as a form of assistance.[64] Homes that were slightly damaged would be repaired by the local government body. Moderate to heavily damaged homes would be rebuilt by the central government.[65] Rescue and recovery efforts on February 27 went on to search for four missing individuals. The BNPB also deployed people to survey the damage.[66]

President Joko Widodo ordered the deployment of humanitarian aid consisting of thousands of kilos of sugar, oil, rice, biscuits, mineral water and tea bags, among other necessities.[67]

See also

References
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