1922 Lithuanian parliamentary election

Parliamentary elections were held in Lithuania on 10 and 11 October 1922,[1] and elected 78 members of the First Seimas of Lithuania. This was the first election held in Lithuania under the democratic 1922 Constitution, adopted by the Constituent Assembly of Lithuania on 1 August 1922.

1922 Lithuanian parliamentary election

10–11 October 1922 (1922-10-10 1922-10-11)

All 78 seats in the Seimas
40 seats needed for a majority
  First party Second party Third party
 
Leader Mykolas Krupavičius Kazys Grinius Steponas Kairys
Party LKDP - LDF - LŪS LVS - LSLDP LSDP
Seats won 38 19 11

Prime Minister before election

Ernestas Galvanauskas
Independent

Prime Minister after election

Ernestas Galvanauskas
Independent

38 out of 78 seats were won by a bloc of parties led by the Christian Democrats, and they acquired both the positions of President and Prime Minister, occupied by Aleksandras Stulginskis and Ernestas Galvanauskas respectively. In both cases, however, the Christian Democrats were not supported by any party in the opposition and could only form a minority government. Unable to work with such a makeup, the First Seimas was dissolved on 12 March 1923.

Electoral system

The law on the conduct of Seimas elections was promulgated by the Constituent Assembly on 19 July 1922, and published in the official newspaper of the government, "Vyriausybės žinios" (Government News) on 27 July 1922.[2] Elections were universal, free and secret, and all citizens of Lithuania, both men and women over 21 years old, were allowed to vote. Citizens 24 years old or older were allowed to stand for election.

The elections were held with party-list proportional representation, in nine multi-member constituencies. In practice, only six of the nine defined constituencies held elections, as Constituencies VII, VIII and IX were allocated to territories occupied by Poland during the Polish–Lithuanian War in 1920.[3] Their centers were Vilnius, Lida and Hrodna respectively.

Parties and electoral groups (kuopa) were allowed to submit lists of candidates to constituencies, which had to be signed by at least fifty voters. As such, there was a large number of small electoral lists in every constituency. However, the method of calculating the distribution of seats in each constituency benefited larger parties, as such, the only non-party electoral group which managed to gain seats were lists submitted by the underground Communist Party of Lithuania.

Competing parties

The largest and most active electoral alliance in the election was the Christian Democratic Bloc, formed from the Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party and two satellite organizations - Labour Federation, which represented Catholic workers, and Farmers' Association, which represented Catholic peasantry. The Christian Democratic Bloc was strongly supported by the Lithuanian priesthood, which had a strong influence in the agrarian and less literate countryside, and numerous priests were a part of their electoral lists.[4]

However, the Christian Democrats were isolated in the political arena. Historically, LKDP evolved from a different stream of the Lithuanian National Revival than all of their competitors - the Peasant Union, Social Democrats and Party of National Progress (later the Lithuanian Nationalist Union). All of them evolved from the secular nationalist newspaper Varpas, while the Christian Democrats evolved around the Catholic periodical Tėvynės sargas.[5]

The alliance of the Peasant Union and Popular Socialist Party presented itself as socialist and campaigned for the lifting of martial law and secularization. Though the main targets of the criticism were Christian Democrats and National Progress,[6] they were also in opposition to the Social Democrats. The Social Democrats presented their electoral campaign as the first step towards a peaceful socialist revolution and campaigned for a "Seimas of the workers".[7] All political parties supported the land reforms put in place by the Constituent Assembly, and oftentimes argued that their competitors will be the ones to roll back the reform.[8]

Separate electoral lists by the Polish, Jewish and Russian minorities also competed in the election.

Results

Party Votes % Seats +/–
Lithuanian Christian Democratic Party138,91217.115–9
Peasant Union136,71316.814–5
Labour Federation101,02412.411–4
Farmers' Association97,97712.112–6
Social Democratic Party of Lithuania84,64310.411–2
Workers' Group40,2365.05New
Zionist Group34,6974.30New
Central Polish Electoral Committee32,8494.02–1
Achdus16,8412.13New
Party of National Progress14,1311.700
Group of Workers and Poor Peasants11,7331.40New
Party of Russians and Belarusians11,2891.40New
Company of Polish Workers and Peasants10,9951.40New
Economic and Political Union of Lithuanian Farmers9,4251.200
Party of the Landless and those who have very little land8,5411.10New
Lithuanian Popular Socialist Democratic Party8,5061.05–4
Lithuanian German Committee7,9751.00–1
Union of Evangelical Lutherans7,1380.90New
Land and Freedom5,3160.70New
Union of Working People4,2010.500
Polish Electors4,1050.50New
Committee of Jewish People3,9190.50New
Party of Latvians and Germans2,1130.30New
Workers Labour Union of Marijampole and Alytus1,4680.20New
Association of Kaunas House Owners1,3720.20New
Dalgis1,1680.10New
Union of Latvians in Lithuania1,1300.10New
Workers Party1,0440.10New
Party of Agriculturalists and Farmers9230.10New
Party of Landless of Panevezys6470.10New
Socialist Day Labourer Group2470.00New
Polish Group of Prienai1120.00New
Independent groups10,5971.30–2
Invalid/blank votes
Total811,98710078–34
Registered voters/turnout
Source: Nohlen & Stöver

Aftermath

Though the Christian Democratic Bloc achieved a plurality of the seats, they were unable to form a majority coalition, nor did the opposition parties manage to unite against them. The next President and Prime Minister were thus elected via violations of electoral conduct. Protesting against the Christian Democrats, the opposition parties refused to participate in the election of Aleksandras Stulginskis and he was elected solely with Christian Democratic votes. Two governments led by independent politician Ernestas Galvanauskas were formed, but in both cases they were approved with 38 votes in favor and 38 votes against (2 members of the Seimas did not participate), which the opposition criticized as illegal.

The formed government was unstable and the First Seimas was dissolved on 12 March 1923.

References

  1. Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p. 1201 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
  2. Vyriausybės žinios, 1922, Nr. 98
  3. Vyriausybės žinios, 1922, Nr. 98
  4. Noreikienė, Sigita (1978) Bourgeoisie parties in Seimas elections during the bourgeoisie parliamentary regime in Lithuania 1920-1926. LSSR MA Works, series A, tome IV, p. 76-80
  5. Tamošaitis, Mindaugas (2011) Historiography of Lithuanian political parties and ideological currents in 1918-1940. "Istorija" mokslo darbai, tome 84. http://archyvas.istorijoszurnalas.lt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=412&Itemid=408 [retrieved August 30 2021]
  6. Lietuvos žinios, "Saviors of Lithuania Progress-Farmers Blame Others", 1922 09 10, p. 1-2
  7. Socialdemokratas, "How to prepare for the permanent Seimas", 1922 08 24, p. 2
  8. Lietuva, "In the whirlwind of elections - announcement by the Labour Federation", 1922 10 07, p. 1-2
  • Eidintas, Alfonsas; Vytautas Žalys; Alfred Erich Senn (September 1999). Ed. Edvardas Tuskenis (ed.). Lithuania in European Politics: The Years of the First Republic, 1918-1940 (Paperback ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 44, 85. ISBN 0-312-22458-3.
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