240s
The 240s decade ran from January 1, 240, to December 31, 249.
| Millennium: | 1st millennium |
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Events
240
By place
Roman Empire
- The Roman Empire is threatened on several fronts at the same time. Africa revolts and tribes in northwest Germania, under the name of the Franks, are raiding the Rhine frontier.
Persia
- April 12 – Prince Shapur I becomes co-ruler of the Sasanian Empire with his father King Ardashir I.
- Siege of Hatra: The Sasanians besiege the capital of the Kingdom of Hatra ruled by Sanatruq II.
By topic
Religion
- Mani, a young mystic of Ctesiphon, proclaims himself a prophet at the court of Ardashir I. He preaches his doctrine, Manichaeism, throughout the Sassanid Empire.
241
By place
Roman Empire
- Winter – Emperor Gordian III reaches Antioch and prepares, with his army, an offensive against the Sassanids.
- Gaius Furius Sabinius Aquila Timesitheus becomes praetorian prefect and de facto ruler of the Roman Empire.
Persia
- Prince Shapur I succeeds his father Ardashir I as ruler of the Sassanid Empire. He begins his expansion in India.
- Shapur I annexes parts of the Kushan Empire. The ancient city of Bagram (modern Afghanistan) is abandoned.
- Fall of Hatra: Shapur I captures Hatra, the capital of the Kingdom of Hatra. The city is destroyed by the Sassanids.
By topic
242
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Gordian III begins a campaign against King Shapur I; Greek philosopher Plotinus joins him, hoping to obtain first-hand knowledge of Persian and Indian philosophies.
- Gordian III evacuates the Cimmerian cities in the Bosphorus (Crimea), as the territory is now controlled by the Goths.
Persia
- Shapur I makes a pre-emptive attack on Antioch to drive out the Romans. Gordian's father-in-law, Timesitheus, leads a Roman army to defeat the Sassanids at Carrhae and Nisibis.
- King Ardashir I, founder of the Sassanid Empire, dies after a 30-year reign. He is succeeded by his son and co-ruler Shapur I.
By topic
243
By place
Roman Empire
- Battle of Resaena: A Roman army under Timesitheus defeats the Sassanids at Resaena (mdern Syria); King Shapur I is forced to flee to the Euphrates.
- Timesitheus becomes ill and dies under suspicious circumstances. Shapur I retreats to Sassanid Empire, giving up all the territories he has conquered.
- Emperor Gordian III appoints Philip the Arab as his new praetorian prefect (after the death of Timesitheus) and proceeds with his campaign in Mesopotamia.
- Cohors I Ubiorum, the garrison at Capidava in Scythia Minor, is replaced by Cohors I Germanorum Civium Romanorum, until the end of the 3rd century AD.
244
By place
Roman Empire
- January 13 - March 14 – Battle of Misiche: King Shapur I of the Sasanian Empire delivers a counter-attack near Fallujah (Iraq), and defeats the Roman army upstream of the Euphrates.
- February 11 – Emperor Gordian III is murdered by mutinous soldiers in Zaitha (Mesopotamia). A mound is raised at Carchemish in his memory.
- Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus) declares himself co-emperor, and makes a controversial peace with the Sassanian Empire, withdrawing from their territory and giving Shapur 500,000 gold pieces. The Sassanians occupy Armenia.
- Philip the Arab is recognized by the Roman Senate as the new Roman Emperor with the honorific Augustus. He nominates his son Philippus, age 6, with the title of Caesar and makes him heir to the throne; gives his brother Priscus supreme power (rector Orientis) in the Eastern provinces; and begins construction of the city of Shahba (Syria) in the province of his birth.
- The vassal Upper Mesopotamian kingdom of Osroene is absorbed into the Roman Empire, its last ruler being Abgar (XI) Farhat Bar Ma’nu.
Korea
- The Goguryeo–Wei War is fought between the Korean kingdom Goguryeo and the Chinese state Cao Wei.
By topic
Art and Science
- Plotinus, Greek philosopher, escapes the bloodshed that accompanies the murder of Gordianus III and makes his way to Antioch. Back in Rome he founds his Neoplatonist school and attracts disciples like Porphyry, Castricius Firmus and Eustochius of Alexandria.
- 244–249 – Bust of Philip the Arab (in Braccio Nuovo, Vatican Museums, Rome).
Commerce
- The silver content of the Roman denarius falls to 0.5 percent under emperor Philippus I, down from 28 percent under Gordian III.
Religion
- 244–245 – Last phase of construction of the house-style Dura-Europos synagogue in Syria, one of the oldest to survive (wall-paintings in the National Museum of Damascus, Syria).
245
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Philip the Arab entrusts Trajan Decius with an important command on the Danube.
- In Britain, many thousands of acres of modern-day Lincolnshire are inundated by a great flood.[1]
- The philosopher Plotinus goes to live in Rome.
246
By place
Roman Empire
- Emperor Philip the Arab fights the Germans along the Danube River.
- The first of two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea.
247
By place
Roman Empire
- Rome becomes 1,000 years old. The 1,000th anniversary is commemorated with the Ludi Saeculares festivals, celebrated throughout the Roman Empire.
- Marcus Julius Philippus Augustus and his 10-year-old son Marcus Julius Philippus Caesar become Roman Consuls.
- The Goths appear on the lower Danube frontier; they invade the Ukraine and Romania.
- Emperor Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome by holding the Ludi Saeculares.
- The last of the two Councils of Arabia in the Roman Christian Church is held in Bostra, Arabia Petraea.
Asia
- Himiko of Yamataikoku, in Japan, begins a war against King Himikoku of Kunukoku.[2]
- Cheomhae becomes king of the Korean kingdom of Silla.[3]
248
By place
Roman Empire
- The revolts of Pacatianus in Moesia and Iotapianus in Syria are put down by Senator Trajan Decius, by order of Emperor Philip the Arab.
- The Roman Empire continues the celebration of the 1,000th anniversary of Rome, with the ludi saeculares, organized by Philip the Arab.
By topic
Religion
- Cyprian, Christian writer of Berber descent, becomes bishop of Carthage.
- Origen writes an eight-volume work, criticizing the pagan writer Celsus.
249
By place
Roman Empire
- Trajan Decius puts down a revolt in Moesia and Pannonia. Loyal legionaries proclaim him emperor, and he leads them into Italy.
- Battle of Verona: Decius defeats and kills Emperor Philip the Arab.
- Decius begins persecuting Christians, and others refusing to participate in Emperor worship.
Asia
- February 5 – Incident at Gaoping Tombs: In the Chinese state of Cao Wei, regent Sima Yi, in a coup d'état, forces his co-regent Cao Shuang to relinquish his power, after taking control of the capital city of Luoyang. Sima Yi issues a memorial, which lists the various crimes he and his associates has committed.
By topic
Significant people
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References
- Stratton, J. M. (1969). Agricultural Records. London: John Baker. ISBN 0-212-97022-4.
- Walker, Brett L. (2015). A Concise History of Japan. Cambridge University Press. p. 18. ISBN 9781107004184.
- "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 21 April 2019.
- "List of Rulers of Korea". www.metmuseum.org. Retrieved 18 April 2019.
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