1990 Malaysian general election

1990 Malaysian general election
	20 October 1990 - 21 October 1990
All 180 seats to the Dewan Rakyat; 91 seats needed for a majority
Registered	8,000,000
Turnout	5,751,725 (72.3%)
Prime Minister before election; Mahathir Mohamad; BN	Prime Minister-designate ; Mahathir Mohamad; BN

A general election was held between Saturday, 20 October and Sunday, 21 October 1990 for members of the 8th Parliament of Malaysia. Voting took place in all 180 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament.[1] State elections also took place in 351 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except Sabah and Sarawak) states of Malaysia on the same day.

The result was a victory for the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the federal level and 10 of the 11 state elections. The opposition alliance Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) won a landslide victory over BN in the state of Kelantan, winning all 39 state assembly seats. Voter turnout was 72.3%.

Background

The elections marked the first after United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) party split and the subsequent constitutional crisis in 1988. The reconstituted UMNO Baru (New UMNO), led by incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and the newly formed Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46), led by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah, contested for the first time in the elections.

It also marked the first time in country general election history when a credible, multi-ethnic coalition have been formed the challenge the dominance of Barisan Nasional. This also lead the country political scene from a dominant party system into two party system.[2] The Muslim opposition parties, Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS), Semangat 46, Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (BERJASA) and Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia (HAMIM) teamed up to form the Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU). On the other hand, Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), which withdrew from the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the eleventh hour of the general election, teamed up as Gagasan Rakyat. However, these two opposition alliances cooperated in the election but not openly due to the sensitivity of the secular DAP and the Islamic PAS working together.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

At the federal level, the BN coalition under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad won 127 of the 180 parliament seats to form the federal government.

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results
Party				Vote		Seats
Party				Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	2,985,392	53.38	127	70.56	-21
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO			71	39.44	-12
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA			18	10.00	+1
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	101,243		10	5.56	+2
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC			6	3.33	0
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO			6	3.33	+1
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan			5	2.78	0
		Sarawak Native People's Party	PBDS	22,590		4	2.22	-1
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	102,687		4	2.22	0
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP	35,754		3	1.67	-1
		People's Progressive Party	PPP			0	0.00	0
	Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement[lower-alpha 2]		APU	1,218,211	21.78	15	8.33	New
		Semangat 46	S46	826,398	14.77	8	4.44	New
		Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party	PAS	391,813	7.01	7	3.89	+6
	Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept[lower-alpha 3]		GR	1,113,488	19.91	34	18.89	New
		Democratic Action Party	DAP	985,228	17.61	20	11.11	-4
		United Sabah Party	PBS	128,260	2.29	14	7.78	+4
	Malaysian People's Party		PRM			0	0.00	0
	People's Justice Front		AKAR			0	0.00	New
	Sarawak Malaysian People's Association		PERMAS	27,618		0	0.00	New
	Sarawak United Labour Party		PLUS	162		0	0.00	0
	Independents and other parties			276,136	4.94	4	2.22	0
Valid votes				5,593,227
Invalid/blank votes				158,498
Total (turnout: 72.3%)				5,751,725	100.00	180	100.00	+3
Did not vote				2,248,275
Registered voters				8,000,000
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)				8,882,000
Malaysian population				17,764,000
Source: Nohlen et al.

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.
Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.
Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept (Gagasan Rakyat). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

Johor

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Johor
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	18			18	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	12			12	66.67	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	5			5	27.78	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	5.56	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	18	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Johor's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Kedah

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kedah
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	14	300,705	62.32	14	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	12	258,834	53.64	12	85.71	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2	41,871	8.68	2	14.29	0
	Semangat 46		S46	8	99,007	20.52	0	0.00	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	6	76,936	15.94	0	0.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	1	5,360	1.11	0	0.00	0
	Independents		IND	1	537	0.11	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					482,545
Invalid/blank votes					14,838
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					497,383	100.00	14	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kedah's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Kelantan

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kelantan
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	Semangat 46		S46	7	140,284	34.19	7	53.85	New
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	13	134,273	32.73	0	0.00	-12
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	13	134,273	32.73	0	0.00	-12
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	6	133,251	32.48	6	46.15	+5
	Independents		IND	7	2,463	0.60	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					410,271
Invalid/blank votes					10,228
Total votes (voter turnout: %)					420,499	100.00	13	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kelantan's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Kuala Lumpur

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Kuala Lumpur
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00		100.00
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Kuala Lumpur's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Malacca

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Malacca
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	5			4	80.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	3			3	60.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			1	20.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				1	20.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	5	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Malacca's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Negeri Sembilan

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Negeri Sembilan
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	7			7	100.00	+2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	4			4	57.14	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	2			2	28.57	+2
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	1			1	14.29	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				0	0.00	-2
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	7	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Negeri Sembilan's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Pahang

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Pahang
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	10	203,504	63.04	10	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	7			7	70.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3			3	30.00	0
	Semangat 46		S46	5	66,337	20.55	0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	3	29,960	9.28	0	0.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	2	23,030	7.13	0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	10	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Pahang's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Penang

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Penang
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	11	213,532	51.00	5	45.45	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	4	85,315	20.38	4	36.36	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan	4	64,485	15.40	1	9.09	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	3	63,732	15.22	0	0.00	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	7	170,053	40.61	6	54.55	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	2	14,322	3.42	0	0.00	0
	Malaysian People's Party		PRM	1	13,620	3.25	0	0.00	0
	Semangat 46		S46	1	7,174	1.71	0	0.00	New
Valid votes					418,701
Invalid/blank votes					9,371
Total votes (voter turnout: 73.75%)					428,072	100.00	11	100.00	0
Did not vote					152,336
Registered voters					580,408
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Penang's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Perak

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perak
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	23	391,628	56.17	19	82.61	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO				11	47.83	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA				3	13.04	0
		Malaysian People's Movement Party	Gerakan				3	13.04	0
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC				2	8.70	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	11	186,147	26.70	4	17.39	0
	Semangat 46		S46	8	82,865	11.89	0	0.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	4	33,955	4.87	0	0.00	0
	Independent		IND	2	2,623	0.38	0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	23	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perak's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Perlis

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Perlis
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	2	47,767	65.45	2	100.00	0
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	2	47,767	65.45	2	100.00	0
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	1	13,154	18.02	0	0.00	0
	Semangat 46		S46	1	12,056	16.52	0	0.00	New
Valid votes					72,977
Invalid/blank votes					2,544
Total votes (voter turnout: 76.21%)					75,521	100.00	2	100.00	0
Did not vote					23,570
Registered voters					99,091
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Perlis's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Sabah

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sabah
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	United Sabah Party		PBS				14	70.00	+7
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	20			6	30.00	-2
		United Sabah National Organisation	USNO				6	30.00	-2
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	20	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sabah's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Sarawak

Summary of the 20 – 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Sarawak
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	27	262,274	57.09	21	77.78	0
		Sarawak United People's Party	SUPP	8	102,687	22.35	4	14.81	0
		United Traditional Bumiputera Party	PBB	10	101,243	22.04	10	37.04	+2
		Sarawak National Party	SNAP	5	35,754	7.78	3	11.11	-1
		Sarawak Native People's Party	PBDS	4	22,590	4.92	4	14.81	-1
	Democratic Action Party		DAP	8	87,017	18.94	2	7.41	+1
	Sarawak Malaysian People's Association		PERMAS	9	27,618	6.01	0	0.00	0
	Sarawak United Labour Party		PLUS	1	162	0.04	0	0.00	0
	Independents		IND	25	82,327	17.92	4	14.81	+2
Valid votes					459,398
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	27	100.00	+3
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Sarawak's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Selangor

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Selangor
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	14			11	78.57	-1
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	7			7	50.00	0
		Malaysian Chinese Association	MCA	5			2	14.29	-1
		Malaysian Indian Congress	MIC	2			2	14.29	0
	Democratic Action Party		DAP				3	21.43	+1
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS				0	0.00	0
Valid votes
Invalid/blank votes
Total votes (voter turnout: %)						100.00	14	100.00	0
Did not vote
Registered voters
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Selangor's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Terengganu

Summary of the 21 October 1990 Malaysian *Dewan Rakyat* election results in Terengganu
Party				Candidates	Vote		Seats
Party				Candidates	Votes	%	Won	%	+/–
	National Front[lower-alpha 1]		BN	8	141,855	54.14	6	75.00	-2
		United Malays National Organisation	UMNO	8	141,855	54.14	6	75.00	-2
	Semangat 46		S46	4	62,006	23.66	1	12.50	New
	Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party		PAS	4	57,593	21.98	1	12.50	+1
	Independents		IND	2	566	0.22	0	0.00	0
Valid votes					262,020
Invalid/blank votes					7,068
Total votes (voter turnout: 82.44%)					269,088	100.00	8	100.00	0
Did not vote					57,328
Registered voters					326,416
Voting age population (aged 21 years and above)
Terengganu's population
Source:

Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

State Assemblies

At the state level, the BN won 10 out of the 11 state elections. The APU won all 39 state seats in Kelantan to form the state government, with 24 seats going to PAS and 15 for Semangat 46.[3]

References

Dieter Nohlen, Florian Grotz & Christof Hartmann (2001) Elections in Asia: A data handbook, Volume II, p152 ISBN 0-19-924959-8
Khong, (1991) Malaysia's General Election 1990: Continuity, Change, and Ethnic Politics, p1 ISBN 981-3035-77-3
Francis Kok-Wah Loh; Francis Loh Kok Wah; Boo Teik Khoo; Khoo Boo Teik (2002). Democracy in Malaysia: Discourses and Practices. Routledge. p. 95. ISBN 0-7007-1161-9.

Arah Aliran Malaysia: Penilaian Pilihan Raya satu himpunan kerta kertas 62-halaman daripada Institut Penyelidikan Asia Tenggara selepas pilihan raya 1999.

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[BN-3] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[Angkatan_Perpaduan_Ummah-4] Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement (Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

[Gagasan_Rakyat-5] Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept (Gagasan Rakyat). Contested using separate election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-6] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-7] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-8] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-9] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-10] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-11] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-12] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-13] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

[BN-14] Contested using dacing election symbol on the ballot papers.

Elections in Malaysia
Federal	1955 1959 1964 1969 1974 1978 1982 1986 1990 1995 1999 2004 2008 2013 2018 next by-elections
State	1954 1955 1959 (Malaya) 1959 (Sarawak) 1963 1964 1967 1969 1971 1974 1976 1978 1979 1981 1982 1983 1985 1986 1987 1990 1991 1994 1995 1996 1999 2001 2004 2006 2008 2011 2013 2016 2018 2020 2021 by-elections
Local	1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965
See also: Elections in Johor Kedah Kelantan Kuala Lumpur Labuan Malacca Negeri Sembilan Pahang Penang Perak Perlis Putrajaya Sabah Sarawak Selangor Terengganu